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Biocontrol of the Pomegranate Whitefly, Siphoninus Phillyreae (Hemiptera

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Biocontrol of the Pomegranate Whitefly, Siphoninus Phillyreae (Hemiptera Egypt. J. Plant Prot. Res. Inst. (2018), 1(1): 51-57 Egyptian Journal of Plant Protection Research Institute www.ejppri.eg.net Biocontrol of the pomegranate whitefly, Siphoninus phillyreae (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) by augmentation, releasing and evaluation of Eretmocerus parasiphonini (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) in Egypt Shaaban Abd-Rabou Scale insects and mealybugs Research Department , Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center , Egypt ARTICLE INFO Abstract: Article History The pomegranate whitefly, Siphoninus phillyreae Received: 15/3/2018 (Haliday) (Hemiptera : Aleyrodidae) is one of the most Accepted: 1/7/2018 important pests infested pomegranate in Egypt. The aim of this ________________ work was to evaluate the biological control potential of the Keywords parasitoid, Eretmocerus parasiphonini Evans and Abd-Rabou Parasitic hymenoptera, (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) against the pomegranate whitefly, pomegranate whitefly, Siphoninus phillyreae (Haliday) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) on biological control and pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) by mass rearing and Eretmocerus augmentative releases of this parasitoid during 2011-2014 in parasiphonini. Egypt. This parasitoid species were mass reared and monthly releases were made in the fields of pomegranate during each of three consecutive years (2011-2014). About 142578 E. parasiphonini individuals were released in fields in Assuit, Daqahylia and Giza governorates in Egypt on pomegranate which were naturally infested by S. phillyreae. Populations of the parasitoid and parasitism were much higher in field plots where releases were made as compared with where no releases were made. The maximum rate of parasitism reached 48.9, 42.1 and 46.7 % in Assuit, Daqahylia and Giza governorates, respectively in the field treatment where releases were made, while parasitism peaked at 2.6, 4.6 and 2.5% in Assuit, Daqahylia and Giza governorates, respectively where no releases were made. These observations indicated that E. parasiphonini is a promising bioagent in controlling S. phillyreae in Egypt. Introduction infested with S. phillyreae have a demand for fluid transport substantially increased beyond Recently, the pomegranate whitefly. the tree’s normal capacity to respond. The Siphoninus phillyreae (Haliday) (Hemiptera loss of phloem fluids certainly represents a : Aleyrodidae) is the most important pest of loss of potential productivity and heavy pomegranate in Egypt. Pomegranate leaves infestation caused leaf wilt, early leaf drop 51 Abd-Rabou, 2018 and smaller fruit (Abd-Rabou, 1998 and trees about 0.21 hectares. One container of 2001b). This pest attacking 60 host economic 20-30 parasitoids was released per tree by plant species including, apple, pear, citrus allowing parasitoids to fly or walk from the and olive. It distributed in Palearctic region containers. Half of the field (0.21 hectares) (Bellows et al., 1990). Eretmocerus was used as a control and no release was parasiphonini Evans and Abd-Rabou made in this field plot. (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) is recorded Assessments of released parasitoid associated with S. phillyreae in Egypt for the were estimate through dissection of first time, 2002 and corrected to be a valid recovered samples. Cardboard containers, name, 2004 (Abd-Rabou and Evans, 2002 0.5-liter with ventilated tops, were used to and 2004). Abd-Rabou and Abou-Setta hold samples for two weeks at 25-29˚C. The (1998) recorded seven parasitoids attacking samples were 600 pomegranate leaves S. phillyreae these are Encarsia davidi (4replications) each replicate was 150 leaves. Viggiani and Mazzone, E. galilea Rivany, E. This was achieved by holding 150 inaron (Walker), E.lutea (Masi), pomegranate leaves in each container. All Eretmocerus corni Haldeman, E. materials found at the bottom of the rearing diversicilatus Silvestri and E. mundus containers were examined for dead stages of Mercet. They stated that E. inaron is the pomegranate whitefly and the parasitoid, E. effective parasitoid attacking this pest with parasiphonini. The parasitoid was identified maximum parasitism percent of 78%. by comparison with voucher specimens. Leaf Biological control of the pomegranate samples were collected at the beginning of whitefly has been attracted many scientists of every month from Sep. to Aug. in 2011- the world ex. McDonald et al.(1996), 2014. The samples were taken after each Hackney et al. (1997), Abd-Rabou (1998 monthly release. For each month of and 2006) and Abd-Rabou and Simmons sampling, 50 trees were sampled in the (2010). parasitoid release plot and 50 trees were The present work deals with the sampled in the control plot. biocontrol of S. phillyreae by using Percent parasitism was defined as: augmentation, releasing and evaluation of E. Percent parasitism = [number of prepupae, parasiphonini in different localities in Egypt. pupae, and adult parasitoids / (number of S. Materials and methods phillyreae, excluding eggs and first larval Mass rearing of the parasitoid: In the instars + number of prepupae, pupae, and laboratory, the parasitoid E. parasiphonini adult parasitoids)] x 100. Some time was was successfully mass reared on the expected to elapse before the maximal level infestation of S. phillyreae that were feeding of impact from this parasitoid could be on pomegranate (Punica granatum) ( observed on the target pest. (According to the method of Abd-Rabou, Results and Discussion 1998). Approximately 142578 adults of this The release of approximately 142578 parasitoid were released (Tables 1- 3) in adult E. parasiphonini in the fields on Assuit, Daqahylia and Giza governorates in pomegranate resulted in elevated parasitism fields of pomegranate which were naturally by this species for each year from 2011 to infested with S. phillyreae. Releases were 2014 as compared with the control fields made during each of 3 consecutive years plots wherein no releases were made (Figures (2011-2014). From August to July 1-9). The maximum rate of parasitism by E. parasitoids were released each year. Within a parasiphonini (48.9, 42.1 and 46.7%) was given year, similar numbers of parasitoids attained in September and July 2013-2014 in were released each month. The parasitoids the release plot in Assuit, Daqahylia and were released as adults from containers (vials Giza governorates, respectively. Parasitism or cups) which were attached to pomegranate gradually increased in May and peaked 52 Egypt. J. Plant Prot. Res. Inst. (2018), 1(1): 51-57 during September or July of each year, but (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Increases of the was also high in June and August of each rate of parasitism from 6 to 67% indicate that year. The peak in parasitism was due to En. inaron is the most effective parasitoid in higher populations of E. parasiphonini in the controlling S. phillyreae in Egypt. Other field . Overall seasonal populations of S. parasitoids found associated with S. phillyreae (including parasitized and non- phillyreae in other localities in Egypt were parasitized individuals) were higher in manipulated and released in Upper Egypt. August - September followed by a decrease Some of these parasitoids became established over the February - April of the study. For in the release areas. Here recorded new example, the percent parasitism during the parasitoid E. parasiphonini, also increased last year was high the percent parasitism after more releasing and established in new observed during the first year. This trend are in Egypt. The host plants, distribution, occurred for both the control plots and the parasitoids, predators and biological control insect release plots. The statistical analysis studies were carried out in Egypt by Abd- between the differences of increase after Rabou, 1997, 1999, 2001a, 2002 2003, 2006, releasing the parasitiod during the three years Abd-Rabou and Abou-Setta, 1998 and Abd- under consideration SE. and SD were 62.81 Rabou and Ahmed, 2006 and 2007. and 108.8, respectively, in Assuit, While in The role of parasitoids in controlling Daqahylia and Giza were 25.36, 43.9 and S. phillyreae with augmentation releases was 48.65, 84.3, respectively. These results conducted in different parts of the world, showed that the incearse of realeasing India and USA (Mani and Krishnamoorthy, parasitids individuals followed by increasing 1995; Hackney et al. ,1997; Bellows et al. of persent parasitism in the three regions ,2007). Pickett and Pitcairn (1999) stated that under considerations. the released of the parasitiod, E. inaron Viggiani and Battaglia (1983), rapidly established populations and spread Bellows et al. (1990) and Gould et al. (1992) throughout areas occupied by ash whitefly. studied the population dynamics , parasitoids The dispersal and overwintering ability could and predators of S. phillyreae in California play a role in the extraordinary success of and Italy , respectively. Biological control of this parasitoid and we measured the impact pomegranate whitefly, S. phillyreae studied of released parasitoids using a new method at by Viggiani and Mazzone ( 1980), a single location in northern California. This McDonald et al. (1996), Hackney et al. result agree with the data recorded here (1997) and Abd-Rabou and Simmons (2010). which showed that the increase of releasing Abd-Rabou (1998) studied the indigenous parasitiods individuals followed by parasitoids of S. phillyreae, from different increasing of percent parasitism in the three localities in Egypt were manipulated, reared regions, Assuit, Daqahylia and Giza. and mass produced for classical
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