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Mohit KAPO Mohit KAPOOR Mohit KAPOOR STORY OF TWO VILLAGES: PHYSICAL, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE LANDSCAPE OF DARKOT AND SHARMOLI (Uttarakhand, Himalayan India) Thèse présentée et soutenue publiquement le 16/05/2018 en vue de l’obtention du doctorat de Géographie humaine, économique et régionale de l’Université Paris Nanterre sous la direction de M. Frédéric LANDY (Université Paris Nanterre) Jury : Mme. Joëlle SMADJA Rapporteur: directrice de recherche au CNRS/CEH M. Pierre DERIOZ Rapporteur : Maître de Conférences HDR à l’Université d’Avignon/Espace -Dev M. Jean -Louis CHALÉARD Professeur émérite Université de Paris 1 Membre du jury : Panthéon-Sorbonne, UMR PRODIG Mme. Evelyne GAUCHÉ Membre du jury : maître de conférences à l’université François Rabelais de Tours/CITERES M. Frédéric LANDY Directeur de thèse : professeur à l’Université de Paris Nanterre/LAVUE/Institut Français de Pondichéry 1 DECLARATION I, Mohit Kapoor, hereby declare that this dissertation, entitled “Story of two villages – Physical, economic and social analysis of the landscape of Darkot and Sharmoli”, is the outcome of my own study undertaken under the guidance of Prof. Landy, University of Paris, Nanterre (France). This study has not formed the basis for the award of any degree / diploma of this or any other institute previously. I have duly acknowledged all the sources used by me in the preparation of this dissertation. Mohit Kapoor CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “Story of two villages – Physical, economic and social analysis of the landscape of Darkot and Sharmoli” is the record of original work done by Mohit Kapoor under my guidance and supervision. The results of the research presented in this dissertation have not previously formed the basis for the award of any degree / diploma of this or any other institute. Prof. F. Landy 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This study has been completed under the guidance of Prof. Frederic Landy. He provided overwhelming support (monetary and moral) and motivation from the beginning till the completion of this study. Without his guidance, this dissertation would not have been completed. I have always been a slow learner but he always took time to listen to my concerns and answer my queries , and I can only hope that I have been able to stand up to his expectations. He is the best mentor and guide that one can have to learn and understand geography while recognizing to maintain the ‘space’ between academic knowledge and actual reality to descry the truthness of the society and culture of a particular place. I am thankful to so many people in my life who helped me during my doctoral work in numerous ways but as the list may go on and fill infinite number of pages, here I would like to thank a few important ones. I appreciate the efforts of Late Dr. R.S. Tolia, Late Dr. S.S. Pangti, Mr. Gokaran S. Pangti, Mr. Laxman Pangti and Ms. Mallika Virdi in Munsiyari along with Dr. Raghubir Chand in Nainital, to supply academic and general information about the Johar valley and Bhotias and to provide their valuable time for hours of discussion. I am indebted to my village guides Mrs. Geeta Pangti and Mrs. Beena Nitwal who were the real heroes behind the data collection as they spent their valuable time from their daily routine to travel with me in the whole village and introduced me to the inhabitants of the villages. My gratitude to Mr. Birendera Brijwal ( Beeru Da) who allowed me to stay in his hotel for months in Munsiyari at the cheapest rate possible and supported my travel by providing his vehicle (almost free of cost) , and special thanks to his wife who cooked food for me every night. They treated me as a family member rather than a guest. I would like to thank my mother whose support (in the last three years) has made it possible to complete my Ph.D. and to my ‘God’ whose virtual presence made my life easy and better at every difficult step. I am obliged to my uncle, Prof. V.K. Khanna, who gave his valuable time to review, check and correct my grammar and language in the thesis. Lastly, my special acknowledgment to Prof. Abdul Shaban (Deputy Director, TISS) for being a mentor and guide in my life for the last eight years. MOHIT KAPOOR 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER No. SECTION / SUB- NAME OF THE CHAPTER / PAGE No. SECTION No. SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION 8 - 23 1.1 Area of Research 9 1.2 Aim and hypothesis of the 10 study 1.3 Objectives of the study 11 1.4 Research approach and 11 methodology 1.5 Brief Introduction about the 14 state of Uttarakhand, division of Kumaon, and the district Pitthoragarh 1.6 Organisation of the chapters 23 2 THE CORE - MUNSIYARI 24 - 54 TIMELINE AND 3 ECONOMIC HISTORY OF 55 - 84 THE RESEARCH AREA – ANALYSIS OF CASTE AND CLASS 3.1 Time line History of Johar 56 valley 3.2 Economic History of Johar 64 valley 3.2.1 Economy of Johar region till 65 the 1960s 3.2.2 The difficult decades of the 72 1960s-1970s 3.2.3 Successful economic 79 diversification after the 1980s CHANGING 4 85 - 128 LANDSCAPES AND CULTURE 4 4.1 Landscape of the villages of 87 Darkot and Sharmoli 4.1.1 Nomenclature 87 4.1.2 Area and population 88 4.1.3 Landscape of Darkot and 92 Sharmoli 4.1.4 Conclusion 127 COMPONENTS OF 129 - 185 5 LANDSCAPE AND THEIR RELATION WITH CULTURE 5.1 Analysis of private space – 129 House pattern in Darkot and Sharmoli 5.1.1 Basic elements of an old– 133 design house and their nomenclature 5.1.2 Description of size and use of 134 rooms of old-design house 5.1.3 History of construction and 135 material used in old-design houses 5.1.4 Contemporary situation of 138 house (structure and features) among old and modern-design in Darkot and Sharmoli 5.1.5 Conclusion 155 5.2 Analysis of public spaces – 159 temples and community ground 6 LAND, AGRICULTURE 186 - 225 AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY – CHANGING VALUES AND 5 USES 6.1 A Brief history of land 187 and agriculture in the Bhotia 6.1.1 Land 187 6.1.2 Agriculture 188 6.2 Contemporary caste-based 189 statistics of land in Darkot and Sharmoli 6.2.1 Land among Bhotias 192 6.2.2 Land among scheduled 195 castes 6.2.3 Land among Thakurs 197 6.3 Analysis of land use and 199 agriculture of the two villages 6.3.1 Land use in Darkot by 200 various castes 6.3.2 Land use in Sharmoli by 203 various castes 6.4 Animal Husbandry in 219 contemporary times 7 ECONOMY OF TWO VILLAGES – LOW 226 - 285 INCOME AND UNSKILLED WORKERS 7.1 Economy of Darkot and 226 Sharmoli – Based on per- capita 7.1.1 Trends in the occupational 227 structure 7.1.2 Statistical interpretation 231 of the occupational 6 structure of Darkot and Sharmoli 7.2 Economy at the level of 277 family 8 SOCIETY, ECONOMY AND CULTURE – 286 - 323 ANALYSIS OF HOME STAYS, HANDICRAFTS AND UNDERSTANDING OUT-MIGRATION 8.1 Home stays and the situation 286 of women – A boon to an oppressed class 8.2 Handicrafts – Carrying on 304 the tradition with low income 8.3 Out-migration in Darkot 315 and Sharmoli 9 CONCLUSION 324 - 338 BIBLIOGRAPHY 349 - 340 GLOSSARY 341 - 343 7 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Developing countries of Asia especially south Asia have a distinct characteristic of rurality, i.e. almost 70% of the population lives in rural area. Rurality also marks a social construct, reflecting a world of social, moral and cultural values [ Matless et al, 1994 ]. In India and everywhere else in the world, there is a sharp contrast in the physical and human characteristics of rural and urban spaces. There are differences with regard to land use, patterns of spatial organization, type of working class, occupations and market conditions, environment, kind of technology, infrastructure, administration, and institutions etc. Besides that, there is a huge difference between the life of a ‘country man’ and a ‘town man’, i.e. differences in the culture of two spaces which is marked by factors such as religion, beliefs, social customs, caste, identities, and many more. In the general Indian opinion, the culture of the town or city man is usually believed to be more modern and liberal, i.e. less governed by religious beliefs and social customs, and to have a more materialistic and scientific outlook. On the other hand, a village person in India is supposed to be orthodox, more rigid in his religious beliefs and caste-based identities. ‘Story of two villages – physical, economic and social analysis of the landscape of Darkot and Sharmoli’ is the title of my thesis, in which I have tried to encompass the elements of the theories of ‘location analysis’ and ‘diffusion of innovation’, which are widely used in the geography, especially economic geography. The research is carried out in the Central Himalayan region of India. Two villages, i.e. Darkot and Sharmoli are chosen which are situated in the Munsiyari Tehsil 1 of Pitthoragarh district 2 of Uttarakhand state. The very first question that arises in the mind of a reader is what is location analysis and diffusion of innovation process? The main idea behind the location theories is to explain the importance of distance. The distance from a certain core centre, i.e. market, administrative centre etc., is used to interpret the location of various kinds of activities such as agriculture, industry, housing etc.
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