Tropical Natural History 11(2): 135-158, October 2011 ©2011 by Chulalongkorn University

A Review of the Powder-Post of Thailand (Coleoptera: )

ROGER A. BEAVER1, WISUT SITTICHAYA2* AND LAN-YU LIU3

1161/2 Mu 5, Soi Wat Pranon, T. Donkaew, A. Maerim, Chiangmai 50180, THAILAND 2Department of Pest Management, Faculty of Natural Resources, Prince of Songkla University, Had Yai, Songkhla 90112, THAILAND 3National Central Library, 20 Zongshan S. Rd., Taipei 10001, TAIWAN * Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] Received: 25 April 2011; Accepted: 26 July 2011

ABSTRACT.– The present state of knowledge of the powder post beetles (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) of Thailand is summarised to provide a basis for future studies of the fauna and its economic importance in forestry and agriculture, including stored products. We provide a checklist, including information on the local and world distribution, biology and of these species. Sixty species are now known to occur in Thailand, of which the following twenty-two species are recorded here for the first time: caenophradoides (Lesne), Bostrychopsis parallela (Lesne), Calonistes antennalis Lesne, Dinoderopsis serriger Lesne, exilis Lesne, D. favosus Lesne, D. gardneri Lesne, simplicipennis (Lesne), Octodesmus episternalis Lesne, O. parvulus (Lesne), Parabostrychus acuticollis Lesne, Paraxylion bifer (Lesne), Phonapate fimbriata Lesne, parviclava Lesne, S. pygmaeum Lesne, S. tignarium Lesne, punctipenne (Fauvel), Xylocis tortilicornis Lesne, Xylodrypta bostrichoides Lesne, acutespinosus Lesne, X. ensifer Lesne, X. radula Lesne.

KEY WORDS: Coleoptera, Bostrichidae, Thailand, New records, Faunal synopsis

INTRODUCTION trade in timber and timber products. Taxonomically, the family is one of the best The Bostrichidae is a medium-sized known amongst the beetles, thanks to the (~500 species) family of beetles revisionary work of Pierre Lesne in a series (Coleoptera), often referred to as powder of publications between 1895 and 1941 post beetles because of their ability to (Berland, 1951). Borowski and reduce or to a thin external Węgrzynowicz (2007) have recently shell covering the frass produced by the catalogued the family (but see Ivie (2010) boring activities of the adults and larvae. for corrections to the catalogue). The They are of considerable economic biology of bostrichids has been reviewed by importance in forestry and to the wood Lesne (1924), Beeson and Bhatia (1937), products industry, especially in tropical Gerberg (1957), and Liu et al. (2008a). countries. Some species have also become Morphologically and biologically, the pests of stored grain and root crops. In species can be divided into two main addition, maturation feeding by some groups: 1) stout, cylindrical species with a species in young stems and shoots of living hooded pronotum, which bore into the host trees can result in dieback, and increases the tissue as adults, and lay their eggs within risk of breakage by wind and infection by their galleries (e.g. , pathogens (Liu et al., 2008a). Some species ); 2) more flattened species, in have been dispersed around the world by which the head is visible from above, and 136 TROPICAL NATURAL HISTORY. 11(2), OCTOBER 2011 which do not bore into the host plant as purpose of this paper to summarise our adults, but lay their eggs in cracks and present knowledge of the fauna to serve as a crevices in its surface (e.g. Lyctinae, basis for further studies on the family, Dysidinae). In both groups the larvae tunnel which is one of considerable economic through the host tissues making extensive importance in Thailand. frass-filled galleries. Most species are polyphagous and attack a wide variety of MATERIALS AND METHODS hosts in many different families of plants, but some specialise in attacks on This synopsis is based on several main and rarely breed in other plants. Most rely sources. We have used the collections made for food primarily on starches and sugars in by two of the authors (RAB, WS) in the the plant tissues, but endosymbiotic bacteria North and the South of Thailand found in bacteriomes associated with the respectively, and have examined the midgut can aid digestion of other specimens collected by the TIGER constituents of the wood (Crowson, 1981). (Thailand Inventory Group for In the tropics, there are usually one to four Entomological Research) project in twenty- generations per year (Liu et al., 2008a). four of the National Parks of Thailand. However, life cycles can be prolonged, and Further records were obtained by the third adults may emerge after several years of author (LYL) during her examination of the slow development. collections of a number of overseas Until recently, there has been little museums. We have also included records research done on the Bostrichidae of from the literature, expecially the checklists Thailand. Kamnerdratana et al. (1970) list a of forest (Hutacharern and Tubtim, few species as injurious to logs in Thailand. 1995), and insects and mites in Thailand Hutacharern and Tubtim (1995) list species (Hutacharern et al., 2007). Identifications known to occur as pests of forests and forest have been made by the authors of this paper, products, and provide lists of host trees. with some of the determinations checked by Hutacharern et al. (2007) (under J. Borowski (Warsaw, Poland). Type Bostrichidae and Lyctidae) list species material of 50 ex 60 species (83%) has been known to occur in Thailand. Some work has examined by LYL in various museums, but been done on the control of pest species it has not been possible to check the types of attacking stored grain (Sukprakarn and all species included in this paper. Tautong, 1981; Sukprakarn, 1986). More Photographs of many of the species listed recently, biological and taxonomic studies can be found in Liu et al. (2006), Sittichaya have been made in the Southern and Eastern et al. (2009), and on the Pests and Diseases provinces of Thailand (Sittichaya and Image Library (PaDIL) web site: Beaver, 2009; Sittichaya et al., 2009; http://www.padil.gov.au. Kangkamanee et al., 2011; Sittichaya et al., in press). These studies and other collections Checklist Format.– The classification used made in the North by the first author and in the paper follows the catalogue of others, and studies of the material in some Borowski and Węgrzynowicz (2007) as European museums (Liu, 2010), have corrected by Ivie (2010), and the indicated that many more species occur in subfamilies found in Thailand are listed in the country than previously thought. It is the the order of the catalogue. The genera and BEAVER ET AL. — POWDER-POST BEETLES OF THAILAND 137 species are listed in alphabetical order and only a small selection of references can within tribes (or subfamily where there is no be given for these. tribal level). For each species, we give the currently accepted name, the original RESULTS generic and specific names, and a reference to the original description. The full Based on the material studied, five reference is available in Borowski and subfamilies (including six tribes), 28 genera Węgrzynowicz (2007) and has not been and 60 species of Bostrichidae are known to included in the Literature Cited. Synonyms occur in Thailand. Twenty-two species are are not listed because they are available in recorded for the first time from Thailand. the same publication. The symbols after the Only two species (Megabostrychus imadatei name of the species give the following Chûjô and Octodesmus kamoli Chûjô) are information: * - a species recorded as new endemic to the country. The remainder are to Thailand; ¶ - type material of species mostly distributed fairly widely within the examined by L-Y. Liu; # - identification of Oriental region, and some have become species checked by J. Borowski; † - voucher more widely distributed or cosmopolitan as specimen(s) deposited in the a result of transport by man. Within collection of the Department of Pest Thailand, some species (e.g. Micrapate Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Prince simplicipennis (Lesne)) appear to be of Songkla University. Further specimens confined to the North of the country, others will be deposited in the insect collection of to the South (e.g. Xylopsocus radula Lesne), the Queen Sirikit Botanical Garden, but the distribution of many species is Chiangmai at a later date. poorly known, and further collecting is The Thai provinces in which the species likely to reveal that many are more is known to occur are listed, followed by widespread than present data suggest (Liu, detailed new records for: 1) species which 2010). There are 44 provinces (out of 76) in are recorded as new to Thailand; 2) Thailand from which there are no records at uncommon or rare species and those not all. previously recorded from specific provinces. In the new records, the figures in CHECKLIST OF THE BOSTRICHIDAE parentheses are the numbers of specimens OF THAILAND examined. The altitude is given in meters above mean sea level. The distribution Subfamily Lyctinae outside Thailand is then given. This is taken primarily from Borowski and Węgrzy- Tribe Lyctini nowicz (2007), with additions to the distribution in more recently published Lyctoxylon dentatum (Pascoe)¶† literature, especially Liu (2010), or if further information is available from other sources. dentata Pascoe, J. Ent., London, 2: This is followed by notes on taxonomy 141. 1866. (where necessary), and a summary of information on the biology of the species. Thai Distribution.– Rayong, Satun, Song- There is a very large literature pertaining to khla, Surat Thani and Trang (Sittichaya and some of the economically important species, Beaver, 2009; Sittichaya et al., 2009). 138 TROPICAL NATURAL HISTORY. 11(2), OCTOBER 2011

Other Distribution.– Japan, Taiwan, brunneus (Stephens)¶ Vietnam, West Malaysia, Java, Philippines and Australia. Introduced into or intercepted Xylotrogus brunneus Stephens, Illustr. Brit. in East Africa, Europe, North and Central Ent., Mandibulata 3: 117. 1830. America. Thai Distribution.– (unspecified) (Huta- Biology.– Found associated with rubber- charern et al., 2007). wood (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.) in southern Thailand (Sittichaya et al., 2009; Other Distribution.– Cosmopolitan. Kangkamanee et al., 2011). The species prefers to attack wood with a low moisture Biology.– This is one of the most content. Attack densities can be high, and widespread and damaging species of reinfestation by subsequent generations Lyctinae to hardwood timber, and has been occurs. The life cycle takes 3 - 4 months. dispersed all over the world through trade in timber and wood products. The biology of Lyctus africanus Lesne¶ the species is summarised by Lesne (1924), Beeson and Bhatia (1937), Delobel and Lyctus africanus Lesne, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. Tran (1993), Peters et al. (2002). Like all 1907: 302. lyctines, the species oviposits in pores in the wood, and softwoods without pores are not Thai Distribution.– (unspecified) (Huta- normally attacked, nor are hardwoods with charen et al., 2007); Trat (Sittichaya and pores smaller than the diameter of the Beaver, 2009). female’s ovipositor (Peters et al., 2002). Larvae can develop only in sapwood with a Other Distribution.– Throughout Africa, sufficiently high starch and moisture Madagascar and the Oriental region. content, and the heartwood is never infested Introduced into Europe. Despite its name, it (Peters et al., 2002). is unclear whether the species is of African or Oriental origin (Halperin and Geis, Lyctus tomentosus Reitter¶ 1999). Lyctus tomentosus Reitter, Verh. K.-K. Biology.– This is regarded as one of the Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, 28(1878): 198. most destructive pests of timber and timber 1879. products, including plywood (Lesne, 1924; Delobel and Tran, 1993; Halperin and Geis, Thai Distribution.– Rayong and Samut 1999; Plant Health Australia, 2007). It can Songkhram. It was imported to Thailand also infest dried roots and tubers. The and established in the Southeast of the biology of the species is described in detail country (Sittichaya and Beaver, 2009). by Beeson and Bhatia (1937). In Thailand it has been recorded from forest products Other Distribution.– Central America made from bamboo, Bauhinia spp., Bombax (Mexico, Guatemala) ceiba L., Cedrela spp. and Hevea brasili- ensis (Hutacharern and Tubtim, 1995). Biology.– The species has been found in rubberwood-sawn timber in Thailand BEAVER ET AL. — POWDER-POST BEETLES OF THAILAND 139

(Sittichaya and Beaver, 2009). No detailed Biology.– The biology of the species is studies of the biology of the species appear similar to (Walker) and to have been made. other Lyctini (Lesne, 1924; Beeson and Bhatia, 1937; Ho, 1995a; Liu et al., 2008a). Minthea humericosta Lesne¶ The life cycle takes 2 - 6 months depending on the starch and moisture content of the Minthea humericosta Lesne, Bull. Soc. Ent. wood as well as temperature. The adults live Fr. 41: 131. 1936 for c.11 weeks, and there are three generations a year in Malaysia (Ho, 1995a). Thai Distribution.– Mae Hong Son and The species is associated with rubberwood- Yala (Liu, 2010). sawn timber in southern and South-eastern Thailand (Sittichaya and Beaver, 2009; Other Distribution.– New Guinea. Kangkamanee et al., 2011).

Biology.– Not studied. Presumably similar Minthea rugicollis (Walker)¶ to other species of Minthea (Beeson and Bhatia, 1937; Ho, 1995a). Ditoma rugicollis Walker, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, 2: 206. 1858. Minthea reticulata Lesne¶† Thai Distribution.– Nakhon Ratchasima Minthea reticulata Lesne, Bull. Mus. Nat. (Kamnerdratana et al., 1970). Chiang Mai Hist. Nat. Paris, sér.2, 3: 98. 1931. and Mae Hong Son.

Thai Distribution.– Krabi, Mae Hong Son, New Records.– Chiang Mai, ex bamboo in Nakhon Si Thammarat, Phang Nga, Phatta- house, 15.ix.1973 (2) (R.A. Beaver); Mae lung, Satun and Trat (Sittichaya and Beaver, Hong Son, Ban Huai Po, 19o 19’ N, 97o 59’ 2009; Sittichaya et al., 2009). E, 1600 – 2000 m, 9-16.v.1991 (1) (L. Dembický). New Record.– Mae Hong Son, Suan Pu, 1992 (2) (Strand). This record is included as Other Distribution.– Subcosmopolitan the first evidence that the species occurs in between 40o N and 40o S. Introduced into the North of the country as well as in the other areas, but not established in temperate southern provinces. climates (Abood and Murphy, 2006).

Other Distribution.– Australia, Indonesia, Taxonomy.– Distinguishing characters New Guinea, Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam from the closely similar Minthea reticulata and West Malaysia. Introduced into Europe are given by Ho (2000) and Liu et al. and USA. (2009).

Taxonomy.– The species has often been Biology.– An important pest of bamboo, misidentified as Minthea rugicollis rattan and wood products in tropical areas. (Walker). Distinguishing characters are A major pest of rubberwood in Malaysia given by Ho (2000) and Liu et al. (2009). (Browne, 1938). Its biology and control are

140 TROPICAL NATURAL HISTORY. 11(2), OCTOBER 2011 described by Browne (1938) and Ho bostrichids, where its small size and (1995a). strongly flattened form enable it to slip beneath the larger and avoid being Tribe Trogoxylini crushed against the walls of the gallery (Lesne, 1932; L-Y. Liu pers. obs.). The Cephalotoma tonkinea Lesne† adult feeds on small particles of wood in the gallery of the larger species. It can thus be Cephalotoma tonkinea Lesne, Livre classed as a commensal of other bostrichids. Centenaire, Soc. Ent. Fr.: 623. 1932. The larvae are presumed to be xylophagous.

Thai Distribution.– Krabi, Nakhon Si Trogoxylon auriculatum Lesne¶ Thammarat and Phang Nga (Sittichaya et al., 2009). Trogoxylon auriculatum Lesne, Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat. Paris, Sér. 2, 4: 654. Other Distribution.– Vietnam. 1932.

Biology.– Adults were captured from Thai Distribution.– (unspecified) (Huta- debarked logs of Hevea brasiliensis infested charern and Tubtim, 1995, Hutacharern et by aequalis, Sinoxylon al., 2007). anale and S. unidentatum in southern Thailand. Only 2 - 3 specimens were Other Distribution.– India. obtained from each infested log. Like species of the closely related Biology.– Beeson and Bhatia (1937) record Lyctoderma, it probably lives as a the species from numerous host trees, and commensal in the adult gallery of larger note that it is a forest-inhabiting species bostrichids (Lesne, 1932). breeding in dry wood, and not normally found in sawmills and wood factories. It Lyctoderma coomani Lesne¶#† probably has an annual life cycle, and several generations may breed successively Lyctoderma coomani Lesne, Livre in the same host material (Beeson and Centenaire, Soc. Ent. Fr. : 622. 1932. Bhatia, 1937). Hutacharern and Tubtim (1995) record the species in Thailand from Thai Distribution.– Rayong and Samut bamboo (Dendrocalamus strictus Nees), Songkhram (Sittichaya and Beaver, 2009). and from forest products made from Mae Hong Son. bamboo and several species of trees.

New Record.– Mae Hong Son, Ban Huai Trogoxylon punctipenne (Fauvel)*¶ Po, 1600 m, 9-16.v.1991 (1) (Pacholátko). Lyctus punctipennis Fauvel, Rev. Ent. 23: Other Distribution.– Vietnam. 155. 1904.

Biology.– The species was taken from logs Thai Distribution.– Mae Hong Son and of Hevea brasiliensis in southern Thailand. Uthai Thani. The adult lives in the adult gallery of larger BEAVER ET AL. — POWDER-POST BEETLES OF THAILAND 141

New records.– Mae Hong Son, Huai Sua Thai Distribution.– (unspecified) (Huta- Tao, 11-17.v.1992 (1) (J. Strnady); Uthai charern et al., 2007; Borowski and Thani, 25 km NW Lan-Sak, 65 km NW Węgrzynowicz, 2007); Chiang Mai. Uthai-Thani, 110 m, ix.1990 (3) [no collector]. New Records.– Chiang Mai, base of Doi Suthep, ~300 m, at light trap, 21.iv.1971, Other Distribution.– Australia, New 28.v.1974 (2); nr Thai-Danish Pine Caledonia, New Guinea and the Oriental Research Centre, 18o 07’ N, 98o 17’ E, at region. New to Thailand. light trap, 19.iv.1971 (1) (R.A. Beaver).

Biology.– Not studied. Presumably similar Other Distribution.– Throughout southeast to other species of Trogoxylon. Asia from Myanmar to Borneo. Introduced to China. Trogoxylon spinifrons (Lesne)¶ Biology.– Little is known of the biology of Lyctus spinifrons Lesne, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. dysidines, and no studies appear to have 1910: 303. 1910. been made of this monotypic genus. The very long ovipositor and the somewhat Thai Distribution.– Nakhon Ratchasima flattened body form of dysidines suggest (Kamnerdratana et al., 1970 as Lyctus that the females are not woodborers but lay spinifrons), Mae Hong Son (Liu, 2010). their eggs in cracks and crevices in the bark (Liu, 2009). Beeson and Bhatia (1937) Other Distribution.– India, New Guinea record the species as damaging pests of and Vietnam. Dipterocarpus spp. The damage was presumably due to the boring activities of Biology.– Beeson and Bhatia (1937) record the larvae. Recorded from Hevea brasili- the species from numerous host trees. It ensis and Shorea obtusa Wall. in Thailand attacks bamboos and wood products, and (Hutacharern and Tubtim, 1995). appears to have two generations per year. In Thailand, Hutacharern and Tubtim (1995) Subfamily Dinoderinae record the species from bamboo (Dendro- calamus strictus), and from forest products Dinoderopsis serriger Lesne*¶ made from bamboo and Pithecellobium dulce Benth. Dinoderopsis serriger Lesne, Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat. Paris, 29: 56. 1923. Subfamily Dysidinae Thai Distribution.– Mae Hong Son. Apoleon edax Gorham¶ New Record.– [Mae Hong Son], Soppong, Apoleon edax Gorham, Notes Leyden Mus., Pai, 1500 m, 1-8.v.1993 (Pacholátko and 7: 52. 1885. Dembický) (3).

142 TROPICAL NATURAL HISTORY. 11(2), OCTOBER 2011

Other Distribution.– East and South New Records.– Chiang Mai, Chiang Mai Africa, Yemen and Laos (Liu, 2010). New University, Biol. Dept., 15.vii.1971 (1); to Thailand. base of Doi Suthep, ~300 m, boring in rattan chair, 15.ix.1970 (1); Maerim, flight Biology.– Recorded boring into trees in intercept trap, 9.v.1994, 19.xi.1994 (2); littoral woodland around Lake Kariba Nakhon Sawan, [Nakhon Sawan city], ex (Zimbabwe) resulting in mechanical bamboo, 26.xi.1986 (1) (all R.A. Beaver). weakening and breakage (McLachlan, 1970). Other Distribution.– Circumtropical, as a result of human transport. Dinoderus bifoveolatus (Wollaston)¶#† Biology.– Breeding in bamboos and rattans bifoveolata Wollaston, Ann. (as noted above), especially when starch Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, 2: 409. 1858. content is high, but also recorded tunnelling in the wood of both angiosperm and Thai Distribution.– Chiang Mai (Chujo, coniferous trees perhaps for feeding and/or 1964); Chumphon, Nakhon Si Thammarat sexual maturation (Beeson and Bhatia, and Surat Thani (numerous specimens 1937). collected by W. Sittichaya). Dinoderus exilis Lesne*¶#† Other Distribution.– Circumtropical, as a result of human transport. Dinoderus exilis Lesne, Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1932: 653. Biology.– Breeds in timber, and in the stems and leaf midribs of palms used for baskets Thai Distribution.– Chumphon and Surat and cases, in the stored roots of Thani. (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and similar root crops, and has also been found in flour New Records.– Chumphon, Sawi distr., (Beeson and Bhatia, 1937; Delobel and 10o 16’ 59’’ N, 99o 00’ 57’’ E, 67 Tran, 1993). As in other dinoderines m,15.iv.2010 (1); 10o 18’ 03’’ N, 99o 01’ studied, the male produces a sex pheromone 41’’ E, 95 m, 15.v.2010 (1); Muang distr., that attracts both sexes (Borgemeister et al., 10o 25’ 45’’ N, 99o 03’ 37’’ E, 78 m, 1999). 15.v.2010 (1); Surat Thani, Ban Na San distr., 8o 47’ 25’’ N, 99o 24’ 54’’ E, Dinoderus brevis Horn 15.iv.2010 (1) (all W. Sittichaya).

Dinoderus brevis Horn, Proc. Ent. Soc. Other Distribution.– India (West Bengal). Phil., 17: 549. 1878. New to Thailand.

Thai Distribution.– (unspecified) (Beeson Biology.– Not studied. Presumably similar and Bhatia, 1937); Chiang Mai and Nakhon to other species of Dinoderus. Sawan.

BEAVER ET AL. — POWDER-POST BEETLES OF THAILAND 143

Dinoderus favosus Lesne*¶† (F.)¶† minutus Fabricius, Syst. Ent.: 54. Dinoderus favosus Lesne, Bull. Soc. Ent. 1775. France, 1911: 397. Thai Distribution.– Chantaburi, Chiang Thai Distribution.– Chiang Mai, Chum- Mai, Chonburi, Chumphon, Krabi, Mae phon and Surat Thani. Hong Son, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Phang Nga, Phattalung, Phetchabun, Phitsanulok, New Records.– Chiang Mai, Doi Pui, 1600 Rayong, Samut Songkhram, Songkhla, m, ex gallery in Castanopsis sp., 3.i.1971 Surat Thani and Trang (Sittichaya et al., (1) (R.A. Beaver); Chumphon, Sawi 2009). distr.,10o 16’ 59’’ N, 99o 00’ 57’’ E, 67 m, 15.xi.2009 (1); Surat Thani, Ban Na San Other Distribution.– Cosmopolitan. distr., 8o 47’ 25’’ N, 99o 24’ 54’’ E, 15.iv.2010 (1) (W. Sittichaya). Biology.– The species primarily breeds in bamboos (especially Dendrocalamus spp. Other Distribution.– India (Andaman Is., and Phyllostachys spp.), and is a major pest Assam, Karnataka and West Bengal), of cut bamboos. It also attacks stored Myanmar and Vietnam. New to Thailand. products of many kinds, and may become an important pest of dried cassava. It was Biology.– Unlike most species of recorded breeding in rubberwood in Dinoderus, it is a true wood-boring species, Thailand by Sittichaya et al. (2009). The and has been recorded from several host biology has been described by Lesne species (Beeson and Bhatia, 1937), and here (1924), Beeson and Bhatia (1937), Garcia from Castanopsis sp. (2005) and Liu et al. (2008a) amongst others. There is a large literature on Dinoderus gardneri Lesne*¶ biological and chemical control methods. A useful recent discussion of possible Dinoderus gardneri Lesne, Bull. Soc. Ent. integrated pest management methods is France, 38: 258. 1933. given by Garcia (2005).

Thai Distribution.– Chiang Mai. Dinoderus ocellaris Stephens#†

New Record.– Chiang Mai, Doi Pui, 1300 Dinoderus ocellaris Stephens, Illustr. Brit. m, flight intercept trap. 8-12.xi.2004 (1) (W. Ent., Mandibulata 3: 352. 1830. Puranasakul). Thai Distribution.– Bangkok (Lesne, Other Distribution.– India (Kerala). New 1897). Chiang Mai (Chûjô, 1961). to Thailand. Phetchabun, Phitsanulok and Surat Thani (numerous specimens collected by W. Biology.– Bred from papaya (Carica Sittichaya). papaya L.) and an unidentified climber (Beeson and Bhatia, 1937). Other Distribution.– India, Laos, Philip- pines, Sri Lanka and Vietnam. Probably 144 TROPICAL NATURAL HISTORY. 11(2), OCTOBER 2011 introduced into Australia and Fiji. rat (numerous specimens collected by W. Introduced into Europe, North America and Sittichaya). New Zealand. Other Distribution.– Cosmopolitan.

Biology.– This is another species that breeds Biology.– This is an important pest of stored primarily in bamboos, although attacks on grain and similar stored products high in other host plants do occur (Beeson and starch. In Thailand it is an important pest of Bhatia, 1937). It was frequently collected at stored rice and barley (Sukprakarn, 1986). light traps in Chiang Mai. There is an extensive literature on the biology and control of the species (e.g. truncatus (Horn) Lesne, 1924; Dobie et al., 1991; Delobel and Tran, 1993; Edde and Phillips, 2006; Jia Dinoderus truncatus Horn, Proc. Ent. Soc. et al., 2008). Phil. 17: 549. 1878. Subfamily Bostrichinae Thai Distribution.– (Unspecified) (Sukprakarn and Tautong, 1981; Huta- Tribe charern et al., 2007). Presumably imported, and not known to be established in Amphicerus anobioides (Waterhouse) Thailand. Caenophrada anobioides Waterhouse, Ann. Other Distribution.– North and Central Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, 1: 350. 1888. America. Introduced into Africa and Europe. Thai Distribution.– (unspecified) (Huta- charern et al. 2007); Chiang Mai and Ubon Biology.– This species has become a major Ratchathani. pest of stored products, especially cassava, (Zea mays L.), and sweet New Records.– Chiang Mai, Doi Inthanon, (Ipomaea batatas (L.) Lam.), in tropical 1100 m, light trap, 11.iv.1986 (R.A. Beaver) Africa, and there is an extensive literature (1); Ubon Ratchathani, Pha Taem NP, dealing with the biology and control of the Tung Na Meaung waterfall, 15o 30.914’ N, species (e.g. Hodges, 1986; Delobel and 105o 35.369’ E, 120 m, malaise trap, 6- Tran, 1993; Hill et al., 2002; Meikle et al., 12.iii.2007 (P. Tonsu and B. Sapsiri) (1). 2002; Nansen and Meikle, 2002; Hill et al., 2003). Other Distribution.– Arabian Peninsula, Eritrea, Ethiopia, India and Sri Lanka. Rhyzopertha dominica (F.)¶† Thailand is the easternmost limit of the known distribution of this species. Synodendron dominicum Fabricius, Ent. Syst.: 359. 1792. Biology.– In India, the species bores into poles and the sapwood of logs and timber of Thai Distribution.– Chiang Mai (Chûjô, a variety of host trees. The life cycle is 1961); Songkhla and Nakhon Sri Thamma- usually annual, but may extend up to three years (Beeson and Bhatia, 1937). Recorded BEAVER ET AL. — POWDER-POST BEETLES OF THAILAND 145 in Thailand from Cedrela augustifolia Sesse two species are small, and specimens seen and Moc., C. odorata L. and Toona ciliata by us have various combinations of the M. Roem (Hutacharern and Tubtim, 1995; characters given by Lesne (1899) to separate as Schistoceros anobioides). It may be noted the species. A. caenophradoides tends to that Schistoceros Lesne is an unjustified have a more northerly distribution than A. new name for Amphicerus LeConte (Ivie, malayanus, but the distributions overlap in 2010). Thailand and on the island of Sumatra. Pending further studies, we retain the two Amphicerus caenophradoides (Lesne)*¶† species here.

Bostrychus caenophradoides Lesne, Ann. Biology.– Probably as A. anobioides (see Soc. Ent. Fr. 64: 174. 1895. above).

Thai Distribution.– Chaiyaphum, Amphicerus malayanus Lesne¶ Chumphon, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Sakhon Nakhon and Surat Thani. Bostrychus malayanus Lesne, Notes Leyden Mus., 20: 255. 1898. New Records.– Chaiyaphum, Pa Hin Ngam NP, Nature trail at Lan Hin Nor, 15o Thai Distribution.– (unspecified) (Huta- 37.615’ N, 101o 23.436’ E, 668 m, malaise charern and Tubtim, 1995 as Schistoceros trap, 21-27.iii.2007 (1) (K. Sa-Nog and B. malayanus). Nan. Adnafai); Chumphon, Thung Tako distr., 10o 02’ 17’’ N, 99o 02’ 46’’ E, 107 m, New Record.– Nan, 30 km E of Pua, 1700 15.ii.2010 (1); Sawi distr., 10o 07’ 37’’ N, m, 2.xi.2002 (1) (Hreblay, Szabó). 99o 03’ 30’’ E, 23 m, 15.i.2010 (2) (W. Sittichaya); Nakhon Si Thammarat, Chang Other Distribution.– Indonesia (Kaliman- Klang distr. 08o 21’ 33’’ N, 99o 39’ 03’’ E, tan, Sumatra), Sundarbans (India/Bangla 62 m, 15.ii.2010, 15.vi.2010 (3) (W. Desh) and West Malaysia. Sittichaya); 08o 20’ 60’’ N, 99o 40’ 14’’ E, 93 m, 15.iii.2010, 15.iv.2010, 15.v.2010 (3) Taxonomy.– see above under A. caeno- (W. Sittichaya); Sakhon Nakhon, Phu Phan phradoides. NP, mixed decid forest, 17o 9.818’ N, 103o 54.573’ E, 239 m, malaise trap, 25- Biology.– Recorded in Thailand from 31.x.2006 (1) (W. Kongnara); Surat Thani, Cedrela augustifolia, C. odorata and Toona Ban Na San distr., 08o 47’ 25’’ N, 99o 24’ ciliata (Hutacharern and Tubtim, 1995 as 54’’ E, 15.v.2010 (1) (W. Sittichaya). Schistoceros malayanus), and from Heritiera fomes Wall. in the Sundarbans Other Distribution.– Indonesia (Sumatra), (Beeson and Bhatia, 1937 as Schistoceros Kampuchea and Vietnam. New to Thailand. malayanus).

Taxonomy.– This species appears to Bostrychopsis parallela (Lesne)*¶ intergrade with A. malayanus, and the latter species should probably be considered a Bostrychus parallelus Lesne, Ann. Soc. Ent. synonym of it. The differences between the Fr. 64: 174. 1895. 146 TROPICAL NATURAL HISTORY. 11(2), OCTOBER 2011

Dominikia parallela (Lesne): Borowski and New Record.– Loei, Na Haeo, light trap on Węgrzynowicz, World Cat Bostr., 89. river bank, 13.v.2003 (1) (P. Grootaert, I. 2007. Constant, K. Smets).

Thai Distribution.– Chiang Mai. Other Distribution.– Oriental region to Australia and New Caledonia, Madagascar, New Records.– Chiang Mai, at light, Comoro Is. Introduced into Africa, Europe, 31.v.1971 (1); nr. Chiang Mai University, at North America and New Zealand. light , 13.iv.1974 (1) (R.A. Beaver). Biology.– The species attacks a wide variety Other Distribution.– Throughout the of trees, and forest products, including Oriental region, though not recorded previ- furniture, packing cases, plywood, etc. ously from Thailand. Imported to Africa, (Beeson and Bhatia, 1937; Woodruff and Europe, Madagascar and N. America. Fasulo, 2006). Hutacharern and Tubtim (1995) give numerous records of host Taxonomy.– All the species previously species in Thailand. The gallery system, placed in Bostrychopsis Lesne were development and seasonal history are transferred to a new genus, Dominikia, by described by Beeson and Bhatia (1937) and Borowski and Węgrzynowicz (2007). Ho (1995b). It is the most common species However, Ivie (2010) has pointed out that of Heterobostrychus in Thailand. their action was based on a misidentified type species, and synonymised Dominikia Heterobostrychus hamatipennis (Lesne)¶ Borowski and Węgrzynowicz with Bostrychopsis. Bostrychus hamatipennis Lesne, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 64: 173. 1895. Biology.–This species is primarily a borer of large, dry bamboos, with a life cycle Thai Distribution.– Nakhon Ratchasima extending from 1-3 years (Beeson and (Kamnerdratana et al., 1970). Loei. Bhatia, 1937). It is considered a minor pest of bamboo in the Philippines (Waterhouse, New Record.– Loei, Na Haeo, light trap at 1993). pond edge, 17.v.2003 (1) (I. Constant, K. Smets). Heterobostrychus aequalis (Waterhouse)¶† Other Distribution.– Through the Oriental aequalis Waterhouse, Proc. Zool. region to Indonesia and Philippines, Japan, Soc. Lond. 15: 215. 1884. Madagascar, Comoro Is. and Mauritius. Introduced to Europe and North America. Thai Distribution.– Chantaburi, Chiang Mai, Chonburi, Chumporn, Krabi, Nakhon Biology.– Similar to H. aequalis (Beeson Ratchasima, Phang Nga, Rayong, Samut and Bhatia, 1937). Hutacharern and Tubtim Songkhram, Satun, Songkhla and Trang (1995) give numerous records of host (Sittichaya et al., 2009). Loei. species in Thailand. Beiriger (2010) gives a brief review of the species in Florida.

BEAVER ET AL. — POWDER-POST BEETLES OF THAILAND 147

Heterobostrychus pileatus Lesne¶ Biology.– Recorded from Butea mono- sperma (Lam.) Taub. and Shorea robusta Heterobostrychus pileatus Lesne, Ann. Soc. C.F. Gaertn. in India (Beeson and Bhatia, Ent. Fr. 67(1898): 559. 1899. 1937), and from wood products made from timber of Bombax ceiba, Hevea brasiliensis, Thai Distribution.– Nakhon Ratchasima Koompassia malaccensis Benth. and (Kamnerdratana et al., 1970). Chaiyaphum Pterocarpus macrocarpus Kurtz. in and Chiang Mai. Thailand (Hutacharern and Tubtim, 1995).

New Records.– Chaiyaphum, Pa Hin Megabostrychus imadatei Chûjô Ngam NP, Nature trail at Lan Hin Nor, 15o 37.615’ N, 101o 23.436’ E, 668 m, malaise Megabostrychus imadatei Chûjô, Nature trap, 21-27.iii.2007 (1) (K. Sa-Nog & B. Life Southeast Asia, 3: 208. 1964. Adnafai); Chiang Mai, nr. Chiang Mai Univ., 20.vii.1970 (1); Mae Tang, 19o 05’ Thai Distribution.– Kanchanburi (Chûjô, N, 98o 55’ E, ex Dipterocarpus obtusifolius, 1964). Endemic to Thailand. 26.ii.1972 (2); Fang Agric. Stn, 600 m, at light , 17.iii.1974 (1) (all R.A. Beaver). Taxonomy.– The monospecific genus Megabostryhcus Chûjô is known only from Other Distribution.– India, Kampuchea, the male holotype of M. imadatei. This is a Laos, Philippines and Vietnam. large beetle (19 mm long) and it is surprising that no further specimens have Biology.– Beeson and Bhatia (1937) suggest been collected. The genus is related to this a forest-dwelling species rather than a Heterobostrychus, Bostrychopsis and pest of forest products, although it has been (Chûjô, 1964), but appears recorded in the latter. Recorded from to be distinct from these genera. It needs rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis) by further investigation. Hutacharern and Tubtim (1995) and from Dipterocarpus obtusifolius Teijsm. ex Miq. Biology.– Unknown. (see above). Other host trees are listed by Beeson and Bhatia (1937). Micrapate simplicipennis (Lesne)*¶

Heterobostrychus unicornis (Waterhouse)¶ simplicipennis Lesne, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 64: 177. 1895. Bostrichus unicornis Waterhouse, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, 13: 361. 1879. Thai Distribution.– Chaiyaphum, Chiang Mai, Loei and Phetchabun. Thai Distribution.– Nakhon Ratchasima (Kamnerdratana et al., 1970). New Records.– Chaiyaphum, Pa Hin Ngam NP, 15o 34.913’ N, 101o 25.658’ E, Other Distribution.– India, Myanmar, 444 m, malaise trap, 22-28.xi.2006 (1) (K. Vietnam, Madagascar, Comoro Is. and Sa-nog and B. Adnafai); Chiang Mai, Mozambique. Chiang Mai University, ex cut Bougain- villea stem, 10.ii.1972 (1); ex Samanea 148 TROPICAL NATURAL HISTORY. 11(2), OCTOBER 2011 saman, 18.ii.1972 (6); ex Bauhinia Parabostrychus acuticollis Lesne*¶ variegata, 2.vii.1972 (1) (R.A. Beaver); Doi Phahompok NP, HQ, 19o 57.961’ N, 99o Parabostrychus acuticollis Lesne, Bull. 9.355’ E, 569 m, malaise trap, 7-14.ii.2008 Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat. Paris, 19: 192. 1913. (1) (Seesom, K.); Maerim, malaise trap, various dates from 1.xii.1993 – 16.ii.2003 Thai Distribution.– Nakhon Ratchasima. (16); ex mango, 16.i.1994 (5) (R.A. Beaver); Loei, Phu Ruea NP, nature trail, New Record.– [Nakhon Ratchasima], 17o 28.805’ N, 101o 21.242’ E, 920 m, Corat, 15.v.1996 (3) (Local collectors). malaise trap, 19-26.i., 26.i.-2.ii.2007 (2); Reservoir, 17o 28.826’ N, 101o 21.33’ E, Other Distribution.– India, Nepal, S. 931 m, pan trap, 11-12.i., malaise trap, 12- China and Taiwan. New to Thailand. 19.i.2007 (2); Hua Dong Tam Sun, 17o 29.54’ N, 101o 20.955’ E, 1130 m, malaise Biology.– Not studied. trap, 19-26.xi.2006 (1); Ma Kraow ditch, 17o 29.652’ N, 101o 21.02’ E, 1167 m, Tribe Sinoxylini malaise trap, 12-19.xi.2006 (2); Sa Sawan, 17o 30.735’ N, 101o 20.601’ E, 1352 m, Lesne¶† malaise trap, 19-26.iii.2007 (1) (all P. Tumtip); Phetchabun, Nam Nao NP, Forest Sinoxylon anale Lesne, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. Protn. Unit - Huay Pralard cave, 16o 44.963’ 41: 21. 1897. N, 101o 27.833’ E, 711 m, malaise trap, 5- 12.iii.2007 (1) (L. Janteab). Thai Distribution.– Ayutthaya and Bangkok (Lesne, 1906). Chiang Mai Other Distribution.– India, Indonesia (Chûjô, 1964). Trang (Kamnerdratana et al., (Java), Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam. New 1970). Chaiyaphum, Chantaburi, Chonburi, to Thailand. This is the only Oriental Chumporn, Krabi, Nakhon Ratchasima, species of the genus, which otherwise has an Nakhon Sri Thammarat, Petchaburi, Phatta- American and African distribution. lung, Phang Nga, Phetchabun, Ratchaburi, Rayong, Songkhla, Samut Songkram, Satun, Biology.– Beeson and Bhatia (1937) record Surat Thani and Surin (Sittichaya et al., the species from sixteen genera of trees and 2009). shrubs in India. The species bores into small branch wood and twigs. Two to three Other Distribution.– Cosmopolitan in generations a year are likely. In Thailand, tropical and subtropical areas. the authors have collected the species from small stems of Bauhinia variegata L., Biology.– Recorded from numerous host Bougainvillea sp., Mangifera indica L., trees and bamboos, and from their products Manihot esculenta, Polyalthia longifolia (Beeson and Bhatia, 1937; Hutacharern and (Sonn.) Thwaites and Samanea saman Tubtim, 1995). The adults sometimes bore (Jacq.) Merr. into green shoots and twigs for maturation feeding or hibernation, and can cause damage to the tree saplings and seedlings. This is one of the commonest and most BEAVER ET AL. — POWDER-POST BEETLES OF THAILAND 149 economically important species in India and Mai, Phetchabun, Prachuap Khiri Khan and Thailand (Beeson and Bhatia, 1937; Songkhla (numerous specimens collected by Sittichaya and Beaver, 2009), and is the W. Sittichaya). single dominant pest of rubberwood-sawn timber in southern Thailand (Kangkamanee Other Distribution.– From India, through et al., 2011). Adults emerge throughout the Southeast Asia to the Philippines. Intro- year, and there are no distinct generations duced to Europe. (Beeson and Bhatia, 1937). This species and the closely related Biology.– Recorded from numerous host are very active species, and show more trees and bamboos, and from their products aggressive defence behaviour in their (Beeson and Bhatia, 1937; Hutacharern and breeding habitats than co-occurring Tubtim, 1995). It is a common borer of the bostrichids in other genera (Kangkamanee et sapwood of logs and fuel wood in India, but al., 2011). The feeding preferences and does not penetrate the heartwood (Beeson reproduction on two rubberwood clones and Bhatia, 1937). have recently been investigated by Sittichaya et al. (2011 in press). Sinoxylon flabrarius Lesne¶

Sinoxylon atratum Lesne¶ Sinoxylon flabrarius Lesne, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 75: 543. 1906. Sinoxylon atratum Lesne, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. 41: 20. 1897. Thai Distribution.– Chiang Mai (Liu, 2010). Nakhon Ratchasima. Thai Distribution.– (unspecified) (Huta- charern and Tubtim, 1995; Hutacharern et New Record.– Nakhon Ratchasima, Khao al., 2007) Yai NP, moist evergreen forest at Dan Chang, 14o 28.285’ N, 101o 22.57’ E, 751 Other Distribution.– India. m, 26.xii.2006 - 2.i.2007, malaise trap (1) (W. Sook-kho). Biology.– Recorded from Cedrela augus- tifolia, C. odorata and Toona ciliata in Other Distribution.– India, S. China and Thailand (Hutacharern and Tubtim, 1995). Vietnam. Introduced to Europe, In India, it is known to bore into the living shoots of Santalum album L., causing Biology.– Unknown. dieback (Beeson and Bhatia, 1937). Sinoxylon mangiferae Chûjô¶ Sinoxylon crassum Lesne¶† Sinoxylon mangiferae Chûjô, 1936, Trans. Sinoxylon crassum Lesne, Ann. Soc. Ent. Nat. Hist. Soc. Formosa, 26: 407. 1936. Belg. 41: 21. 1897. Thai Distribution.– Loei (Liu, 2010). Thai Distribution.– Ayutthaya and Bangkok (Lesne, 1906). Trang (Kamnerd- Other Distribution.– Taiwan. ratana et al., 1970). Chaiyaphum, Chiang 150 TROPICAL NATURAL HISTORY. 11(2), OCTOBER 2011

Biology.– The type series was collected Biology.– The only known host tree is teak from mango (Mangifera indica) by Chûjô (Tectona grandis L. f.) (Beeson and Bhatia, (1936), but nothing more is known of the 1937). biology of the species. Sinoxylon pygmaeum Lesne*¶ Sinoxylon pachyodon Lesne Sinoxylon pygmaeum Lesne, Ann. Soc. Ent. Sinoxylon pachyodon Lesne, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. 41: 20. 1897. Fr. 75: 486. 1906. Thai Distribution.– Chiang Mai and Thai Distribution.– (unspecified) (Borow- Nakhon Nayok. ski and Węgrzynowicz, 2007). New Records.– Chiang Mai, Doi Phahom- Other Distribution.– India, Myanmar. pok NP, HQ, 19o 57.961’ N, 99o 9.355’ E, 569 m, malaise trap, 7-14.ii.2008 (1) Biology.– Bred from Cynometra polyandra (Seesom K.); Bo Luang, 18o 09’ N, 98o 21’ Roxb. and unidentified timber from March E, 1100 m, 28.iv.1974 (5); Chiang Mai to June (Beeson and Bhatia, 1937). University, ex Samanea saman, 23.ii.- 1.iii.1972 (10); Fang Agricultural Stn., 600 Sinoxylon parviclava Lesne*¶ m, 17.iii.1974 (3) (all R.A. Beaver); Nakhon Nayok, Khao Yai NP, 14o 24.781’ Sinoxylon parviclava Lesne, Bull. Mus. Nat. N, 101o 22.689’ E, malaise trap, 26.vii.- Hist. Nat. Paris, 24: 490. 1918. 2.viii.2006 (1) (P. Sandao).

Thai Distribution.– Chaiyaphum, Other Distribution.– India, Myanmar and Phetchabun and Ubon Ratchathani. Vietnam. New to Thailand.

New Records.– Chaiyaphum, Tat Tone Biology.– A polyphagous species not NP, nr. water tank, 15o 58.426’ N, 102o uncommon in dry branches and small stems 2.24’ E, 265 m, malaise trap, 5-12.ii.2007 (Beeson and Bhatia, 1937). Attacking a cut (1) (T. Jaruphan, O. Budsawong); sapling of Samanea saman in Chiang Mai Phetchabun, Nam Nao NP, Forest Protn together with Sinoxylon anale. Unit - Huay Pralard cave, 16o 44.963’ N, 101o 27.833’ E, 711 m, malaise trap, 5- Sinoxylon ruficorne Fåhraeus¶ 12.iii.2007 (6) (L. Janteab); Ubon Ratchathani, Pha Taem NP, Huay Sa Nom Sinoxylon ruficorne Fåhraeus, Öfvers. waterfall, 15o 27.407’ N, 105o 34.867’ E, Finska Vetensk.-Soc. Forhandl. 28: 665. 230 m, malaise trap, 4-11.xi.2006 (1) 1871. (Sorawit and Thongdee). Thai Distribution.– (unspecified) (Huta- Other Distribution.– Kampuchea, charern and Tubtim, 1995; Hutacharern et Myanmar, Indonesia (Sulawesi) and al., 2007). This species (if correctly Vietnam. New to Thailand. identified) has clearly been imported from Africa. There are no later records, and it is BEAVER ET AL. — POWDER-POST BEETLES OF THAILAND 151 not clear if the species is established in species attacking rubberwood (Hevea Thailand. brasiliensis) in Thailand (Sittichaya and Beaver, 2009; Kangkamanee et al., 2011). Other Distribution.– Throughout Africa The latter authors note that it has similar South of the Sahara. Introduced to USA. abundance to Sinoxylon anale in eastern areas of S. Thailand, but that if one of the Biology.– Recorded from Hevea brasiliensis species is abundant at a location, the other is wood products by Hutacharern and Tubtim usually rare or absent (Sittichaya and (1995). Beaver, 2009). Both species have similar size and food preferences, and may be Sinoxylon tignarium Lesne*¶ competitors for the same resources (Kangkamanee et al., 2011). Sinoxylon tignarium Lesne, L’Abeille, 30: 116. 1902. Tribe

Thai Distribution.– Chiang Mai. Calonistes antennalis Lesne*¶#†

New Record.– Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep, Calonistes antennalis Lesne, Bull. Soc. Ent. 1300 m, ex EtOH trap, 8-12.xi.2004 (W. Fr. 41: 138. 1936. Puranasakul) (1). Thai Distribution.– Surat Thani. Other Distribution.– S-W China, N-E India and Vietnam. New to Thailand. New Record.– Surat Thani, Ban Na San distr.,15.vii.2010 (1) (W. Sittichaya). Biology.– Unknown. Other Distribution.– West Malaysia. New Sinoxylon unidentatum (F.) † to Thailand.

Sinodendron unidentatum Fabricius, Syst. Biology.– Unknown. Eleuth.: 377. 1801. Octodesmus episternalis Lesne*¶ Thai Distribution.– Chiang Mai, Chonburi, Chumphon, Krabi, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Octodesmus episternalis Lesne, Ann. Soc. Phang Nga, Phattalung, Rayong, Samut Ent. Fr. 69: 618. 1901. Songkram, Satun, Songkhla, Surat Thani and Trang (Sittichaya et al., 2009). Thai Distribution.– Phetchabun.

Other Distribution.– Cosmopolitan. New Record.– Phetchabun, Khao Kho NP, viewpoint at Khia stream, 16o 39.12’ N, Biology.– This species has usually been 101o 7.81’ E, 246 m, litter sample, 5- recorded as its synonym, Sinoxylon 8.iii.2007 (1) (S. Chachumnan and S. conigerum Gerstäcker. Beeson and Bhatia Singtong). (1937) list a number of host trees in several families. It is one of the most common 152 TROPICAL NATURAL HISTORY. 11(2), OCTOBER 2011

Other Distribution.– India and Myanmar. Thai Distribution.– Chiang Mai, Introduced to U.S.A. New to Thailand. Chumphon, Lampang, Loei, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Surat Thani and Uthai Thani. Biology.– According to Rai (1971) the species of Octodesmus are wood-boring New Records.– Chiang Mai, nr. pests of bamboos, timber and their products. Chiangmai University, 300 m, at light, No specific information is available for the various dates from 9.v.1971 to 25.iii.1974 three species found in Thailand. (12) (R.A. Beaver); Chumphon, Mueang distr., 10o 26’ 35’’ N, 99o 04’ 07’’ E, 70 m, Octodesmus kamoli Chûjô 15.viii.2009 (2); Sawi distr., 10o 07’ 37’’ N, 99o 03’ 30’’ E, 23 m, 15.vi.2009 (2); Thung Octodesmus kamoli Chûjô, Nature Life S-E Tako distr., 10o 02’ 42’’ N, 99o 01’ 05’’ E, Asia, 3: 209. 1964. 86 m, 15.x.2009 (2) (W. Sittichaya); Lampang, Ngao, Thai-Danish Teak Thai Distribution.– Chiang Mai (Chûjô, Improvement Centre, light trap, 9.vii.1972 1964). Endemic to Thailand. (3) (R.A. Beaver); Loei, Na Haeo, light trap, 17.v.2003, 15-19.v.2003 (2) (I. Constant, K. Biology.– Not studied. Presumed to be both Smets, P. Grootaert); Nakhon Sri a woodborer and polyphagous. Thammarat, Chang Klang distr., 8o 20’ 34’’ N, 99o 37’ 48’’ E, 15.iii.2010 (1); 8o Octodesmus parvulus (Lesne)* 21’ 33’’ N, 99o 39’ 03’’ E, 62 m, 15.iv.2010 (1); Surat Thani, Ban Na San distr., 8o 47’ Xylopertha parvula Lesne, Ann. Soc. Ent. 48’’ N, 99o 24’ 52’’ E, 53 m, 15.iii.2009 (7); Belg. 41: 19. 1897. 8o 53’ 10’’ N, 99o 24’ 02’’ E, 65 m, 15.iv.2010 (4); 8o 47’ 25’’ N, 99o 24’ 54’’ E, Thai Distribution.– Ubon Ratchathani. 15.viii.2010 (4) (all W. Sittichaya); Uthai Thani, 25 km NW Lan Sak, 65 km NW New Record.– Ubon Ratchathani, Pha Uthaithani, 110 m, ix.1990 (3) [no Taem NP, 15o 27.336’ N, 105o 34.87’ E, collector]. 232 m, malaise trap, 8-16.v.2007 (1) (S. Mingman). Other Distribution.– China (Hong Kong), India, Indonesia (Java), Myanmar, Vietnam Other Distribution.– India. Introduced into and West Malaysia. New to Thailand. Europe. New to Thailand. Biology.– Not studied. Presumed to be both Biology.– Not studied. Presumed to be both a woodborer and polyphagous. a woodborer and polyphagous. Xylocis tortilicornis Lesne*¶† Paraxylion bifer (Lesne)*¶† Xylocis tortilicornis Lesne, Ann. Soc. Ent. Xylion bifer Lesne, Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Fr. 68: 520. 1901. Nat. Paris, 2e sér., 4: 659. 1932.

BEAVER ET AL. — POWDER-POST BEETLES OF THAILAND 153

Thai Distribution.– Nakhon Sri Thamma- to large logs, and especially in recently cut rat, Sakhon Nakhon, Songkhla and Surat wood. The seasonal cycle of emergence is Thani. described by Beeson and Bhatia (1937).

New Records.– Nakhon Si Thammarat, Xylodrypta bostrichoides Lesne*¶ Chang Klang distr.,15.ix.2009 (1) (W. Sittichaya); Sakhon Nakhon, Phu Phan NP, Xylodrypta bostrichoides Lesne, Ann. Soc. NP Office, 17o 3.488’ N, 103o 58.497’ E, Ent. Fr. 68: 523. 1901. 318 m, 17-23.i.2007 (1) (S. Tongboonchai); Songkhla, Had Yai, EtOH trap, 22.iv.2009 Thai Distribution.– Chiang Mai. (2); 23.ix.2009 (5) (W. Sittichaya); Surat Thani, Ban Na San distr.,15.iii.2010 (1) (W. New Record.– Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep, Sittichaya). i.2006 (1) (S. Sonthichai).

Other Distribution.– China, India, Laos, Other Distribution.– India (Assam). New Sri Lanka and Taiwan. New to Thailand. to Thailand.

Biology.– Recorded from numerous host Biology.– Unknown. trees in India (Beeson and Bhatia, 1937). The species breeds mainly in small diameter Xylopsocus acutespinosus Lesne*¶ branches, but also in the sapwood of logs. There are usually two generations per year, Xylopsocus acutespinosus Lesne, Ann. Soc. but some individuals may take 2 – 3 years to Ent. Fr. 75: 424. 1906. develop. Thai Distribution.– Chiang Mai. Xylodectes ornatus (Lesne) ¶† New Records.– Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep- Xylopertha ornatus Lesne, Ann. Soc. Ent. Pui, 1500 m, 7.xi.1986 (2) (R.A. Beaver). Belg. 41: 19. 1897. Other Distribution.– India, Laos, Thai Distribution.– Chiang Mai (Chûjô, Myanmar and Nepal. New to Thailand. 1966), Surat Thani. Biology.– The two specimens listed above New Record.– Surat Thani, Ban Na San were boring into a small dead sapling of an distr., 8o 46’ 47’’ N, 99o 22’ 46’’ E, 96 m, unidentified species. 15.v.2010 (1) (W. Sittichaya). (F.) ¶† Other Distribution.– India, Indonesia (Borneo, Sumatra), Laos, Myanmar, Apate capucinus Fabricius, Species Ins.: 62 Philippines, Taiwan and Vietnam. 1781.

Biology.– Recorded from numerous host Thai Distribution.– Chaiyaphum, Chiang- trees by Beeson and Bhatia (1937). It breeds mai, Krabi, Nakorn Sri Thammarat, in all sizes of material from small branches Phattalung, Phang Nga, Satun, Songkhla, 154 TROPICAL NATURAL HISTORY. 11(2), OCTOBER 2011

Surat Thani and Trang (Sittichaya et al., Xylopsocus radula Lesne*† 2009). Xylopsocus radula Lesne, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. Other Distribution.– Throughout South 69: 634. 1901. and Southeast Asia from India to the Indonesian archipelago, New Guinea, New Thai Distribution.– Chumphon, Nakhon Si Caledonia and the Melanesian islands. Thammarat, Songkhla and Surat Thani. Introduced into Africa, South America and USA. New Records.– Chumphon, Thung Tako distr., 10o 02’ 22’’ N, 98o 59, 13’’ E, 107 m, Biology.– In northern India, the adults 15.i.10 (1); Sawi distr.,10o 19’ 23’’ N, 99o emerge mainly between May and 01’ 25’’ E, 103 m, 15.x.09 (1); Muang November, with an annual life cycle, that distr., 10o 26’ 35’’ N, 99o 04’ 07’’ E, 70 m, may be extended for a further one or 15.ix.09 (2), 15.x.09 (1); Nakhon Si occasionally two years (Beeson and Bhatia, Thammarat, Chang Klang distr., 8o 21’ 1937). Woodruff et al. (2005) give further 33’’ N, 99o 39’ 03’’ E, 62 m, 15.i.10 (1); 8o information from the published literature. 20’ 59’’ N, 99o 40’ 14’’ E, 15.ii.10 (7); The biology of the closely related species, Songkhla, Had Yai, 7o 00’ 13’’ N, 100o 30’ Xylopsocus bicuspis Lesne is described by 16’’ E, ex dry Lansium domesticum Liu et al. (2008b), and is likely to be typical branches, 22.iv.2009 (80); 7o 00’ 13’’ N, for all the Xylopsocus species considered 100o 30’ 16’’ E, ex fresh mango branches, here. 22.iv.2009; Surat Thani, Ban Na San distr., 8o 47’ 25’’ N, 99o 24’ 54’’ E, ex fresh Xylopsocus ensifer Lesne*¶#† durian branches, 09.ix.09; 8o 47’ 48’’ N, 99o 24’ 52’’ E, 53 m, 15.xii.09 (3); 8o 53’ 10’’ Xylopsocus ensifer Lesne, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. N, 99o 24’ 02’’ E, 60 m, 15.ii.10 (5) (all W. 75: 425. 1906. Sittichaya).

Thai Distribution.– Nakhon Si Thammarat Other Distribution.– India, Indonesia and Surat Thani. (Sumatra), Myanmar and West Malaysia. New to Thailand. New Records.– Nakhon Si Thammarat, Chang Klang distr., 8o 22’ 21’’ N, 99o 44’ Biology.– In India, the species is usually 14’’ E, 150 m, 15.x.09 (2),15.xi.09 (1); found together with Xylopsocus capucinus Surat Thani, Ban Na San distr., 8o 47’ 25’’ (Beeson and Bhatia, 1937). However, in the N, 99o 24’ 54’’ E, 15.x.09 (2) (all W. South of Thailand, it is most common in Sittichaya). freshly cut or recently dead wood, whilst X. capucinus prefers dry wood (W. Sittichaya Other Distribution.– Myanmar and West pers. obs.). Malaysia. New to Thailand. Xylothrips flavipes (Illiger) ¶† Biology.– Not recorded. Presumed to be similar to other species of Xylopsocus. Apate flavipes Illiger, Magaz. InsKunde, Braunschweig, 1: 171. 1801. BEAVER ET AL. — POWDER-POST BEETLES OF THAILAND 155

Thai Distribution.– Nakhon Ratchasima Biology.– This species is recorded as a pest (Kamnerdratana et al., 1970). Chantaburi, of stored products in Thailand by Chiang Mai, Chonburi, Chumphon, Krabi, Sukprakarn and Tubtim (1981) and Mae Hong Son, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Sukprakarn (1986). We know of no other Phang Nga, Phattalung, Phetchabun, records from stored products. Species of Phitsanulok, Rayong, Samut Songkhram, Apate Fabricius are large beetles (usually 10 Songkhla and Surat Thani, Trang (Sittichaya - 25 mm long) that bore into the stems and et al., 2009). branches of dead and fallen trees (Lesne, 1924; Browne, 1968). Apate submedia has Other Distribution.– Madagascar and the been recorded from Casuarina equisetifolia Indian Ocean islands; Arabian peninsula; in India by Stebbing (1914). throughout South and Southeast Asia from India to the Indonesian archipelago and Phonapate fimbriata Lesne*¶ Taiwan. Introduced into Europe and North America. Phonapate fimbriata Lesne, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 78: 568. 1909. Biology.– Like almost all bostrichids, this is a polyphagous species (Beeson and Bhatia, Thai Distribution.– Loei. 1937). Recorded in Thailand from Dipterocarpus sp., Hopea odorata Roxb., New Record.– Loei, Na Haeo, light trap at Mangifera indica (Kamnerdratana et al., edge pond, 17.v.2003 (1) (I. Constant and 1970) and wood products of Choero- K. Smets). spondias axillaris Burtt & Hill (Hutacharern and Tabtim, 1995). Beeson and Bhatia Other Distribution.– India, Indonesia (1937) note that the species completes two (Sulawesi), S. China and Vietnam. New to generations a year in northern India, and Thailand. occasionally a third generation. The minimum life cycle is about three months. Biology.– The only recorded host is Calycopteris floribunda (Roxb.) Lam. Subfamily Apatinae (Beeson and Bhatia 1937). The biology of most Phonapate species is poorly known. Apate submedia Walker¶ Phonapate nitidipennis (Waterhouse) is a pest of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) in Apate submedia Walker, Ann. Mag. Nat. the Middle East, attacking the leaf midribs Hist. ser. 3, 2: 286. 1858. and fruiting stalks (El-Sherif et al., 1998 as P. frontalis Lesne). Its life history is Thai Distribution.– (unspecified) (Sukpra- summarised by Atia et al. (2009 as P. karn and Tauthong, 1981; Hutacharern et frontales [sic]). al., 2007). ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Other Distribution.– India (South) and Sri Lanka. This is the only Asian representative We thank M. Sharkey (University of of an otherwise African and Madagascan Kansas) for access to the material collected genus. by the TIGER project, and the staff of the 156 TROPICAL NATURAL HISTORY. 11(2), OCTOBER 2011

Thai National Parks who collected the Browne, F.G. 1938. The common Malayan powder- specimens. We thank M. Balke (Zoologische post beetle, Minthea rugicollis Walk. (Coleoptera: Lyctidae). Malayan Forester, 7: 107-120. Staatsammlung, Munich), L. Bartolozzi Browne, F.G. 1968. Pests and Diseases of Forest (Museo di Storia Naturale, Firenze), B. Plantation Trees. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1330 Jaeger (Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin), P. pp. Limbourg (Institut Royale des Sciences Chûjô, M. 1961. Family Bostrichidae. Nature and Life in Southeast Asia, 1: 329. Naturelles de Belgique, Brussels), O. Merkl Chûjô, M. 1964. Coleoptera from Southeast asia (III). (Hungarian Natural History Museum, Family Bostrichidae. Nature and Life in Southeast Budapest), H. Schönmann (Naturhistorisches Asia, 3: 201-215. Museum, Vienna), and P. Zahradník Chûjô, M. 1966. Coleoptera from Southeast Asia (V). (Forestry and Game Management Research Family Bostrichidae. Memoirs of the Faculty of Education, Kasegawa University, Part II, no. 140: Institute, Prague), for access to their 43. collections and the loan of specimens, and J. Crowson, R.A. 1981. The biology of Coleoptera. Borowski (University of Life Sciences, Academic Press, New York, 802 pp. Warsaw) for checking the identification of Delobel, A. and Tran, M. 1993. Les Coléoptères des Denrées Alimentaires Entreposées dans les some species. Part of this work was Régions Chaudes. ORSTOM, Paris, 425 pp. supported by the TRF/BIOTEC Special Dobie, P., Haines, C.P., Hodges, R.J., Prevett, P.F., Program for Research and and Rees, D.P. 1991. Insects and Arachnids of Training grant BRT R352088 to WS. Tropical Stored Products: Their biology and nd Identification. 2 Ed. Natural Resources Institute, Greenwich, 246 pp. LITERATURE CITED Edde, P.A., and Phillips, T.W. 2006. Potential host affinities for the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha Abood, F. and Murphy, R.J. 2006. World distribution dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae): of Minthea rugicollis (Coleoptera: Lyctidae). behavioral responses to host odours and Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 18: 250-254. pheromones and reproductive ability on nongrain Atia, Z.M., Kara, H., Al-Dankali, A. and Kafo, hosts. Entomologia Experimenta et Applicata, A.A.A. 2009. Ecological and biological studies on 119: 255-263. palm frond borer, Phonapate frontales F. in the El-Sherif, S.I., Elwan, E.A., and Abd-El-Razik, M.I.E. Western coastal regions of Libya. Arab Journal of 1998. Insect pests of date palm trees in northern Plant Protection, 27 (Supplement): 29. Sinai, Egypt. In: First International Conference on Beeson, C.F.C. and Bhatia, B.M. 1937. On the Date Palms (Al-Ain, UAE, March 8–10, 1998), biology of the Bostrychidae (Coleoptera). Indian pp. 255-261. Forest Records (N.S.) Entomology, 2: 223-323. Garcia, C.M. 2005. Management of powder post Beiriger, R. 2010. Heterobostrychus hamatipennis beetles, Dinoderus minutus F. in freshly cut Lesne (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) new to Florida. bamboo. PhD Thesis, Oregon State University, Insecta Mundi, 0138: 1-5. 144 pp. Berland, L. 1951. Pierre Lesne (1871 – 1949). Gerberg, E.J. 1957. A revision of the New World Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, species of powder-post beetles belonging to the 120: 1-15. family Lyctidae. United States Department of Borgemeister, C., Schäfer, K., Goergen, G., Awande, Agriculture, Technical Bulletin, 1157: 1-55. S., Setamou, M., Poehling, H-M. and Scholz, D. Halperin, J., and Geis, K.-U. 1999. Lyctidae 1999. Host-finding behavior of Dinoderus (Coleoptera) of Israel, their damage and its bifoveolatus (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae), an prevention. Phytoparasitica, 27: 257-262. important pest of stored cassava: the role of plant Hill, M.G., Borgemeister, C. and Nansen, C. 2002. volatiles and odor s of conspecifics. Annals of the Ecological studies on the larger grain borer, Entomological Society of America, 92: 766-771. (Horn) (Col.: Borowski, L. and Węgrzynowicz, P. 2007. World Bostrichidae) and their implications for integrated Catalogue of Bostrichidae (Coleoptera). Mantis pest management. Integrated Pest Management Publishing, Olsztyn, 247 pp. Reviews, 7: 201-221. BEAVER ET AL. — POWDER-POST BEETLES OF THAILAND 157

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