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And Toxicological Investigations of Ethanol Extract of the Leaves of Kigelia Africana (Lam.) Benth (Family Bignoniaceae )-Sausage Tree

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And Toxicological Investigations of Ethanol Extract of the Leaves of Kigelia Africana (Lam.) Benth (Family Bignoniaceae )-Sausage Tree JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL AND BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES Fredrick AC, Ebele OP,Chioma Obi,Utoh – Nedosa UA. Analgesic, Phytochemical and Toxicological Investigations Of Ethanol Extract Of The Leaves Of Kigelia Africana (Lam.) Benth (family Bignoniaceae )-Sausage Tree. J Pharm Biomed Sci 2014;04(07):588-595. The online version of this article, along with updated information and services, is located on the World Wide Web at: www.jpbms.info Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences (J Pharm Biomed Sci.), Member journal. Committee of Publication ethics (COPE) and Journal donation project (JDP). ISSN NO- 2230 – 7885 CODEN JPBSCT NLM Title: J Pharm Biomed Sci. Research Article Analgesic, Phytochemical And Toxicological Investigations Of Ethanol Extract Of The Leaves Of Kigelia Africana (Lam.) Benth (Family Bignoniaceae)- Sausage Tree Anowi Chinedu Fredrick1,*, Obi Patrick Ebele2, Obi Chioma B,3 Utoh – Nedosa UA4 Affiliation:- Bignoniaceae)-Sausage Tree J Pharm Biomed Sci 1 Department of Pharmacognosy and Traditional 2014; 04(07):588-595. Available at www.jpbms.info Medicine Faculty of Pharm Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria 2 ABSTRACT Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, The plant of Kigelia africana had been in use from Madonna University, Elele, Rivers State, Nigeria time immemorial by the people of Ogidi in Idemili 3Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Madonna University, Elele, Rivers State, Nigeria Local Government area of Anambra State, Nigeria to 4Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty treat pyrexia, analgesia and infectious diseases. For of Pharm Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, example the decoction of the plant is used to treat Nigeria wounds, running stomach (diarrhea), aches and pains as well as fever. This investigation was carried out to The name of the department(s) and institution(s) to ascertain the truth of this claim. which the work should be attributed: The leaves of Kigelia africana was collected and dried 1.Department of Pharmacognosy and Traditional at ambient temperature and pulverized. Exactly 200g Medicine Faculty of Pharm Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria of the powdered drug was extracted with 400ml of 2.Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, ethanol using the cold maceration technique for Madonna University, Elele, Rivers State, Nigeria 24hours with occasional shaking. This was filtered 3.Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, and the procedure repeated with the marc. The Madonna University, Elele, Rivers State, Nigeria combined filtrates were concentrated under reduced 4.Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharm Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, pressure with rotary evaporator. The preliminary Awka, Nigeria phytochemical tests were carried out using standard methods. The analgesic was conducted using hot Address reprint requests to plate method. The acute toxicity test of the extract Anowi Chinedu Fredrick was determined using the Lorke’s method. Department of Pharmacognosy and Traditional Medicine Faculty of Pharm Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe The leaves of Kigelia africana exhibited analgesic University, Awka, Nigeria or at property. Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, [email protected] proteins, steroids and carbohydrates were found. Toxicity test showed that the extract was safe at the J Pharm Biomed Sci 2014;04(07):588-595. dose of 1000mg/kg. Preliminary studies support the claim that the leaves Article citation: Fredrick AC,Ebele OP,Chioma Obi,Utoh – Nedosa UA. of Kigelia Africana possesses, analgesic properties. Analgesic, phytochemical and toxicological investigations of ethanol extract of the leaves of KEYWORDS: Kigelia Africana; hot plate method; Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth (family Lork’s method. 588 ISSN NO- 2230 – 7885 CODEN JPBSCT NLM Title: J Pharm Biomed Sci. Source of support: None authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject Competing interest / Conflict of interest matter discussed in the manuscript. The author(s) have no competing interests for financial Disclosure forms provided by the authors are support, publication of this research, patents and available with the full text of this article at jpbms.info royalties through this collaborative research. All INTRODUCTION KIGELIA AFRICANA (Bignoniaceae) erbal medicine practice plays an important Common Names: Sausage Tree, Cucumber Tree role in the primary healthcare delivery system in most developing countries CLASSIFICATION H 17 including Nigeria . Even the World Health KIGELIA AFRICANA (Lam.) Benth. Organization (WHO, 2002)36 is actively o Kingdom: Plantae-Plants encouraging national governments of member o Subkingdom: Tracheobionta-Vascular plants countries to utilize their traditional systems of o Super-division: Spermatophyta-Seed plants medicines with regulations suitable to their o Division: Magnoliophyta-Flowering plants national health care systems. The WHO estimates o Class: Magnoliopsida-Dicotyledons that 80% of the population living in rural areas use o Subclass: Asteridae or depend on herbal medicine for their health o Order: Scrophulariales needs (WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy, 2002). o Family: Bignoniaceae - Trumpet-creeper family However, in spite of the obvious and important o Genus: Kigelia DC. - Sausage tree contribution the herbal medicine makes to primary o Species: Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth.- health care, it continues to be antagonised by Sausage Tree majority of allopathic medical practitioners as it is considered to have no scientific basis28. This work Synonyms is therefore a preliminary work to prove that there Some synonyms are still accepted by a few is scientific evidence to the use of leaves of Kigelia horticulturists as distinct species, but botanical Africana in the treatment of pyrexia. studies agree that the genus contains only one One major problem of herbal medicine practice is that there is no official standard and / or local monograph. In Nigeria, the Federal Government has urged the federating states to set up traditional medicine boards to license and regulate the practice of herbal practitioners under the supervision of ministries of health4. (a) Many medicines including reserpine, ergotamine, vincristine, and vinblastine are of herbal origin5. About one quarter of the present prescription drugs dispensed by community pharmacies in the United States contain at least one active principle originally derived from plant materials39. (b) Figure 1(a) & (b). Shows leaf and Figure 2.Bark in Kolkata, West Bengal, flower in Kolkata, West Bengal, India. India. 589 ISSN NO- 2230 – 7885 CODEN JPBSCT NLM Title: J Pharm Biomed Sci. species23. inflamed spleen (splenitis) and contains anti- Bignonia africana Lam. (basionym) inflammatory and antimicrobial properties11. Tecoma africana (Lam.) G.Don Traditionally made beer (muratina) from its fruit Crescentia pinnata Jacq. extract is bathed in a bath by children with Kigelia pinnata (Jacq.) DC. measles for treatment. Either its crushed dried Kigelia abyssinica A.Rich. fruits or its fresh fruits are used in ethnomedicine Kigelia aethiopica Decne. to treat ulcers, sores and syphillis. Its fruit contains antibacterial properties32. A decoction made from Kigelia Africana its roots is drunk to treat gastrointestinal (Lam.) Benth. problems. Its leaf extract is applied onto wounds to Name derivation treat them. A decoction made from its bark is Kigelia is based on an African name and africana drunk for relief from headaches, rheumatism, treat means from Africa. The genus Kigelia has one epilepsy and venereal diseases. A decoction made species and occurs only in Africa12. The genus from its leaf is drunk to treat malaria. A juice name comes from the Mozambican Bantu name, extract from its fruit is used for treating wounds. A kigeli-keia, while the common names sausage tree mixture made from mixing ash harnessed from and cucumber tree refer to the long, sausage-like roasting its leaf together with honey is used in fruit18. Its name in Afrikaans Worsboom also treating high blood pressure. In the cosmetic means Sausage Tree, and its Arabic name means industry, its fruit extracts are used in making "the father of kit bags"29. beauty, anti skin aging and skin ointment products that are used against eczema and psoriasis due to Other vernacular names its antimicrobial properties1. Its roots are used in AFRIKAANS: Worsboom. the dye or colourant industry to make related ARABIC: Abu shutor, Abu sidra, Um mashatur, Um products due to its bright colour extracts. Its fruit shutur. is traditionally used to make traditional beer FRENCH: Saucissonnier. commonly known as "muratina" by the Kikuyu GERMAN: Leberwurstbaum. people of Kenya. Its fresh fruit is poisonous and SPANISH: Arbol De Las Salchichas. cannot be directly eaten. The mode of propagation IGBO: Ogilisa ofia. is by seed. Constituents Growth The bark contains only a bitter principle and It is a tree growing up to 20 m tall. The bark is grey tannic acid. and smooth at first, peeling on older trees. It can be 8 Studies have yielded naphthaquinones, iridoids, as thick as 6mm on a 15cm branch . The wood is fatty acids, norviburtinal, sterols, lignans, pale brown or yellowish, undifferentiated and not 6 terpenoid, flavonoids, and volatile constituents. prone to cracking . The tree is easily propagated Study isolated pinnatal in a root bark extract. from the fresh seed sown in river sand in September, or from truncheons.
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