Der Umgang Der Nationalsozialistischen Justiz Mit Homosexuellen

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Der Umgang Der Nationalsozialistischen Justiz Mit Homosexuellen Der Umgang der nationalsozialistischen Justiz mit Homosexuellen Dissertation Vorgelegt von Carola v. Bülow Betreuender Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Helge Peters Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Werner Boldt Carl von Ossietzky Universität Tag der Disputation: 10. Juli 2000 I Inhalt 1. Einleitung.................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Fragestellung und Gliederung der Arbeit .............................................................................. 1 1.2. Forschungsstand .................................................................................................................. 6 1.3. Untersuchungsmaterial....................................................................................................... 18 2. Die Politik der Nationalsozialisten gegenüber Homosexuellen.................................................... 24 2.1. Zur Vorgeschichte: Homosexuelle im Deutschen Kaiserreich und in der Weimarer Republik24 2.1.1. Die Anfänge der Homosexuellenbewegung im Kaiserreich.......................................... 25 2.1.2. Homosexuellenbewegung und homosexuelle Subkultur in der Weimarer Republik ...... 29 2.1.3. Homosexualität und Nationalsozialismus vor dem 30. Januar 1933 ............................. 32 2.2. Homosexualität in der nationalsozialistischen Programmatik............................................... 36 2.3. Nationalsozialistische Homosexuellenforschung ................................................................. 47 2.4. Die Instrumentalisierung antihomosexueller Einstellungen der deutschen Bevölkerung ....... 54 2.4.1. Die nationalsozialistische Interpretation der Röhm-Affäre........................................... 55 2.4.2. Die Sittlichkeitsprozesse gegen katholische Geistliche................................................. 61 2.4.3. Der Fall Fritsch........................................................................................................... 67 2.5. Die Auswirkungen der nationalsozialistischen Homosexuellenpolitik auf den Alltag Homosexueller...................................................................................................................71 2.5.1. Die Zerstörung der Einrichtungen homosexueller Subkultur und die Zerschlagung der Institutionen der Homosexuellenverbände ................................................................. 72 2.5.2. Die „Angst vor dem Erwischtwerden“ – Homosexuell-Sein im nationalsozialistisch beherrschten Deutschland.......................................................................................... 74 2.6. Die Haltung der Nationalsozialisten gegenüber lesbischen Frauen....................................... 78 3. Die Inhaftierung von Homosexuellen durch die Polizei............................................................... 84 3.1. Organisatorischer Aufbau und Machtzuwachs der Polizei................................................... 84 3.2. Rechtliche Grundlagen des Freiheitsentzugs als Maßnahme der vorbeugenden Verbrechensbekämpfung.................................................................................................... 88 3.2.1. Die polizeiliche Vorbeugungshaft ............................................................................... 88 3.2.1.1. Die Entwicklung der polizeilichen Kriminalprävention bis 1937 ........................... 88 3.2.1.2. „Grundlegender Erlaß über die vorbeugende Verbrechensbekämpfung durch die Polizei“ vom 14. Dezember 1937 ....................................................................... 91 3.2.1.3. Die Praxis polizeilicher Vorbeugungshaft im Zweiten Weltkrieg .......................... 96 3.2.2. Die Schutzhaft............................................................................................................ 97 3.2.2.1. Der Schutzhafterlaß vom 12./26. April 1934 ....................................................... 98 II 3.2.2.2. Der Schutzhafterlaß vom 25. Januar 1938 ......................................................... 100 3.3. Die Zuständigkeit von Politischer Polizei und Kriminalpolizei bei der Verfolgung von Homosexuellen ................................................................................................................ 101 3.4. Die Reichszentrale zur Bekämpfung der Homosexualität und Abtreibung ......................... 105 3.5. Homosexuelle Schutz- und Vorbeugungshäftlinge in den nationalsozialistischen Konzentrationslagern ....................................................................................................... 108 3.5.1. Quantitative Angaben ............................................................................................... 109 3.5.2. Die Haftsituation der homosexuellen Konzentrationslagergefangenen ....................... 110 3.5.2.1. Häftlingsgesellschaft und „Selbstverwaltung“ .................................................... 110 3.5.2.2. Der soziale Status homosexueller Gefangener in der Häftlingsgemeinschaft ....... 114 3.5.2.2.1. Reproduktion des Lagerlebens................................................................... 114 3.5.2.2.2. Ausnutzung der physischen Ressourcen der Gefangenen............................ 118 3.5.2.2.3. Die soziale Einschätzung durch das Bewachungspersonal sowie durch Mithäftlinge............................................................................................... 120 3.5.2.2.4. Zusammenfassung ..................................................................................... 122 4. Die justitielle Bearbeitung von Homosexualitätsdelikten im nationalsozialistisch beherrschten Deutschland............................................................................................................................ 126 4.1. Homosexualitätsdelikte vor Gericht.................................................................................. 126 4.1.1. Nationalsozialistisches Strafrechtsverständnis ........................................................... 126 4.1.1.1. „Volksgemeinschaftsprinzip“............................................................................. 127 4.1.1.2. Völkische Ungleichheit...................................................................................... 129 4.1.1.3. Führerprinzip .................................................................................................... 131 4.1.2. Strafrecht und Kriminologie im nationalsozialistischen Rechtssystem ........................ 139 4.1.3. Rechtliche Grundlagen der Strafverfolgung von Homosexuellen ............................... 141 4.1.3.1. Zur Strafbarkeit der Homosexualität: Die Diskussion um den § 175 vor 1933.... 141 4.1.3.2. Der § 175 und seine Neuformulierung in der Strafgesetznovelle vom 28. Juni 1935147 4.1.3.3. § 129 I des Österreichischen Strafgesetzbuches................................................. 150 4.1.3.4. Das „Gesetz gegen gefährliche Gewohnheitsverbrecher und über Maßregeln der Sicherung und Besserung“ vom 24. November 1933 ........................................ 152 4.1.3.4.1. Die Strafschärfung für „gefährliche Gewohnheitsverbrecher“ (§ 20a) ......... 152 4.1.3.4.2. Die Maßregeln der Sicherung und Besserung (§§ 42a ff.)........................... 154 4.1.3.5. Das Gesetz zur Änderung des Reichsstrafgesetzbuches vom 4. September 1941 159 III 4.1.4. Das Verhältnis von polizeilicher und strafrechtlicher Zuständigkeit für die Freiheitsentziehung ................................................................................................. 160 4.1.5. Verurteilungen nach §§ 175, 175a im Gebiet des Deutschen Reiches......................... 163 4.1.6. Rechtsprechungspraxis bei Homosexualitätsdelikten ................................................. 165 4.1.6.1. Strafmaß und Art der verhängten Strafen .......................................................... 166 4.1.6.2. Nebenstrafen..................................................................................................... 171 4.1.6.3. Die Anwendung der durch das Gesetz vom 24. November 1933 geregelten Bestimmungen zur Strafschärfung gegen „gefährliche Gewohnheitsverbrecher“ sowie der Homosexuelle betreffenden „Maßregeln der Sicherung und Besserung“173 4.1.6.3.1. Die Strafschärfung für „gefährliche Gewohnheitsverbrecher“ (§ 20a) ......... 173 4.1.6.3.2. Die Sicherungsverwahrung (§ 42e) ............................................................ 178 4.1.6.3.3. Die „Entmannung“ homosexueller Straftäter (§ 42k).................................. 181 4.1.6.3.4. Unterbringung in einem Arbeitshaus (§ 42d) und Untersagung der Berufsausübung (§ 42l) ............................................................................. 185 4.1.6.4. Strafrechtspraxis bei Verurteilungen nach § 175 ................................................ 187 4.1.6.5. Strafrechtspraxis bei Verurteilungen nach § 175a .............................................. 193 4.1.6.6. Strafbemessungskriterien................................................................................... 203 4.1.6.6.1. Die Tat betreffende Strafbemessungskriterien ............................................ 204 4.1.6.6.2. Die Tatumstände betreffende Strafbemessungsfaktoren.............................. 204 4.1.6.6.3. Den Täter betreffende Strafbemessungsfaktoren ........................................ 206 4.1.6.7. Verurteilungen von Mitgliedern nationalsozialistischer Organisationen und Wehrmachtangehörigen.................................................................................... 212 4.1.7. „...im Interesse der Bildung und des Bestands eines qualitativ
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