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Oil Activities and Food Insecurity in Nigeria's Niger Delta

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Oil Activities and Food Insecurity in Nigeria's Niger Delta IAR Journal of Humanities and Social Science ISSN Print : 2708-6259 | ISSN Online : 2708-6267 Frequency: Bi-Monthly Language: Multilingual Origin: KENYA Website : https://www.iarconsortium.org/journal-info/IARJHSS Research Article Asphyxiated by Abundance: Oil Activities and Food Insecurity in Nigeria’s Niger Delta Article History Abstract: The discovery of oil in the Niger Delta in 1956 brought hope of rapid Received: 30.05.2021 socio-economic development of the region. No one knew of the ruinous environmental pollution that was to accompany oil activities. Thus, the euphoria Revision: 07.06.2021 of access to easy petro-dollar that enveloped the region‘s people was devoid of Accepted: 18.06.2021 any apprehension. However, oil activities in the region have been accompanied by Published: 30.06.2021 huge gas flaring and unabated oil spillages. Their negative impacts have brought Author Details about physical and ecological changes on the environment. This study examines Crosdel Emuedo*1 and Okeoghene Emuedo2 crude oil activities in the Niger Delta and their effects on the environment. It Authors Affiliations intently examines the nexus between effects of oil act ivities on the environment 1 and food insecurity in the Niger Delta. The study deployed both qualitative and Department of Political Science and quantitative research methodologies for data collection, analysis and presentation. Sociology, Western Delta University, Nigeria The data for this study were collected using triangulation; structured close-ended 2 Rubber Research Institute of Nigeria, Benin questionnaire schedule, focus group discussions and open-ended target interviews. City The paper found that pollution from oil exploration and exploitation activities Corresponding Author* have acutely impacted the Niger Delta environment with deleterious impact on flora and fauna. It concludes that impacts of oil on the environment have gravely CRO SDEL EMUEDO impaired food security in the Niger Delta. How to Cite the Article: Crosdel Emuedo, & Okeoghene Emuedo. (2021); Keywords: Asphyxiated Environment, Oil, Food Insecurity, Niger Delta. Asphyxiated by Abundance: Oil Activities and Food Insecurity in Nigeria‘s Niger Delta. IAR J Huma Soc Sci; 2021; 2(3): 61-77 INTRODUCTION Copyright @ 2021: This is an open-access article The Niger Delta has for over five decades been the epicentre of oil distributed under the terms of the Creative and gas exploration and exploitation activities. Hydrocarbon resources; Commons Attribution license which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction crude oil and gas have been the pivot of the Nigerian economy since the in any medium for non commercial use 1970s. Oil related activities have had local detrimental and significant (NonCommercial, or CC-BY-NC) provided the adverse impacts on the environment; flora and fauna in the Niger Delta. original author and source are credited. As a result, the Niger Delta has for over three decades been the focus of both national and international discourses. The Niger Delta consists of saline mangrove swamps that stretches through the coastal areas with 504, 800 hectares (95%) in the Niger Delta and 95,000 hectares (5%) in Akwa-Ibom state (NDDC, 1999; FOS, 2004) The mangrove forests ranks the largest in Africa and third largest in the world (FOS, 2004; NDHDR, 2006). The major rivers in the region include the Niger River, which forms the delta, Kwa Iboe River, Cross River and Imo River. Others are, Benin River, Escravos River, Forcados River, Ramos River, Dodo River, Pennington River, Digatoro River, Bengatoro River, Kulama River, Fishtown River, Nun River, Brass River, St. Nicholas River, Santa Barbara River, San Bartholomew River, Sombreiro River, Bonny River and Andoni River. The region is very rich in aquatic resources with high diversity and abundance of over 200 species of fishes (Uluocha and Okeke, 2004; Ebeku, 2004; Nwadiaro, 1984; Fentiman, 1996; NDWC, 1995). It has more species of freshwater fishes (197) than any other coastal ecosystem in West Africa (Powell, 1993). These wetlands provide a cheap and common source of animal protein for most of its inhabitants (Chindah and Osumakpe, 2005; Davies et al., 2009). Previous studies have revealed that about 16 of the 200 species of fishes found in the Niger Delta have been identified as endemic to the region, while another 29 are near endemic (Moffat and Linden, 1995; NDWC, 1995; Ebeku, 2004). The Niger Delta, hitherto, was historically and geographically clearly delineated but due to vested interests, the region‘s definition has been mutated over the years. This has made its definition of recent rather problematic. Historically, the Niger Delta is defined as the area bounded by the Benin River in the West, Imo River in the East, Aboh in the North and in the South, Palm Point at Akassa (Dike, 1956; Willink et al., 1958; Akinyele, 1998). The geographical co-ordinates, of the region is between Aboh 050 33´ 49‖N; 060 31´ 37‖E in the north and Palm Point 040 16´ 22‖N; 060 05´ 27‖E in the south; the east-west limit stretches from Benin River estuary 050 44‘ 11‖N, 050 44´ 49‖E in the west to Imo River estuary 040 27´ 16‖N, 050 35´ 27´‖E in the east (NDES, 1997). 61 Crosdel Emuedo, & Okeoghene Emuedo; IAR J Huma Soc Sci; Vol-2, Iss- 3 (May-Jun, 2021): 61-77 As such, historically and geographically, the Niger have been conducted in the region. Oil operations in the Delta region comprised presently, of Bayelsa, Delta and region have been carried out with little regard for the Rivers States. Linguistically, ethnographically and environment, as such, unabated spillage of huge culturally, the pre-crude oil Niger Delta, comprised a volumes of oil and massive gas flaring has been closely mix of ethnic groups; Ijoid, Yoruboid, Edoid, Igboid linked to oil operations in the region. The acute and and Delta Cross, with each embracing vast plethora of chronic oil pollution arising from these spills have led ethno-linguistic communities (Amadi and Tamuno, to depletion of environmental resources due to death of 1999; Watts, 2003). The region has four ecological organisms, either immediately or with time (Cole, 1997; zones; Low land Area 7,400km2, Fresh Water Swamp Hofer, 1998; MacFarland, 1998). 11,700 km2, Salt Water Swamp 5,140 km2 and Sand 2 Barrier Islands 1,140 km making a total area of 25,640 HE ESEARCH ETHODOLOGY km2 (Ashton-Jones, 1998). However, the oil industry T R M defined the Niger Delta at the 7th World Petroleum The primary data for this study were collected using Congress in Mexico, as, the area southward from Benin, the method of triangulation; structured close-ended where oil and gas occur in commercial quantities questionnaire schedule, focus group discussions and (Franki and Cordry, 1967). Politically, the petroleum open-ended target interviews. The secondary data industry definition appears to have found favour with sources include; newspapers, magazines, reports and the Nigerian State, thus, it metamorphosed into documents. The primary data were obtained from a OMPADEC in 1992 and in 1999, the NDDC. For in sample survey, in-depth target interview schedules Part 1 Subsection 2(1), of the Act establishing the Niger (ITI), comprising of youths, opinion leaders and Delta Development Commission (NDDC) 1999, the traditional leaders and three focus group discussion Niger Delta is synonymously, defined as, the nine oil sessions (FGD). The sample sizes were: sample producing states; Akwa-Ibom, Bayelsa, Delta, Rivers, interviewee (SI) 150 (Bayelsa 29, Delta 71 and Rivers Ondo, Edo, Cross Rivers, Imo and Abia States of 50), 30 in-depth target interviewees (ITI) (10 youths Nigeria (Abara, D. 2009). (YM), 10 opinion leaders (OL) and 10 traditional leaders (TL). The size of the focus group discussants The rich alluvial soils of the region and the copious (FGD) was made-up of 8 persons each. All the research fresh and salt water bodies have made agriculture; interviews and discussion sessions took place between farming and fishing; the core livelihoods of the people. February and September 2008.The focus group Agriculture is the core activity of rural people (FAO, discussions investigated the knowledge, attitudes and 2006). Besides being the source of income and operational ethics of the oil companies and consequence employment (IFAD 2002; World Bank, 2008), it is an of intra-communal conflicts. The research was antidote to environmentally induced conflicts and thus, conducted in Nembe, Beyelsa state, Afiesere, Delta source of peace among rural people (Messer, et al., state and Okrika, Rivers state. In addition, some experts 1998; de Soysa and Gleditsch, 1999; UNU-IAS (scholars, scientists and engineers) knowledgeable in Report, 2004; Addison, 2005). Indeed, as, a deltaic the oil industry in the Niger Delta were also region with a massive rural population, agriculture is interviewed. the basis of life sustenance in the region. To the Niger Delta people especially women, agriculture is an The research questions were intended to elicit unbreakable source of life sustenance. However, reaction to impacts of oil activities in oil-host decades of oil activities have negatively impacted the communities. They include: patterns of livelihood; physical environment, threatening the subsistent peasant impacts of oil activities on the environment; common economy, the livelihood and survival of the people. The problems in oil-host communities; common sources of situation of the region was captured by UNDP Report oil spills in the community; impacts of oil gas flares
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