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Ecological Factors Regulate Essential Oil Yield, Percent and Compositions of Endemic Yarrow (Achillea Eriophora DC.) in Southeast Iran

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Ecological Factors Regulate Essential Oil Yield, Percent and Compositions of Endemic Yarrow (Achillea Eriophora DC.) in Southeast Iran Archive of SID International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology Vol. 6, No. 2; December 2019, pp 201-215 Print ISSN: 2322-1461 Online ISSN: 2588-3143 DOI: 10.22059/ijhst.2019.283276.299 Web Page: https:// ijhst.ut.ac.ir, Email: [email protected] Ecological Factors Regulate Essential Oil Yield, Percent and Compositions of Endemic Yarrow (Achillea eriophora DC.) in Southeast Iran Marzieh Etehadpour*1,2 and Iraj Tavassolian1,3 1. Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran 2. Department of Plant Production, Bardsir Higher Education Center for Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran 3. Research and Technology Institute of Plant Production, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran (Received: 11 June 2019, Accepted: 1 October 2019) Abstract Endemic yarrow (Achillea eriophora DC.) has been widely used in folk medicine for centuries. The impact of climatic and edaphic conditions was investigated on essential oil (EO) yield and compositions of different yarrow ecotypes, native to Kerman province in southeast of Iran. The aerial part of plants was collected from 13 natural habitats. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed a significant variation in EO yield and compositions among ecotypes. 116 components were identified from 13 regions. EO extraction yields fluctuated from 0.71 to 5.83% (v/w) in KP12 and KP02 regions, respectively. The predominant components were L-borneol (0-45.93%), bornyl acetate (0-22.45%), bornyl ester (0-10.46%), (E)- α-ionol (0-28.77%), 6βBicyclo [4.3.0] nonane5β-iodomethyl-1β-isopropenyl-4α, 5α-dimethyl (0- 12.14%) and eucalyptol (0- 3.96%). For the first time, the presence of hexadecenoic acid, 6β- bicyclo [4.3.0] nonane and 5β-iodomethyl-1β-isopropenyl-4α, 5α-dimethyl were reported in A. eriophora. EO yields and compositions were affected by the ecological factors. Among them, soil pH and latitude showed the most significant impacts. Keywords: Achillea eriophora, Chemical variability, Correlation analysis, L-borneol. Introduction growing prevalence of drug-resistant bacteria Native medicinal plants have been or viruses and low susceptibility to extensively used in health care and food antibiotics increase the threat of infectious products. These plants are valuable and rich diseases; therefore, they raise the concern for sources of active biological compounds with new infection-fighting resources (Vital and antiviral, antifungal, antibacterial, pesticide, Rivera, 2009). Achillea species are and antioxidant effects (Kordali et al., 2005; recommended as effective tonic, Abed, 2007). According to the World Health tranquilizers, diuretic, carminative remedies Organization (WHO, 2008( more than 80% and widely recommended for the treatment of the world population rely on traditional of stomach illness, hay fever, inflammation, medicine for their basic health care. Also, the gastrointestinal, hemorrhoid, and wound healing properties in folk medicine. They are * Corresponding Author, Email: [email protected] also recognized as effective drugs that www.SID.ir Archive of SID 202 Int. J. Hort. Sci. Technol; Vol. 6, No. 2; December 2019 enhance breast-feedings and regulate medicinal plant substances, specially menstruation (Agar et al., 2015; Jarić et al., secondary metabolites, are the reflection of 2007; Zargari, 1997). environmental factors, growth stage and Achillea eriophora DC. belongs to plant genetic background (Liu et al., 2015). Asteraceae family. The genus Achillea is Weather factors including temperature, one of the most important genus in this precipitation and soil can affect oil content family, with more than 130 species which and composition in many aromatic plants 19 of them are growing wild in Iran (Barra, 2009; Sangwan et al., 2001; (Mozaffarian, 2009). A. eriophora grows Moghaddam and Farhadi, 2015). In some mostly in the south of Iran at the altitude of cases, soil pH is the most important 700-3000 m (Huber-Morath, 1986). environmental factor affecting chemical The first scientific study on A. eriophora composition of the EOs. The EO of was reported by Weyerstahl et al. (1997c), in Rosmarinus offcinalis L. varied strongly as a Shiraz Bajgah region, who identified 90 result of exposure to different soil pH (Barra, compounds in the essential oil (EO). Jaimand 2009). While, the essential oil of and Rezaee (2004) studied the EO Helichrysum italicum ssp. microphyllum was compositions of A. eriophora leaf and flower not affected by pH at the same altitude and in Bamoo region (25 Km Shiraz, south Iran), climate conditions (Satta et al., 1999). which were extracted by different form of Proximal latitudes influence the chemical distillations (distillation by water or steam). composition of the EO of Citrus bergamia The dominant compounds of A. eriophora cv. Risso (Di Giacomo and Mincione, 1995). EO that was collected from the Khabr region The EO of Hyptis suaveolens L. obtained (Kerman, Baft) included camphor, 1,8- from low latitudes was higher in cineole, α- thujene, camphen, and β-thujene sesquiterpenes (Azevedo et al., 2002). (Saberi-ameli et al. 2007). It has been Similar results were obtained for the EO of reported that essential oil yield and its quality Satureja montana L. ssp. montana are related to climate, genetic, soil (Slavkovska et al., 2001). Letchamo et al. conditions, growth stage (vegetative or (1995) concluded that higher altitude and flowering stage), organogenesis, and variation in soil type had profound effects in harvesting time (Gudaitytė and Venskutonis, the spread and amount of volatile 2007; Nemeth, 2005). Variation of yields constituents of Thymus serpylloides. (from 0.14 to 0.44%) and essential oil Özguven and Tansi (1998) and Pirbalouti et compositions (no = 54) were detected from al. (2011) showed that altitude was the major different populations of Achilla wilhelmsii in factor that affect the physiological and south Iran. The three top commonly chemical characters of Thymus species and components in EOs were chrysanthenone Thumys daenensis cv. Celak. Hassiotis et al. (0.2-38.8%), trans-carveol (tr-27.5%) and (2014) stated that the EO content of linalool (0.8–26.1%). It was speculated that Lavandula angustifolia was positively the discrepancy among EO of ecotypes was regulated by temperature and flowering due to geographical and climatic differences stage. The assessment of EO composition (Saeidi et al., 2018). However, essential oils pertaining to environmental conditions can are considered to have high heritability provide important insight into the factors that (Sagnard et al., 2002). Franz (1993) showed determine chemical polymorphism in EO. that chemical variation in EOs can be Therefore, the aims of this study were to explained by the following factors: 1) genetic investigate the chemical profiles of A. variation in the population; 2) diversity eriophora EOs from Kerman ecotypes and to among different parts of each plant and evaluate the impacts of morphological traits, growth stages; 3) environmental factors. edaphic and climatic conditions on the yield Furthermore, it was reported that the and compositions of EO. www.SID.ir Archive of SID Ecological Factors Regulate Essential Oil Yield, Percent and Compositions of Endemic … 203 Materials and methods and edaphic parameters were recorded Plant materials (Table 1). From each site, the aerial parts of In the present study, thirteen habitats of 100 plants were randomly collected at bloom Achillea eriophora in Kerman province stage in May 2017. The botanical including Qaleasgar (KP01), Kianshahr identification was recognized using the Flora (KP02), Pabdana (KP03), Shabjare (KP04), Iranica (Rechinger, 1972). Morphological Dehshib (KP05), Zoghalsang (KP06), traits such as plant height, number of Chatroud (KP07), Arab Abad (KP08), inflorescences, inflorescence length, Mianroodab (KP09), Bondar Kouhbanan diameter, and leaf length were also recorded. (KP10), Bardsir (KP11), Zarand (KP12) and The samples were dried at room temperature Kuhpayeh (KP13) were selected and climatic and kept in cold room until EOs extraction. Table 1. Achilla eriophora ecotypes, environmental conditions, and soil properties of wild growing regions Average Organic Altitude Latitude Longitude Precipitation Lime P K Regions temperature pH EC matters Clay Silt Sand (m) (°N) (°E) (mm) percentage (ppm) (ppm) (°C) (%) KP01 2615.7 29.530 56.666 270.6 10.03 7.1 0.81 2.8 6.8 21.1 72.1 9.0 48.33 412.24 KP02 2293.86 31.161 56.430 140 16.00 7.26 1.13 0.61 5.7 17.65 76.65 13 46.67 315.62 KP03 2208.46 31.189 56.446 142 16.20 8.12 1.313 0.55 2.2 11 86.8 13 57.65 204.15 KP04 1689.9 31.050 56.205 109 18.82 7.81 1.534 0.67 1.16 5.74 93.1 11.75 29.49 318.52 KP05 2190.03 30.675 56.991 42.6 22.05 7.8 27.6 0.82 8.7 20.5 70.8 22.5 24.80 376.89 KP06 2592.94 31.179 56.510 129.2 17.78 7.46 0.87 3.06 8.2 19 72.8 6.25 87.60 496.13 KP07 1837 30.543 56.970 88 18.53 7.65 3.11 0.97 9.2 18.65 72.15 23.25 53.04 284.44 KP08 2566.4 29.927 57.523 108.2 16.18 8.4 0.911 1.17 6.29 19.91 73.8 26.75 60.36 450.51 KP09 2720 29.417 56.625 265 11.03 8.07 13.2 0.99 15.29 16.91 67.8 8 48.06 645.57 KP10 1946.63 31.401 56.412 149.4 16.75 8.27 2.31 2.44 4.16 9.3 86.54 45 48.60 312.74 KP11 2033.1 29.94 56.565 25.3 18.12 8.19 4.66 0.62 8.2 15.65 76.15 10.5 32.98 726.44 KP12 1699.96 30.749 56.649 109 18.82 8.25 1.012 - 3 7.65 89.35 - 19.83 - KP13 1882.1 30.491 57.302 88.9 18.43 8.34 1.014 0.53 6.79 12.41 80.8 15.5 55.38 224.33 - : missing data Soil parameters percent of the ratio between extracted EO Soil reaction and soil electrical conductivity and the plant dry weight.
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