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Note on Terminology 1 Introduction: the Neglected Postwar Period Notes Note on Terminology 1. Lois Tyson, Critical Theory Today: A User-Friendly Guide (New York: Garland, 1999), 337. 1 Introduction: The Neglected Postwar Period 1. Jeffrey Weeks, Coming Out: Homosexual Politics in Britain, from the Nineteenth Century to the Present (London: Quartet, 1977); and John D’Emilio, Sexual Politics, Sexual Communities: The Making of a Homosexual Minority in the United States, 1940–1970 (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1983). 2. Neil Miller, Out of the Past: Gay and Lesbian History from 1869 to the Present (New York: Vintage, 1995). 3. Nan Boyd, Wide-Open Town: A History of Queer San Francisco to 1964 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California, 2005); Charles Kaiser, The Gay Metropolis (Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1997); Lillian Faderman and Stuart Timmons, Gay L.A.: A History of Sexual Outlaws, Power Politics, and Lipstick Lesbians (New York: Basic, 2006); Matt Houlbrook, Queer London: Per- ils and Pleasures in the Sexual Metropolis, 1918–1957 (Chicago: University of Chicago, 2005); Jens Dobler, Von anderen Ufern: Geschichte der Berliner Lesben und Schwulen in Kreuzberg und Friedrichshain (Berlin: Bruno Gmünder, 2003); Marc Stein, City of Sisterly and Brotherly Love: Lesbian and Gay Philadelphia, 1945–1972 (Philadelphia: Temple University, 2004); David Johnson, The Lavender Scare: The Cold War Persecution of Gays and Lesbians in the Federal Government (Chicago: University of Chicago, 2004); Kristoph Balser, Mario Kramp, Jürgen Müller, and Joanna Gotzmann, eds, Himmel und Hölle: Das Leben der Kölner Homosexuellen 1945–1969 (Cologne: Emons, 1994); and Clayton Whisnant, ‘Hamburg’s Gay Scene’ (PhD dissertation, University of Texas at Austin, 2001). 4. See the Lebensgeschichten series edited by Andreas Sternweiler and pub- lished by the Schwules Museum. 5. Robert Corber, In the Name of National Security: Hitchcock, Homophobia, and the Political Construction of Gender in Postwar America (Durham: Duke Uni- versity, 1993); Richard Corber, Homosexuality in Cold War America: Resistance and the Crisis of Masculinity (Durham: Duke University, 1997); Julian Jackson, Living in Arcadia: Homosexuality, Politics, and Morality in France from Liber- ation to AIDs (Chicago: University of Chicago, 2009); Scott Gunther, The Elastic Closet: A History of Homosexuality in France, 1942– Present (London and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009); Martin Meeker, Contacts Desired: Gay and Lesbian Communication and Community, 1940s–1970s (Chicago: University of Chicago, 2006). 213 214 Notes 6. Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality, Vol. 1: An Introduction, translated by Robert Hurley (New York: Vintage, 1978), 92–3. 7. Jeffrey Weeks, Sex, Politics, and Society: The Regulation of Sexuality since 1800 (London and New York: Longman, 1981); Randolph Trumbach, ‘The Birth of the Queen: Sodomy and the Emergence of Gender Equality in Modern Cul- ture, 1660–1750’, in Hidden from History: Reclaiming the Gay and Lesbian Past, ed. Martin Duberman, Martha Vicinus, and George Chauncey (New York: Meridian, 1989), 129–40; George Chauncey, Gay New York: Gender, Urban Culture, and the Making of the Gay Male World (New York: Basic, 1994). 8. Michel de Certeau, The Practice of Everyday Life (Berkeley: University of California, 1984), 30–9. 9. Matt Houlbrook, ‘Cities,’ in The Modern History of Sexuality, ed. Matt Houlbrook and Harry Cocks (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), 138–40. 10. Houlbrook, Queer London; Meeker, Contacts Desired; and Matti Bunzl, Symp- toms of Modernity: Jews and Queers in Late-Twentieth-Century Vienna (Berkeley: University of California, 1999). 11. Robert Moeller, ‘Introduction: Writing the History of West Germany’, in West Germany under Construction: Politics, Society, and Culture in the Adenauer Era, ed. Robert Moeller (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1997), 1–30. 12. Konrad Jarausch and Michael Geyer, Shattered Past: Reconstructing German Histories (Princeton: Princeton University, 2003), 17. 13. Ibid., 18. 14. See the essays by Robert Moeller, Heidi Fehrenbach, Uta Poiger, and Susan Jeffords in Signs 24 (Autumn 1998). See also Hanna Schissler, ‘ “Normalization” as Project: Some Thoughts on Gender Relations in West Germany during the 1950s’, in The Miracle Years: A Cultural History of West Germany, 1949–1968, ed. Hanna Schissler (Princeton: Princeton Uni- versity, 2001), 359–75; Elizabeth Heineman, ‘Gender, Sexuality, and Coming to Terms with the Nazi Past’, Central European History 38 (January 2006), 41–75. 15. Robert Moeller, Protecting Motherhood: Women and the Family in the Politics of Postwar West Germany (Berkeley: University of California, 1993). 16. The distinction between ‘hegemonic’ and ‘marginalized’ masculinities is developed by R. W. Connell, Masculinities (Berkeley: University of California, 1995), 76–81. 17. Anna Clark, Desire: A History of European Sexuality (London and New York: Routledge, 2008), chapters 9–12. 18. Dagmar Herzog, ‘Syncopated Sex: Transforming European Sexual Cultures’, American Historical Review 114 (December 2009), 1295. 19. Stephen Garton, Histories of Sexuality (New York: Routledge, 2004), 221. 20. Elizabeth Heineman, ‘The Economic Miracle in the Bedroom: Big Business and Sexual Consumption in Reconstruction West Germany’, The Journal of Modern History 78 (December 2006), 846–77. 21. Dagmar Herzog, ‘Syncopated Sex: Transforming European Sexual Cultures,’ American Historical Review 114 (December 2009), 1298. 22. Jennifer Evans, ‘Bahnhof Boys: Policing Male Prostitution in Post-Nazi Berlin’, Journal of the History of Sexuality 12 (2003), 605–36. Notes 215 2 Policing and Prejudice after 1945 1. John Gillis, Youth and History: Tradition and Change in European Age Relations (Burlington, Massachusetts: Academic, 1975), Ch. 4. 2. Johnson, The Lavender Scare. 3. Richard Pells, Not Like Us: How Europeans Have Loved, Hated, and Transformed American Culture since World War II (New York: Basic, 1997), 212–20. 4. Jarausch and Geyer, Shattered Past, 275. 5. Stephan Heiß, ‘Das Dritte Geschlecht und die Namenlose Liebe: Homosexuelle im Münchner der Jahrhundertwende,’ in Mann Bilder: Ein Lese- und Quellenbuch zur historischen Männerforschung,ed.Wolfgang Schmale (Berlin: Arno Spitz, 1998), 189. 6. Abraham Flexner, Prostitution in Europe (New York: The Century Company, 1914), 31. 7. Michael Warner, Publics and Counterpublics (New York: Zone, 2002), 65–124. 8. This notion of an ‘imagined geography’ is borrowed from Meeker, Contacts Desired, 12–13. 9. The phrase is borrowed from Matt Houlbrook, who uses it to describe the pull that London had on British provincials. See Houlbrook, Queer London,9. 10. Magnus Hirschfeld, Berlins Drittes Geschlecht (Berlin: Rosa Winkel, 1991), 74. 11. Wolfgang Theis and Andreas Sternweiler, ‘Alltag im Kaiserreich und in der Weimarer Republik,’ in Eldorado: Homosexuelle Frauen und Männer in Berlin, 1850–1950, ed. Michael Bollé (Berlin: Edition Hentrich, 1992), 63. 12. Cornelia Limpricht, Jürgen Müller, and Nina Oxenius, ‘Verführte’ Männer: Das Leben der Kölner Homosexuellen im Dritten Reich (Cologne: Volksblatt, 1991); Bernard Rosenkranz and Gottfried Lorenz, Hamburg auf anderen Wegen: Die Geschichte des schwulen Lebens in der Hansestadt,rev.edn (Hamburg: Lambda Edition, 2006); Rainer Hoffschildt, Olivia: Die bisher geheime Geschichte des Tabus Homosexualität und der Verfolgung der Homosexuellen in Hannover (Hannover: Selbstverlag, 1992); Heiß, ‘Das Dritte Geschlecht und die Namenlose Liebe.’ 13. James Steakley, The Homosexual Emancipation Movement in Germany (New York: Arno, 1975), 77–8; Hans-Georg Stümke, Homosexuelle in Deutschland: Eine politische Geschichte (Munich: C. H. Beck, 1989), 53–4. 14. Stefan Micheler, ‘Homophobic Propaganda and the Denunciation of Same- Sex-Desiring Men under National Socialism,’ Journal of the History of Sexuality 11 (January/April 2002), 102. 15. Ludwig Finckh, quoted in Anton Kaes, Martin Jay, and Edward Dimendberg, eds, The Weimar Republic Sourcebook (Berkeley: University of California, 1994), 414. 16. Curt Moreck and Thomas Wehrling, both quoted in Ibid., 564, 721. 17. Burkhard Jellonnek, Homosexuelle unter dem Hakenkreuz: Die Verfolgung von Homosexuellen im Dritten Reich (Paderborn: Ferdinand Schöningh, 1990), 82; Manfred Herzer, ‘Hinweise auf das schwule Berlin in der Nazizeit,’ in Eldorado: Homosexuelle Frauen und Männer in Berlin, 1850–1950, ed. Michael Bollé (Berlin: Edition Hentrich, 1992), 44–7. 216 Notes 18. Zweiter Runderlaß des Preußischen Ministers des Innern, February 23,1933, quoted in Homosexualität in der NS-Zeit: Dokumente einer Diskriminierung und Verfolgung, ed. Günter Grau (Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch, 1993), 57. 19. Quoted in Karl-Heinz Steinle, Der Literarische Salon bei Richard Schultz (Berlin: Schwulen Museum, 2002), 48. 20. Hans-Georg Stümke, ‘Vom “unausgeglichenen Geschlechtshaushalt”: Zur Verfolgung Homosexueller,’ in Verachtet, Verfolgt, Vernichtet: Zu den ‘vergesse- nen’ Opfern des NS-Regimes, ed. Projektgruppe für die vergessenen Opfer des NS-Regimes (Hamburg: VSA, 1988), 54; Jellonnek, Homosexuelle unter dem Hakenkreuz, 100–10, 122–4. 21. Andreas Pretzel, ‘ “Als Homosexueller in Erscheinung getreten”: Anzeigen und Denunziationen,’ in Wegen der zu erwartenden hohen Strafen: Homosexuellenverfolgung in Berlin, 1933–1945, ed. Andreas Pretzel und Gabriele Roßbach (Berlin: Rosa Winkel, 2001), 18–42; Frank Sparing, ‘... wegen Vergehen nach §175 verhaftet’: Die Verfolgung der Düsseldorfer Homosexuellen während des Nationalsozialismus (Düsseldorf: Grupello, 1997), 128–32. 22.
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