25 1391 1 35 ( )

inaron (Walker) (: )

4 4 3 2 1*

: *1 ([email protected]) 4 2 3 90 14/4/ : 89 10/ 29/ :

. Encarsia inaron (Walker) . Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius)

LC 25 48 ( 24 ) 64 64 32 16 8 4 2 . 24 ± 5 25 ± 1 10 . . ( ) 10 14 70

(T h) (a) . 2 . SAS /0 0373 /0 0360 /0 0413

11 11 89/ 18 84/ 07/8 (T/ T h) . /2 0187 /1 2738 /2 9727 . . . E. inaron

Bemisia tabaci Encarsia inaron :

2 2004 1 ) 700 .( 1978 Bemisia tobaci ( ( 1986 3 ) 86 (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

1- Mckenzie et al. 2- Mound & Halsey 3- Greathead

26 ...... :

. 90 ) ) . ( 2007 ( ( 1383 ( IPM ) . 1998 4 2008 3 ) IPM ( 2002 6 2006 5 . . E. inaron IPM . E. inaron .( 2003 1 ) Encarsia (Hymenoptera: Eretmocerus B. Aphelinidae) tabaci . . IPM .( 1998 2 )

Encarsia inaron (Walker) E. inaron B. tabaci B. tabaci 1388 B. tabaci ) Siphoninus . (1379 Aleyrodes phillyreae (Haliday) singularis Danzig ) 120 60× 60× ( 1374 ) Trialeurodes . ( vaporariorum (Westwood) ( 1389 ) . . 16 25 . 40 50 .

3- Am brose et al. 4- Jebanesan et al. 5- Liu et al. 1- Claver et al. 6- Wang & shen 2- Goolsby et al. 27 1391 1 35 ( )

( ) 14 . 10 . . . LC 25 . ppm ) ( 23,37 ppm ) E. inaron ( 2000 1389 . E. inaron - LC 30 1374 ) . B. tabaci (. 1389 1381 . ( Applaud % 40 ) 1 ) (SC) .( 2012 . Syngenta 10 4 (IGR) - . (leaf dip) . 500 ppm % 35 ) 2 . Tween 20 ( Confidor . (SC) ( ) %32 1 40 52 . . . ( 10 ) 4 E. inaron 40 50 . 48 ( ) 30 48 . ( 63 ) . 24 24 ( 64 32 16 8 4 )2 12 . B. tabaci 25 ± 1 24 10 14 70 ± 5

28 ...... :

a . . Th 10 . . . ANOVA P /0 0001 ) ( F= /8 57 df = 5 54 < LSD ( ( F= 56 87/ df = 5 54 P < /0 0001 ) 20 20 66/ df = 5 54 P < /0 0001 ) .( 2012 ) ( F= . . - ( ) 1(. 1(. ) . . 2 ( NO ) 1 . ( 1993 ) .( 2 ) 3 2 ) ( 2 2 .( 1 ) SAS CATMOD ) . . .(Version 9.1 (T h) (a) . ( 1972 ) () 1993 1987 ) . .( Version 9.1 SAS NLIN 2 ( 1972 ) 2 : : ( ( 1972 )

) /0 0373 /0 0360 /0 0413 Npar = N[1-exp (-(a T t / 1+a T h N))] .( 3 N Npar Tt

1- Juliano 2- Rogers 29 1391 1 35 ( )

(T/ T h) . 18 18 84/ /8 07 . .( 3 ) 11 89/ /2 0187 /1 2738 /2 9727 3.( )

E. inaron B. tabaci -1

1( ± SE )

70/0 ± 26/0 d 10/1 ± 31/0 c 30/1 ± 15/0 d 2 40/3 ± 16/0 c 40/2 ± 45/0 c 30/2 ± 42/0 cd 4 30/4 ± 93/0 bc 20/4 ± 42/0 b 50/3 ± 58/0 c 8 60/4 ± 76/0 bc 70/4 ± 14/1 b 80/3 ± 25/0 bc 16 00/6 ± 82/0 b 10 80/ ± 60/0 a 70/5 ± 58/0 ab 32 10 10/ ± 78/0 a 12 20/ ± 20/0 a 10/7 ± 50/1 a 64

2 ANOVA

P>F F df

< /0 0001 12 52/ 2

< /0 0001 67 91/ 5

< /0 0001 36/4 10 ×

. 1 B. tabaci 2

30 ...... :

E. inaron 1 31 1391 1 35 ( )

E. inaron B. tabaci 2

p-value SE /0 /0 0039 /0 3940 /1 1388 /0 /0 0003 /0 0627 /0 2288 1NO 2 /0 /0 0092 /0 00242 /0 00629 NO 2 3 /0 /0 0231 /0 000024 /0 00005 NO 3

/0 /0 0040 /0 3880 /1 1157 /0 /0 0004 /0 0599 /0 2126 1NO 2 /0 /0 0018 /0 0023 /0 00707 NO 2 3 /0 /0 0023 /0 00002 /0 00007 NO 3

/0 /0 0014 /0 3982 /1 2742 /0 /0 0026 /0 0614 /0 1849 1NO 2 /0 /0 0895 /0 0023 /0 00399 NO 2 3 /0 /0 2235 /0 00002 /0 00003 NO 3

1 2 2 2 3 3 3

- E. inaron 3

(Th) (h -1) (a) 2 (r ) (T/ T h) 89/0 89/0 07/8 /2 9727 ( /2 1370 /3 8085 ) /0 0413 ( /0 0052 /0 0775 ) 2

73/0 73/0 18 84/ /1 2738 ( /0 9703 /1 5773 ) /0 0360 ( /0 0210 /0 0510 ) 2 59/0 59/0 11 89/ /2 0187 ( /1 4642 /2 5733 ) /0 0373 ( /0 0130 /0 0615 ) 2

32 ...... :

( 1383 ) E. formosa . ( 1389 ) LC 25 ( 1381 ) . . E. inaron Trissolcus ( 1381 ) semistriatus Trissolcus semistriatus Nees ( 1389 ) . . - . . . H. hebetor . ( 1383 ) Gahan E. inaron Encarsia formosa B. tabaci Trialeurodes vaporariorum . . (Westwood) - ( ) 3 2 ( 1389 ) . E. inaron - B. tabaci Habrobracon - Ephestia hebetor Say . . . kuhniella Zeller 3 . 2 . . . . E. inaron

33 1391 1 35 ( )

Encarsia lutea Eretmocerus mundus . 1374 . . . 1. . . 103 . .

Encarsia . 1389 . . 2. . Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) inaron (Walker) . 88 . .

. 1383 . 3. Encarsia formosa Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) . Gahan (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) . 137 . .

. . 1379 . 4. .103 91 : 23(2 )

. 1381 . . . . 5. . Trissolcus semistriatus 13. 13. .

. 1389 . . . . .. . 6. Habrobracon hebetor (Say) (Hym.: Braconidae) .236 . .

7. Ambrose, D.P., Rajan, S.J., and Kumar, A.G. 2008. Impact of insecticide Synergy- 505 on the functional response of a nontarget reduviid predator Rhynocoris marginatus (Fabricius) (Heteroptera: Reduviidae) feeding on Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Journal of Biological Control, 22: 283-290.

8. Claver, M.A., Ravichandran, B., Khan, M.M., and Ambrose, D.P. 2003. Impact of cypermethrin on the functional response, predatory and mating behavior of a non- target potential biological control agent Acanthaspis pedestris (Stal) (Het., Reduviidae). Journal of Applied Entomology, 127: 18-22.

9. Fekrat L., and Shishehbor, P. 2007. Some biological features of cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) on various host plants. Pakistan Journal of Biological Science, 10: 3180-3184.

10. Goolsby, J.A., Ciomperlik, B.C., Legaspi, Jr., Legaspi, J.C., and Wendel, L.E. 1998. Laboratory and field evaluation of exotic parasitoids of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Biotype “B”) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas. Biological Control, 12: 127-135.

34 ...... :

11. Greathead, A.H. 1986. Host plants. In: Bemisia tabaci A Literature Survey on the Cotton Whitefly with an Annotated Bibliography. Cook, M.J.W. (ed.), CAB International Institute of Biological Control, Ascot, UK, pp: 17-25.

12. Jebanesan, A. 1998. Sublethal effect of etofenprox (Trebon) on the predation of Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) by Diplonychus indicus (Venk & Rao.). Indian Journal of Environmental Toxicology, 8: 33-34.

13. Juliano, S.A., and Williams, F.M. 1987. A comparison of methods for estimating the functional response parameters of the random predator equation. Journal of Ecology, 56: 641-653.

14. Juliano, S.A. 1993. Nonlinear curve fitting: predation and functional response curves. In: Schiner, S.M., and Gurevitch, J. (eds.) Design and analysis of ecological experiment. Chapman and Hall, New York, pp: 159-182.

15. Liu, D.X., Tian, J., and Shen, Z.R. 2006. Effects of pesticides on the functional response of predatory thrips, Scolothrips takahashii to Tetranychus viennensis . Journal of Applied Entomology, 130(5): 314-322.

16. McKenzie, C.L., Anderson, P.K., and Villareal, N. 2004. An extensive survey of Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in agricultural ecosystems in Florida. Florida Entomologist, 87: 403-407.

17. Mound, L.A., and Halsey, S.H. 1978. Whiteflies of the World. New York, Wiley. 340 p.

18. Rogers, D.J. 1972. Random searching and population models. Journal of Animal Ecology, 41: 365-383.

19. SAS Institute 2003. The SAS system for Windows, Release 9.0. SAS, Institute, Cary, NC.

20. Sohrabi, F., Shishehbor, P., Saber, M., and Mosaddegh, M.S. 2012. Lethal and sublethal effects of buprofezin and imidacloprid on the whitefly parasitoid Encarsia inaron (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Crop Protection, 32:83-89.

21. Wang, X.Y., and Shen, Z.R. 2002. Effects of sublethal doses of insecticides on predation of multicolored Asian ladybird Harmonia axyridis (Pallas). Acta Ecologica Sinica, 22: 2278-2284.