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New Christian Discourse and Early Modern Portuguese Oceanic

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New Christian Discourse and Early Modern Portuguese Oceanic NEW CHRISTIAN DISCOURSE AND EARLY MODERN PORTUGUESE OCEANIC EXPANSION: THE CASES OF GARCIA D’ORTA, FERNÃO MENDES PINTO, AMBRÓSIO FERNANDES BRANDÃO AND PEDRO DE LEÓN PORTOCARRERO Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Gabriel Mordoch, B.A., M.A. Graduate Program in Spanish and Portuguese The Ohio State University 2017 Dissertation Committee: Lúcia Helena Costigan, Advisor Lisa Beth Voigt Matt Goldish Copyrighted by Gabriel Mordoch 2017 Abstract Despite the vast participation of New Christians (converts from Judaism or of Jewish ancestry) in the process of early modern Iberian imperial expansion overseas, the research on this topic has been limited to a few studies, which are usually based on Inquisitorial records, follow mainly historical approaches, and tend to depict stereotypical and sometimes romantic and essentialist images of New Christian travelers. With the goal of filling this gap, this dissertation studies literary texts written by Iberian New Christians in the context of the early modern Portuguese and Spanish oceanic expansion. The dissertation analyses Portuguese and Spanish texts written during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries in (or about) different areas of the Iberian colonies like Portuguese Asia, Northeastern Brazil and the Spanish Viceregal Peru. Besides minimizing (or problematizing) the Catholic dimension of Spanish and Portuguese imperial activity overseas, the works studied in the dissertation are unique because they show signs of a subjectivity that was uncommon in the landscape of the textual representations of the early modern Iberian empire expansion, such as the use of humor and possible allusions to Jewish and New Christian culture. Chapter one focuses on the Colóquios dos simples e drogas da Índia (Goa, 1563), by the Portuguese New Christian physician Garcia d’Orta (c.1501-1568). This chapter ii shows how the late discovery of inquisitorial records related to Garcia d’Orta’s family impacted the ways we currently read the once-marginalized but now-canonized Colóquios. Chapter two deals with one of the most enigmatic and complex texts of the Portuguese early modern expansion literature: Peregrinação (Lisbon, 1614) by Fernão Mendes Pinto (c.1510-1583). Since Mendes Pinto’s Jewish roots have yet to be proven, the chapter examines how the scholarship around Mendes Pinto’s text and persona has fostered or rejected the hypothesis of his New Christian status, and shows how the themes of justice, honor, and lineage in Peregrinação suggest a New Christian discourse. Chapter three moves from the Indic to the Atlantic Ocean and studies the Diálogos das grandezas do Brasil (Paraíba?, c.1618), an anonymous text attributed to the Portuguese New Christian sugar mill owner Ambrósio Fernandes Brandão (c. 1555-c.1618). The chapter highlights some passages from the Diálogos that bear witness to the religious instability that characterized part of Portugal’s New Christian population, and suggests that Brandão sought to present Brazil in a positive light to New Christians by appealing to their fluid religious identity. Chapter four shifts to Viceregal Peru and investigates another anonymous work: the Descripción del Virreinato del Perú (? - c.1620) attributed to Pedro de León Portocarrero (c.1576-c.1620), a Spanish New Christian merchant of probable Portuguese origin. The chapter shows how Portocarrero opposes Spanish colonial rule not just by providing secret commercial and military information to Dutch authorities, but also by criticizing Spain's commercial, political and religious monopoly on subtle symbolic levels. I argue that all of these texts were written by authors whose probable lack of political and religious commitment to the official approaches and iii discourses of Iberian overseas expansion allowed them to represent the colonization process in an alternative, non-triumphalist fashion. iv Dedicatória Esse projeto é dedicado a Giselle, Daniela e Ariela v Agradecimentos Agradeço à professora Lúcia Helena Costigan pela orientação entusiasmada e por confiar no meu potencial e me apoiar ao longo desta peregrinação acadêmica. Aos professores Lisa Voigt e Matt Goldish por colaborarem para definir meu projeto de pesquisa e participarem no comitê de avaliação da tese. Aos professores Jonathan Burgoyne e Pedro Schacht Pereira que, ao lado de Lúcia Helena Costigan e Lisa Voigt, serviram no comitê dos meus exames de qualificação. A todos os professores e professoras com quem tive a felicidade de interagir em sala de aula na Ohio State University: Joel Bloch, Jonathan Burgoyne, Vicente Cantarino, Kathi Cennamo, Lúcia Helena Costigan, Elizabeth Davis, Daniel Frank, Rebecca Haidt, Pedro Schacht Pereira, Laura Podalsky, Robert Robison, Ana Del Sarto, Jane Smirniotopoulos, Maurice Stevens, Aurelie Vialette, Lisa Voigt. Aos bibliotecários José Díaz, Pamela Espinosa de los Monteros e Joseph (Yossi) Galron pela aquisição e disponibilização de material, e por me ensinarem muito sobre sua profissão. Aos meus colegas de pós-graduação no Departamento de Espanhol e Português da Ohio State University pelo intercâmbio de ideias e por me ajudarem a sentir-me em casa em pleno centro do estado de Ohio. Ao Melton Center for Jewish Studies at The Ohio State University pelo generoso apoio financeiro. Finalmente, mas não menos importante, vi agradeço a minha família por me acompanhar pacientemente ao longo desse trajeto por mares nunca dantes nevegados. vii Vita 2006 ..............................................................B.A. Hebrew, Universidade de São Paulo 2011...............................................................M.A. Jewish Languages and Literatures, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem 2012 to present. ............................................ Graduate Teaching Associate, Department of Spanish and Portuguese, The Ohio State University Publications “Em busca de um Fernão Mendes Pinto cristão-novo: limitações e implicações de uma hipótese,” Romance Notes 57/2 (2017), 305-16. “Um cristão-novo nos trópicos: expansão imperial e identidade religiosa nos Diálogos das grandezas do Brasil de Ambrósio Fernandes Brandão,” Colonial Latin American Review, 25/2 (2016), 200-219. “Uriel da Costa, o anjo torto lusitano,” Devarim, Revista da Associação Religiosa Israelita do Rio de Janeiro, 13 (2010), 47-53. viii “A singularidade das línguas judaicas,” Devarim, Revista da Associação Religiosa Israelita do Rio de Janeiro, 10 (2009), 33-37. Fields of Study Major Field: Spanish and Portuguese Concentration: Studies of the Portuguese-Speaking World ix Índice Abstract ............................................................................................................................... ii Dedicatória .......................................................................................................................... v Agradecimentos ................................................................................................................. vi Vita ................................................................................................................................... viii Lista de Figuras ................................................................................................................. xii Introdução: De propaganda fide e seus descontentes ........................................................ 1 Capítulo 1: Um médico cristão-novo na Ásia Portuguesa: Garcia d’Orta e os Colóquios dos Simples da Índia (Goa, 1563) ................................................................................ 17 Capítulo 2: Em busca de um Fernão Mendes Pinto cristão-novo: implicações e limitações de uma hipótese sobre o autor da Peregrinação (Lisboa, 1614) .................................. 42 Capítulo 3: Um cristão-novo nos trópicos: Expansão imperial e identidade religiosa nos Diálogos das grandezas do Brasil (Paraíba?, c.1618) atribuídos a Ambrósio Fernandes Brandão ........................................................................................................................ 77 Capítulo 4: Um cristão-novo entre Espanha e Holanda: Pedro de León Portocarrero e a Descripción del Virreinato del Peru (?, c.1620) ........................................................ 113 x Conclusão ........................................................................................................................ 145 Bibliografia ..................................................................................................................... 150 Apêndice: figuras ............................................................................................................ 175 Figura 1. Mapa da cidade de Goa ............................................................................... 175 Figura 2. Frontispício dos Colóquios dos simples e drogas da Índia ........................ 176 Figura 3. Tentativa de reconstituição das viagens de Fernão Mendes Pinto ............. 177 Figura 4. Frontispício da Peregrinação de Fernão Mendes Pinto ............................. 178 Figura 5. Mapa do Brasil em 1618 ............................................................................. 179 Figura 6. Depoimento de Ambrósio Fernandes Brandão no processo inqusitorial contra Bento Teixeira ....................................................................................................... 180 Figura 7. Fólio inicial dos Diálogos das grandezas do Brasil ................................... 181
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