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Insectos Asociados a Prosopis Pallida (Humb.& Bonpl.Ex.Wild.)

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Insectos Asociados a Prosopis Pallida (Humb.& Bonpl.Ex.Wild.) Zonas Áridas 16(1): 28-51 (2016) ISSN 1013-445X (Versión impresa) ISSN 1814-8921 (Versión electrónica) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21704/za.v16i1.635 © Centro de Investigaciones de Zonas Áridas Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Lima - Perú Artículo original Insectos asociados a Prosopis pallida (Humb.& Bonpl.ex.Wild.) en el campus de la Universidad de Piura, Perú Insects associated to Prosopis pallida (Humb.& Bonpl. ex.Wild.) at the campus of University of Piura, Peru Gino Juárez N.1*, Nora Grados Q.2, Gastón Cruz A.2 1Escuela Profesional de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Piura (UNP) 2Unidad de Proyectos Ambientales y Desarrollo Integral, Universidad de Piura (UDEP) *Autor para correspondencia. E-mail: [email protected] Recibido: 20 de enero 2015 Aceptado: 20 de agosto 2015 RESUMEN Se evaluó la riqueza de especies de los insectos presentes en árboles de Prosopis pallida de la Universidad de Piura: insectos totales, insectos plaga e insectos benéficos y se discute sus posibles relaciones con algunos factores climáticos (sequía y precipitación). Se registraron, en total, 9 órdenes, 69 familias y 129 especies de insectos, el orden Coleoptera con 40 especies y la familia Coccinellidae con ocho especies fueron los más diversos. Los insectos plaga están representados por 57 especies y se agrupan en fitófagos (46 especies) y succionadores de savia (11 especies). Los árboles de Prosopis pallida son atacados mayormente por coleópteros barrenadores de las familias Cerambycidae (47%), Bostrichidae (33%) y lepidópteros nocturnos de la familia Noctuidae (15%), siendo el estado larval con el que más hacen daño. Las hojas y ramas son atacadas principalmente por lepidópteros defoliadores de las familias Geometridae, Crambidae y Gelechiidae. Los insectos benéficos se componen de 46 especies y se agrupan en predatores (37 especies) y parasitoides (nueve especies). Algunos coccinéllidos, carábidos, véspidos y hemípteros son los principales predatores de huevos, larvas y ninfas de coleópteros barrenadores y succionadores de savia, mientras que los bracónidos son los principales parasitoides larvales de lepidópteros nocturnos. Diversos eventos ambientales como la temperatura y precipitación pueden influenciar en el desarrollo, reproducción y supervivencia de las poblaciones de Prosopis pallida e influenciar positivamente en el desarrollo y crecimiento de ciertos insectos plaga o negativamente en la mortandad de algunos insectos benéficos. Palabras clave: Fitófagos, insectos benéficos, insectos plaga, parasitoides, predatores, Prosopis pallida, sequía, Sinoxylon, succionadores savia, Universidad de Piura. Insectos asociados a Prosopis pallida (Humb. & Bonpl. ex. Wild.) en el campus de la Universidad de Piura, Perú. ABSTRACT Species richness of insects in Prosopis pallida trees of the University of Piura was evaluated: Total insects, pests insects and beneficial insects and their possible relationships with some climatic factors (drought and precipitation) is discussed. Were recorded in total, 9 orders, 69 families and 129 species of insects, order Coleoptera with 40 species and family Coccinellidae with eight species were the most diverse. Pest insects are represented by 57 species and are grouped in herbivores (46 species) and sap suckers (11 species). Prosopis pallida trees are mostly attacked by borers beetles of families Cerambycidae (47%), Bostrichidae (33%) and nocturnal moths of family Noctuidae (15%), being the larval stage with the most damage. The leaves and branches are attacked mainly by defoliators lepidopteran families Geometridae, Gelechiidae and Crambidae. Beneficial insects are composed of 46 species and are grouped in predators (37 species) and parasitoids (nine species). Some ladybirds, ground beetles, bugs and wasps are the main predators of eggs, larvae and nymphs of borers beetles and sap suckers, while braconids are the main parasitoids of lepidopteran nocturnal larval. Environmental factors such as drought and precipitation can influence the development, reproduction and survival of Prosopis pallida populations and can influence positively the growth and development of certain pests insect or negatively on the mortality of some beneficial insects. Keywords: Phytophagous, beneficial insects, pest insect, parasitoids, predators,Prosopis pallida, drought, Sinoxylon, sap suckers, University of Piura. INTRODUCCIÓN Piura, como resultado de la interacción de factores ambientales y geográficos posee una gran variedad de paisajes ecológicos, siendo uno de ellos los bosques secos, dentro de los cuales destacan los algarrobales, formaciones vegetales dominadas por Prosopis pallida, distribuidas desde las planicies costeras hasta los 400 m de altitud (La Torre-Cuadros & Linares, 2008). Prosopis pallida “algarrobo” constituye la especie más abundante e importante en los ecosistemas de los bosques secos de la región Piura, adaptada a territorios áridos, arenosos, arcillosos y pedregosos (Ferreyra, 1987). La notable adaptación de esta especie se debe a las propiedades de fijar el nitrógeno y de absorber agua por su sistema radicular que puede llegar a zonas muy profundas de la napa freática y de tolerar periodos prolongados de sequías (Mom et al., 2000; Burghart et al., 2010). La especie tiene una importancia gravitante en la economía rural piurana por la variedad de bienes y servicios que pueden obtenerse de ésta (alimento humano y animal, madera y carbón, agroforestería, entre otros). Debido a las cualidades que posee se ha convertido en el soporte de diversos estudios científicos y programas de reforestación en ambientes áridos a fin de detener el problema de la desertificación y de mantener diversos ecosistemas de bosques secos que se hallan en peligro de colapsar (Mom et al., 2000). Según la Convención Internacional de Protección Fitosanitaria (2005) se entiende por plaga a toda forma de vida animal o vegetal, o todo agente patógeno, dañino o potencialmente dañino para las plantas o productos vegetales. En Sudamérica diversos autores han realizado investigaciones acerca de plagas presentes en árboles del género Prosopis (Jhonson, 1983; Bobadilla et al., 1987; Fiorentino & Diodato, 1991; Fiorentino et al., 1995; Mazzuferi, 2000), donde identifican a numerosos especímenes de los órdenes Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Hemiptera como las principales especies que atacan a estos árboles. Zonas Áridas 16(1): 28-51 (2016) 29 Juárez et al. La Universidad de Piura (UDEP) viene realizando desde varios años estudios relacionados con Prosopis pallida que van desde la caracterización químico-nutricional del fruto, técnicas de forestación de zonas desérticas, reproducción vegetativa hasta la caracterización ecológica, productiva y morfofisiológica (Cruz, 1986; Grados & Cruz, 1996; Bravo et al., 1998; Grados et al., 2000; Cortez, 2010), con el fin de impulsar el desarrollo socio-económico y conservación de los bosques secos de la región. Sin embargo, existen muy pocos estudios acerca de la composición y función que los insectos cumplen en plantaciones de Prosopis pallida, siendo los reportes de Domínguez (1982) y Nuñez-Sacarias (1993) los únicos que detallan las especies de insectos asociados a árboles de algarrobo en la región Piura. Teniendo en cuenta los pocos reportes sobre insectos en algarrobo y los posibles daños que puedan causar los insectos plaga, se planteó el presente estudio cuyos objetivos fueron: evaluar la cantidad de especies de insectos totales, insectos plaga e insectos benéficos, así como sus posibles relaciones con algunos factores climáticos en árboles de Prosopis pallida del campus de la Universidad de Piura. El estudio contribuirá a actualizar e incrementar el conocimiento de los insectos en el funcionamiento de esta importante especie de los bosques secos de la región Piura. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS Área de estudio El estudio se llevó a cabo en el campus de la Universidad de Piura (UDEP) (05°10´11¨S; 80°36´51¨W) ubicado en el distrito, provincia y departamento de Piura. El campus tiene un área aproximada de 130 ha cercadas que comprende dos zonas bien definidas: la primera (30 ha) compuesta mayormente por edificaciones (aulas, edificios) rodeadas de espacios verdes (jardines, plantas herbáceas, arbustivas y arbóreas especialmente de Prosopis pallida) y la segunda (100 ha) compuesta totalmente por bosques de algarrobo (Prosopis pallida) tanto de regeneración natural como de reforestación. Metodología Los muestreos se realizaron de Enero a Setiembre de 2014 en cuatro puntos de evaluación (A, B, C, D), siguiendo los lineamientos establecidos por Samaniego (2001). El punto A se ubicó en la zona de edificaciones, mientras que los puntos B, C y D en la zona de bosques tipo algarrobal. En cada zona de evaluación se muestrearon 20 árboles entre adultos y jóvenes cuyas alturas oscilaron entre 2.5 a 5 m (Figura 1a). Además, se escogieron 20 árboles (punto E) recién plantados de aproximadamente 1 año de edad (Figura 1b) haciendo un total de 100 árboles de Prosopis pallida evaluados. Para la captura de los especímenes se revisaron de manera minuciosa hojas, ramas, troncos, inflorescencias, frutos y en algunos casos las raíces de cada uno de los árboles seleccionados utilizando métodos de colecta directa (Márquez, 2005): agitación de follaje, red entomológica y colecta manual. La agitación de follaje consistió en colocar un paraguas invertido cubierto con tela blanca debajo de ramas y hojas las cuales fueron remecidas capturando a los insectos caídos sobre la tela blanca, por cada árbol muestreado se escogieron 4 ramas
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