Double Fertilization Embryo and Endosperm Development in Flowering Plants

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

V. Raghavan Double Fertilization Embryo and Endosperm Development in Flowering Plants ▶ Written by Professor Val Raghavan, an acknowledged expert in plant developmental biology ▶ With excellent illustrations, including 16 color plates ▶ Comprehensive overview of flowering plant development "Double Fertilization" provides a comprehensive overview of all aspects of this central event in the reproduction and development of flowering plants. Written by Val Raghavan, The Ohio State University, an acknowledged expert in plant developmental biology, the book vividly describes the molecular and cellular steps of the unique and complex fertilization process that culminates in the formation of embryo and endosperm, focusing on the latest results from the model plant Arabidopsis. The text is complemented by excellent illustrations, including 16 color plates. 2006, XX, 237 p. 75 illus., 27 illus. in color. Since embryo and endosperm constitute the edible parts of many seeds and grains widely used in human and animal nutrition, an understanding of the fertilization process has Printed book great relevance for genetic engineering aimed at improving the nutritional quality of crop Hardcover plants. This book is ideally suited to researchers and graduate students seeking a coherent view of current perspectives on embryogenesis and endosperm development in flowering ▶ 199,99 € | £179.99 | $249.99 plants. ▶ *213,99 € (D) | 219,99 € (A) | CHF 236.00 eBook Available from your bookstore or ▶ springer.com/shop MyCopy Printed eBook for just ▶ € | $ 24.99 ▶ springer.com/mycopy Order online at springer.com ▶ or for the Americas call (toll free) 1-800-SPRINGER ▶ or email us at: [email protected]. ▶ For outside the Americas call +49 (0) 6221-345-4301 ▶ or email us at: [email protected]. The first € price and the £ and $ price are net prices, subject to local VAT. Prices indicated with * include VAT for books; the €(D) includes 7% for Germany, the €(A) includes 10% for Austria. Prices indicated with ** include VAT for electronic products; 19% for Germany, 20% for Austria. All prices exclusive of carriage charges. Prices and other details are subject to change without notice. All errors and omissions excepted..

Copy Link

Recommended publications

Pollen Tube Guidance by Pistils Ensures Successful Double Fertilization Ravishankar Palanivelu∗ and Tatsuya Tsukamoto
Advanced Review Pathfinding in angiosperm reproduction: pollen tube guidance by pistils ensures successful double fertilization Ravishankar Palanivelu∗ and Tatsuya Tsukamoto Sexual reproduction in flowering plants is unique in multiple ways. Distinct multicellular gametophytes contain either a pair of immotile, haploid male gametes (sperm cells) or a pair of female gametes (haploid egg cell and homodiploid central cell). After pollination, the pollen tube, a cellular extension of the male gametophyte, transports both male gametes at its growing tip and delivers them to the female gametes to affect double fertilization. The pollen tube travels a long path and sustains its growth over a considerable amount of time in the female reproductive organ (pistil) before it reaches the ovule, which houses the female gametophyte. The pistil facilitates the pollen tube’s journey by providing multiple, stage-specific, nutritional, and guidance cues along its path. The pollen tube interacts with seven different pistil cell types prior to completing its journey. Consequently, the pollen tube has a dynamic gene expression program allowing it to continuously reset and be receptive to multiple pistil signals as it migrates through the pistil. Here, we review the studies, including several significant recent advances, that led to a better understanding of the multitude of cues generated by the pistil tissues to assist the pollen tube in delivering the sperm cells to the female gametophyte. We also highlight the outstanding questions, draw attention to opportunities created by recent advances and point to approaches that could be undertaken to unravel the molecular mechanisms underlying pollen tube–pistil interactions. 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
[Show full text]
Ap09 Biology Form B Q2
AP® BIOLOGY 2009 SCORING GUIDELINES (Form B) Question 2 Discuss the patterns of sexual reproduction in plants. Compare and contrast reproduction in nonvascular plants with that in flowering plants. Include the following topics in your discussion: (a) alternation of generations (b) mechanisms that bring female and male gametes together (c) mechanisms that disperse offspring to new locations Four points per part. Student must write about all three parts for full credit. Within each part it is possible to get points for comparing and contrasting. Also, specific points are available from details provided about nonvascular and flowering plants. Discuss the patterns of sexual reproduction in plants (4 points maximum): (a) Alternation of generations (4 points maximum): Topic Description (1 point each) Alternating generations Haploid stage and diploid stage. Gametophyte Haploid-producing gametes. Dominant in nonvascular plants. Double fertilization in flowering plants. Gametangia; archegonia and antheridia in nonvascular plants. Sporophyte Diploid-producing spores. Heterosporous in flowering plants. Flowering plants produce seeds; nonvascular plants do not. Flowering plants produce flower structures. Sporangia (megasporangia and microsporangia). Dominant in flowering plants. (b) Mechanisms that bring female and male gametes together (4 points maximum): Nonvascular Plants (1 point each) Flowering Plants (1 point each) Aquatic—requires water for motile sperm Terrestrial—pollination by wind, water, or animal Micropyle in ovule for pollen tube to enter Pollen tube to carry sperm nuclei Self- or cross-pollination Antheridia produce sperm Gametophytes; no antheridia or archegonia Archegonia produce egg Ovules produce female gametophytes/gametes Pollen: male gametophyte that produces gametes © 2009 The College Board. All rights reserved. Visit the College Board on the Web: www.collegeboard.com.
[Show full text]
Seed Fertilization, Development, and Germination in Hydatellaceae (Nymphaeales): Implications for Endosperm Evolution in Early A
American Journal of Botany 96(9): 1581–1593. 2009. S EED FERTILIZATION, DEVELOPMENT, AND GERMINATION IN HYDATELLACEAE (NYMPHAEALES): IMPLICATIONS FOR ENDOSPERM EVOLUTION IN EARLY ANGIOSPERMS 1 Paula J. Rudall, 2,6 Tilly Eldridge, 2 Julia Tratt, 2 Margaret M. Ramsay, 2 Renee E. Tuckett, 3 Selena Y. Smith, 4,7 Margaret E. Collinson, 4 Margarita V. Remizowa, 5 and Dmitry D. Sokoloff 5 2 Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AB, UK; 3 The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; 4 Department of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK; and 5 Department of Higher Plants, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University 119991, Moscow, Russia New data on endosperm development in the early-divergent angiosperm Trithuria (Hydatellaceae) indicate that double fertiliza- tion results in formation of cellularized micropylar and unicellular chalazal domains with contrasting ontogenetic trajectories, as in waterlilies. The micropylar domain ultimately forms the cellular endosperm in the dispersed seed. The chalazal domain forms a single-celled haustorium with a large nucleus; this haustorium ultimately degenerates to form a space in the dispersed seed, simi- lar to the chalazal endosperm haustorium of waterlilies. The endosperm condition in Trithuria and waterlilies resembles the helo- bial condition that characterizes some monocots, but contrasts with Amborella and Illicium , in which most of the mature endosperm is formed from the chalazal domain. The precise location of the primary endosperm nucleus governs the relative sizes of the cha- lazal and micropylar domains, but not their subsequent developmental trajectories. The unusual tissue layer surrounding the bi- lobed cotyledonary sheath in seedlings of some species of Trithuria is a belt of persistent endosperm, comparable with that of some other early-divergent angiosperms with a well-developed perisperm, such as Saururaceae and Piperaceae.
[Show full text]
Regulatory Mechanisms of Double Fertilization
REVIEW ARTICLE published: 11 September 2014 doi: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00452 The beginning of a seed: regulatory mechanisms of double fertilization Andrea Bleckmann 1, Svenja Alter 2 and Thomas Dresselhaus 1* 1 Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, Biochemie-Zentrum Regensburg, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany 2 Plant Breeding, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany Edited by: The launch of seed development in ﬂowering plants (angiosperms) is initiated by the Paolo Sabelli, University of Arizona, process of double fertilization: two male gametes (sperm cells) fuse with two female USA gametes (egg and central cell) to form the precursor cells of the two major seed Reviewed by: components, the embryo and endosperm, respectively. The immobile sperm cells are Yanhai Yin, Iowa State University, USA delivered by the pollen tube toward the ovule harboring the female gametophyte by Meng-Xiang Sun, Wuhan University, species-speciﬁc pollen tube guidance and attraction mechanisms. After pollen tube burst China inside the female gametophyte, the two sperm cells fuse with the egg and central cell *Correspondence: initiating seed development. The fertilized central cell forms the endosperm while the Thomas Dresselhaus, Cell Biology fertilized egg cell, the zygote, will form the actual embryo and suspensor. The latter and Plant Biochemistry, Biochemie-Zentrum Regensburg, structure connects the embryo with the sporophytic maternal tissues of the developing University of Regensburg, seed.
[Show full text]
AS Flower Reproduction
2/11/19 AMOEBA SISTERS: VIDEO RECAP ANGIOSPERM REPRODUCTION Amoeba Sisters Video Recap of Plant Reproduction in Angiosperms 1. What characteristics are common in angiosperms? 2. A topic emphasized in this clip is that not all fruits are sweet. Or even edible! Every plant that forms a flower must have a fruit. How would you define a “fruit?” How can fruits be • Flowering plants helpful in seed dispersal? • Bear fruit Fruit is something that has flesh AMOEBA SISTERS: VIDEO RECAP around ANGIOSPERMseeds. REPRODUCTION Amoeba Sisters Video Recap of Plant ReproductionWhen animals in Angiosperms eat them, seeds move away from parent plant. 1. What characteristics are common in angiosperms? 2. A topic emphasized in this clip is that not all fruits are sweet. Or even edible! Every plant that forms a flower must have a fruit. How would you define a “fruit?” How can fruits be helpful in seed dispersal? 3. Flowers can contain one or both genders of flower parts. 4. Flowers can contain one or both genders of flower parts. Label A, B, and C. Label D, E, F, and G. A is the ____________________________________________. D is the ____________________________________________. B is the ____________________________________________. E is the ____________________________________________. C is the ____________________________________________. F is the ____________________________________________. All of these3. Flowers are can contain one or ?both _________________________ genders of flower parts. 4. FlowersG is cathen co ____________________________________________.ntain
[Show full text]
BY 124 SI WORKSHEET 2 Terms Double Fertilization Two Sperm Cells E
BY 124 SI WORKSHEET 2 Terms Double Fertilization Two sperm cells enter the female gametophyte, one fertilizes the egg (diploid zygote) and the other fuses with the two nuclei in the large central cell of the female gametophyte, producing a triploid cell. Taproot Root system consisting of a main vertical taproot which develops from the embryonic root. Gives rise to lateral roots or branch roots. Can penetrate deeper into the ground and adapt to deeper sources of water. Nodes The points on a stem where leaves are attached. Internodes are the spaces between nodes Ground tissue system (2 types) Tissue that is neither vascular nor dermal. Main role is nutrient storage and photosynthesis. (parenchyma cells). 2 types: pith – ground tissue that is internal to the vascular tissue. Cortex – ground tissue that is external to the vascular tissue. Apical dominance the inhibition of axillary buds by apical buds. Proximity of axillary buds to apical buds is responsible for their dormancy. If an animal eats the end of a shoot or the sun doesn’t reach the top but reaches the sides, axillary buds break their dormancy (example: pruning trees) Parenchyma cells Primary cell walls are thin and flexible, lack secondary cell wall. Large central vacuole. Least specialized of all plant cells. Perform most of the metabolic functions of the plant, synthesizing and storing organic products. Fleshy tissue of many fruits are parenchyma cells. Most retain the ability to divide and differentiate into other cell types. Alive at maturity. Sieve tube elements long narrow tubes that transport nutrients. ST elements lack a nucleus, ribosomes, a vacuole, and a cytoskeleton enabling nutrients to pass more easily through the cell.
[Show full text]
Biol 211 (2) Chapter 31 October 9Th Lecture
S.I. Biol 211 Biology 211 (2) Week 7! Chapter 31! ! VOCABULARY! Practice: http://www.superteachertools.us/speedmatch/speedmatch.php? gameﬁle=4106#.VhqUYGRVhBc ! Alternation of Angiosperm: A Antheridia: The Archegonia: The generations: A life cycle flowering vascular sperm producing egg-producing involving alternation of a plant that produces structure in most structure in most multicellular haploid seed within mature land plants except land plants except ovaries (fruits). The angiosperms angiosperms stage (gametophyte) with angiosperms form a a multicellular diploid single lineage stage (sporophyte). Occurs in most plants and some protists. Artificial selection: Bisexual Carpel: The female Diploid: Having two Deliberate manipulation gametophyte: One reproductive organ sets of by humans, as in animal gametophyte that in a flower, chromosomes (2n) and plant breeding, of produces both eggs contains the ovary, the genetic composition and sperm which contains of a population by ovules, which allowing only individuals contain the with desirable traits to megasporangia reproduce Double fertilization: An Endosperm: A Fruit: In Gametangia: The unusual form of triploid (3n) tissue angiosperms, a gamete-forming reproduction seen in in the seed of a mature, ripened structure found in flowering plants, in which flowering plant plant ovary, along all land plants one sperm cell fuses with an (angiosperm) that with the seeds it except angiosperms. egg to form a zygote and the serves as food for contains and Contains an other sperm cell fuses with two polar nuclei to form the the plant embryo. adjacent fused antheridium and triploid endosperm Functionally parts, often archegonium. analogous to the functions in seed yolk of an egg dispersal Gametophyte: In Gymnosperm: A Haploid: Having Heterospory: In organisms undergoing vascular plant that one set of seed plants, the alternation of makes seeds but chromosomes production of two generations, the does not produce distinct types of multicellular haploid form flowers.
[Show full text]
Fertilization-Independent Seed Development in Arabidopsis Thaliana (Ovule͞apomixis)
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 94, pp. 4223–4228, April 1997 Plant Biology Fertilization-independent seed development in Arabidopsis thaliana (ovuleyapomixis) ABDUL M. CHAUDHURY*, LUO MING,CELIA MILLER,STUART CRAIG,ELIZABETH S. DENNIS, AND W. JAMES PEACOCK* Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia Contributed by W. James Peacock, January 28, 1997 ABSTRACT We report mutants in Arabidopsis thaliana mutational approach in Arabidopsis might detect mutants (fertilization-independent seed: fis) in which certain processes displaying some components of apomixis. of seed development are uncoupled from the double fertiliza- For the isolation of these mutants, we used stamenless tion event that occurs after pollination. These mutants were pistillata (pi) (4). If pi plants are not pollinated, the siliques isolated as ethyl methanesulfonate-induced pseudo-revertants remain short; they only elongate when seed is formed. We of the pistillata phenotype. Although the pistillata (pi) mutant identified mutants in which the siliques elongated without has short siliques devoid of seed, the fis mutants in the pi pollination (5), and recently Ohad et al (6) described a mutant background have long siliques containing developing seeds, that forms endosperm without fertilization. even though the flowers remain free of pollen. The three fis In the present paper, we describe fis1 (fertilization- mutations map to loci on three different chromosomes. In fis1 independent seed), fis2, and fis3, whose developmental and and fis2 seeds, the autonomous endosperm nuclei are diploid genetic characterization indicates that these genes normally and the endosperm develops to the point of cellularization; the have a controlling role in seed development after pollination partially developed seeds then atrophy.
[Show full text]
Plant Reproduction Asexual Reproduction
Plant Reproduction Asexual Reproduction • Asexual reproduction is natural “cloning.” Parts of the plant, such as leaves or stems, produce roots and become an independent plant. Sexual Reproduction • Sexual reproduction requires fusion of male cells in the pollen grain with female cells in the ovule. Terms to know: • Haploid: having a single set of chromosomes in each cell. • Diploid: having two sets of chromosomes in each cell, one set from each parent. • Mitosis: cell division, which produces two genetically identical diploid cells. • Meiosis: reduction division, which produces four haploid reproductive cells. Terms to know: • Spore: haploid reproductive cell that leads to a gametophyte in plant alternation of generations. • Gamete: mature haploid male or female germ cell able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote. • Zygote: diploid, eukaryotic cell formed during fertilization event between two gametes, combining DNA of each gamete, containing the genetic information to form a new individual. Terms to know: • Sporophyte: diploid, multicellular stage which develops from zygote, produced when a haploid female cell is fertilized by a haploid male cell, produces haploid spores by meiosis. • Gametophyte: haploid, multicellular stage, develops from a spore by mitosis, produces haploid gametes by mitosis. Plant Life Cycle Animals vs. Plants Plant Reproduction Animal Reproduction Alternation of No alternation of Life cycle generations generations Gametes Haploid gametes Haploid gametes Spores Haploid spores N/A (no spores) Gametes made Haploid gametophyte, Diploid organism, by by by mitosis meiosis Diploid sporophyte, by Spores made by N/A (no spores) meiosis Alternation of Generations • Plants have a double life cycle with two forms: • Sporophyte • Gametophyte Non-flowering plants • Mosses, ferns, and related plants have motile, swimming sperm.
[Show full text]
Plant Diversity Plant Diversity
Plant Diversity (Freeman Ch 30 & 40) 25 February 2010 ECOL 182R UofA K. E. Bonine •From • Origins, Relationships,Plant Diversity Diversity 28-3, 28-5, 39-3 Videos 18 Feb KB – • Shared Derived Traits Lecture Schedule Sea to Land 23 Feb KB – ( 25 Feb KB – •NonvascularSynapomorphies 2 Mar KB – Fungi •Seedless 4 Mar KB – Prokaryotes, Ch31 & Protists Plant Diversity, Form, Function 1 9 Mar KB – 11 Mar KB – Plant Form and Function Plant Function 13-21 Mar Spring Break (middle third) Plant Ecology to Seedsto 23 Mar KB – ) Ecology Vascular 25 Mar KB - Part 2. Discussion and Review. , Ch38&39 , Ch28&29 30 Mar KB - , Ch50,52,53 Biology of the Galapagos, Ch50,52,53 , Ch36&37 Wikelski 2000 and http://livinggalapagos.org/ Plants , Ch30&40 EXAM 2 The Evolution of Land Plants Figure 29-8 Bacteria (from the edge of the swamp…) Archaea Eukaryotic Eukarya Excavata Alveolata Stramenopila Rhizaria Green stuff Discicristata Bacteria Archaea Chromalveolata 3 Diplomonads Parabasalids Euglenids Ciliates Dinoflagellates 2 Apicomplexa Oomycetes Diatoms Brown algae Plantae Opisthokonta Amoebozoa Foraminifera Chlorarachniophytes Glaucophyte algae Red algae Unikonta Green algae Land plants Fungi Choanoflagellates Green Original Land Plants Related to Algae plants Animals Land plants retain derived features they Lobose amoebae Eight major lineages Cellular slime molds of eukaryotes (protist branches are in color) Plasmodial • Chlorophyllshare with a slime molds •Starch • Cellulose 5 as a storage product a green algae ( in cell walls.and 4 b . See Figure 30.9 Charales . ): 6 1 Land Plants are Monophyletic Land Plants Comprise ~Ten Clades Nonvascular (3 clades) Land plants are monophyletic, all -paraphyletic group descendants from a single common ancestor.
[Show full text]
Three Cell Fusions During Double Fertilization
Le´ veillard, T., and Sahel, J.-A. (2010). Sci. Transl. Mohand-Said, S., Deudon-Combe, A., Hicks, D., Venkatesh, A., Ma, S., Le, Y.Z., Hall, M.N., Ru¨ egg, Med. 2, 26ps16. Simonutti, M., Forster, V., Fintz, A.C., Le´ veillard, M.A., and Punzo, C. (2015). J. Clin. Invest. 125, T., Dreyfus, H., and Sahel, J.A. (1998). Proc. Natl. 1446–1458. Le´ veillard, T., Mohand-Saı¨d, S., Lorentz, O., Hicks, Acad. Sci. USA 95, 8357–8362. D., Fintz, A.-C., Cle´ rin, E., Simonutti, M., Forster, Xiong, W., MacColl Garﬁnkel, A.E., Li, Y., Beno- V., Cavusoglu, N., Chalmel, F., et al. (2004). Nat. Punzo, C., Kornacker, K., and Cepko, C.L. (2009). witz, L.I., and Cepko, C.L. (2015). J. Clin. Invest. Genet. 36, 755–759. Nat. Neurosci. 12, 44–52. 125, 1433–1445. Three Cell Fusions during Double Fertilization Stefanie Sprunck1 and Thomas Dresselhaus1,* 1Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, Biochemie-Zentrum Regensburg, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany *Correspondence: [email protected] http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2015.04.032 Fertilization of both egg and central cell is a major distinguishing feature of ﬂowering plants. Now, Maruyama et al. report a third cell fusion event between the persistent synergid and the fertilized central cell shortly after double fertilization in Arabidopsis. This causes rapid dilution of pollen tube attractant(s), preventing polytubey. Almost 120 years ago, Sergei Gavrilovich Arabidopsis, usually only one pollen tube phenomenon was named as synergid- Navashin (1898) and Le´ on Guignard arrives at the embryo sac and communi- endosperm fusion (SE fusion; Figure 1).
[Show full text]
Chapter Three Plant Reproductive Biology Higher Plants Have Alternation of Generations, with a Gametophyte Generation Being Redu
Chapter Three Plant Reproductive Biology Higher plants have alternation of generations, with a gametophyte generation being reduced to the status of a short-lived parasite on the sporophyte generation. What most of us think of as a "plant" and its flowers are actually parts of the diploid, sporophytic generation (Figure 3.1). Most of the flower itself consists of evolutionarily specialized structures of the sporophyte. However, hidden within the ovary of the flower, specialized cells undergo meiosis to create the haploid megaspore mother cells. The megaspore divides three times to produce the embryo sac, which is the female gametophyte and will produce female gametes, eggs (Figure 3.1). Meanwhile, inside the anthers other cells under go meiosis to produce haploid microspores. Microspores also undergo mitosis to produce pollen grains, which are the male gametophyte. The single celled pollen grain has two nuclei. When a pollen grain is transferred to the stigma (part of the sporophyte), one of the nuclei divides to produce two sperm nuclei, which are the male gametes. The pollen grain itself "germinates" to grow a long tube down the stigma and style to the ovary. Here one of the sperm nuclei fuses with an egg to produce a diploid zygote, which divides mitotically many times to produce an embryo. The other sperm nucleus fuses with other nuclei in the ovule to produce the triploid endosperm, which acts as food for the embryo and germinating seedling. The two fusions of nuclei are referred to, appropriately enough, as "double fertilization." SPOROPHYTE (2N) mature plant meiosis meiosis MICROSPORE (1N) MEGASPORE (1N) SEEDLING (2N) mitosis 3X mitosis germination ™ GAMETOPHYTE (1N) ¡ GAMETOPHYTE (1N) (embryo sac) (pollen grain) EGG in ovule SPERM NUCLEI SEED (2N) with embryo double in FRUIT fertilization Figure 3.1.
[Show full text]