Tractographic Description of the Vertical Occipital Fasciculus
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Distance Learning Program Anatomy of the Human Brain/Sheep Brain Dissection
Distance Learning Program Anatomy of the Human Brain/Sheep Brain Dissection This guide is for middle and high school students participating in AIMS Anatomy of the Human Brain and Sheep Brain Dissections. Programs will be presented by an AIMS Anatomy Specialist. In this activity students will become more familiar with the anatomical structures of the human brain by observing, studying, and examining human specimens. The primary focus is on the anatomy, function, and pathology. Those students participating in Sheep Brain Dissections will have the opportunity to dissect and compare anatomical structures. At the end of this document, you will find anatomical diagrams, vocabulary review, and pre/post tests for your students. The following topics will be covered: 1. The neurons and supporting cells of the nervous system 2. Organization of the nervous system (the central and peripheral nervous systems) 4. Protective coverings of the brain 5. Brain Anatomy, including cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum and brain stem 6. Spinal Cord Anatomy 7. Cranial and spinal nerves Objectives: The student will be able to: 1. Define the selected terms associated with the human brain and spinal cord; 2. Identify the protective structures of the brain; 3. Identify the four lobes of the brain; 4. Explain the correlation between brain surface area, structure and brain function. 5. Discuss common neurological disorders and treatments. 6. Describe the effects of drug and alcohol on the brain. 7. Correctly label a diagram of the human brain National Science Education -
Cuneus and Fusiform Cortices Thickness Is Reduced in Trigeminal
Parise et al. The Journal of Headache and Pain 2014, 15:17 http://www.thejournalofheadacheandpain.com/content/15/1/17 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Cuneus and fusiform cortices thickness is reduced in trigeminal neuralgia Maud Parise1,2*, Tadeu Takao Almodovar Kubo1, Thomas Martin Doring1, Gustavo Tukamoto1, Maurice Vincent1,3 and Emerson Leandro Gasparetto1 Abstract Background: Chronic pain disorders are presumed to induce changes in brain grey and white matters. Few studies have focused CNS alterations in trigeminal neuralgia (TN). Methods: The aim of this study was to explore changes in white matter microstructure in TN subjects using diffusion tensor images (DTI) with tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS); and cortical thickness changes with surface based morphometry. Twenty-four patients with classical TN (37-67 y-o) and 24 healthy controls, matched for age and sex, were included in the study. Results: Comparing patients with controls, no diffusivity abnormalities of brain white matter were detected. However, a significant reduction in cortical thickness was observed at the left cuneus and left fusiform cortex in the patients group. The thickness of the fusiform cortex correlated negatively with the carbamazepine dose (p = 0.023). Conclusions: Since the cuneus and the fusiform gyrus have been related to the multisensory integration area and cognitive processing, as well as the retrieval of shock perception conveyed by Aδ fibers, our results support the role of these areas in TN pathogenesis. Whether such changes occurs as an epiphenomenon secondary to daily stimulation or represent a structural predisposition to TN in the light of peripheral vascular compression is a matter of future studies. -
Toward a Common Terminology for the Gyri and Sulci of the Human Cerebral Cortex Hans Ten Donkelaar, Nathalie Tzourio-Mazoyer, Jürgen Mai
Toward a Common Terminology for the Gyri and Sulci of the Human Cerebral Cortex Hans ten Donkelaar, Nathalie Tzourio-Mazoyer, Jürgen Mai To cite this version: Hans ten Donkelaar, Nathalie Tzourio-Mazoyer, Jürgen Mai. Toward a Common Terminology for the Gyri and Sulci of the Human Cerebral Cortex. Frontiers in Neuroanatomy, Frontiers, 2018, 12, pp.93. 10.3389/fnana.2018.00093. hal-01929541 HAL Id: hal-01929541 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01929541 Submitted on 21 Nov 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. REVIEW published: 19 November 2018 doi: 10.3389/fnana.2018.00093 Toward a Common Terminology for the Gyri and Sulci of the Human Cerebral Cortex Hans J. ten Donkelaar 1*†, Nathalie Tzourio-Mazoyer 2† and Jürgen K. Mai 3† 1 Department of Neurology, Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands, 2 IMN Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives UMR 5293, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France, 3 Institute for Anatomy, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany The gyri and sulci of the human brain were defined by pioneers such as Louis-Pierre Gratiolet and Alexander Ecker, and extensified by, among others, Dejerine (1895) and von Economo and Koskinas (1925). -
Basic Brain Anatomy
Chapter 2 Basic Brain Anatomy Where this icon appears, visit The Brain http://go.jblearning.com/ManascoCWS to view the corresponding video. The average weight of an adult human brain is about 3 pounds. That is about the weight of a single small To understand how a part of the brain is disordered by cantaloupe or six grapefruits. If a human brain was damage or disease, speech-language pathologists must placed on a tray, it would look like a pretty unim- first know a few facts about the anatomy of the brain pressive mass of gray lumpy tissue (Luria, 1973). In in general and how a normal and healthy brain func- fact, for most of history the brain was thought to be tions. Readers can use the anatomy presented here as an utterly useless piece of flesh housed in the skull. a reference, review, and jumping off point to under- The Egyptians believed that the heart was the seat standing the consequences of damage to the structures of human intelligence, and as such, the brain was discussed. This chapter begins with the big picture promptly removed during mummification. In his and works down into the specifics of brain anatomy. essay On Sleep and Sleeplessness, Aristotle argued that the brain is a complex cooling mechanism for our bodies that works primarily to help cool and The Central Nervous condense water vapors rising in our bodies (Aristo- tle, republished 2011). He also established a strong System argument in this same essay for why infants should not drink wine. The basis for this argument was that The nervous system is divided into two major sec- infants already have Central nervous tions: the central nervous system and the peripheral too much moisture system The brain and nervous system. -
The Human Brain Hemisphere Controls the Left Side of the Body and the Left What Makes the Human Brain Unique Is Its Size
About the brain Cerebrum (also known as the The brain is made up of around 100 billion nerve cells - each one cerebral cortex or forebrain) is connected to another 10,000. This means that, in total, we The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain. It is split in to two have around 1,000 trillion connections in our brains. (This would ‘halves’ of roughly equal size called hemispheres. The two be written as 1,000,000,000,000,000). These are ultimately hemispheres, the left and right, are joined together by a bundle responsible for who we are. Our brains control the decisions we of nerve fibres called the corpus callosum. The right make, the way we learn, move, and how we feel. The human brain hemisphere controls the left side of the body and the left What makes the human brain unique is its size. Our brains have a hemisphere controls the right side of the body. The cerebrum is larger cerebral cortex, or cerebrum, relative to the rest of the The human brain is the centre of our nervous further divided in to four lobes: frontal, parietal, occipital, and brain than any other animal. (See the Cerebrum section of this temporal, which have different functions. system. It is the most complex organ in our fact sheet for further information.) This enables us to have abilities The frontal lobe body and is responsible for everything we do - such as complex language, problem-solving and self-control. The frontal lobe is located at the front of the brain. -
A Common Network of Functional Areas for Attention and Eye Movements
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector Neuron, Vol. 21, 761±773, October, 1998, Copyright 1998 by Cell Press A Common Network of Functional Areas for Attention and Eye Movements Maurizio Corbetta,*²³§ Erbil Akbudak,² Stelmach, 1997, for a different view). One theory has Thomas E. Conturo,² Abraham Z. Snyder,² proposed that attentional shifts involve covert oculomo- John M. Ollinger,² Heather A. Drury,³ tor preparation (Rizzolatti et al., 1987). Overall, the psy- Martin R. Linenweber,* Steven E. Petersen,*²³ chological evidence indicates that attention and eye Marcus E. Raichle,²³ David C. Van Essen,³ movements are functionally related, but it remains un- and Gordon L. Shulman* clear to what extent these two sets of processes share *Department of Neurology neural systems and underlying computations. ² Department of Radiology At the neural level, single unit studies in awake behav- ³ Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology ing monkeys have demonstrated that attentional and and the McDonnell Center for Higher Brain Functions oculomotor signals coexist. In many cortical and sub- Washington University School of Medicine cortical regions in which oculomotor (e.g., presaccadic/ St. Louis, Missouri 63110 saccadic) activity has been recorded during visually guided saccadic eye movements, i.e., frontal eye field (FEF, e.g., Bizzi, 1968; Bruce and Goldberg, 1985), sup- Summary plementary eye field (SEF, e.g., Schlag and Schlag-Rey, 1987), dorsolateral prefrontal cortex -
Seed MNI Coordinates Lobe
MNI Coordinates Seed Lobe (Hemisphere) Region BAa X Y Z FP1 -18 62 0 Frontal Lobe (L) Medial Frontal Gyrus 10 FPz 4 62 0 Frontal Lobe (R) Medial Frontal Gyrus 10 FP2 24 60 0 Frontal Lobe (R) Superior Frontal Gyrus 10 AF7 -38 50 0 Frontal Lobe (L) Middle Frontal Gyrus 10 AF3 -30 50 24 Frontal Lobe (L) Superior Frontal Gyrus 9 AFz 4 58 30 Frontal Lobe (R) Medial Frontal Gyrus 9 AF4 36 48 20 Frontal Lobe (R) Middle Frontal Gyrus 10 AF8 42 46 -4 Frontal Lobe (R) Inferior Frontal Gyrus 10 F7 -48 26 -4 Frontal Lobe (L) Inferior Frontal Gyrus 47 F5 -48 28 18 Frontal Lobe (L) Inferior Frontal Gyrus 45 F3 -38 28 38 Frontal Lobe (L) Precentral Gyrus 9 F1 -20 30 50 Frontal Lobe (L) Superior Frontal Gyrus 8 Fz 2 32 54 Frontal Lobe (L) Superior Frontal Gyrus 8 F2 26 32 48 Frontal Lobe (R) Superior Frontal Gyrus 8 F4 42 30 34 Frontal Lobe (R) Precentral Gyrus 9 F6 50 28 14 Frontal Lobe (R) Middle Frontal Gyrus 46 F8 48 24 -8 Frontal Lobe (R) Inferior Frontal Gyrus 47 FT9 -50 -6 -36 Temporal Lobe (L) Inferior Temporal Gyrus 20 FT7 -54 2 -8 Temporal Lobe (L) Superior Temporal Gyrus 22 FC5 -56 4 22 Frontal Lobe (L) Precentral Gyrus 6 FC3 -44 6 48 Frontal Lobe (L) Middle Frontal Gyrus 6 FC1 -22 6 64 Frontal Lobe (L) Middle Frontal Gyrus 6 FCz 4 6 66 Frontal Lobe (R) Medial Frontal Gyrus 6 FC2 28 8 60 Frontal Lobe (R) Sub-Gyral 6 FC4 48 8 42 Frontal Lobe (R) Middle Frontal Gyrus 6 FC6 58 6 16 Frontal Lobe (R) Inferior Frontal Gyrus 44 FT8 54 2 -12 Temporal Lobe (R) Superior Temporal Gyrus 38 FT10 50 -6 -38 Temporal Lobe (R) Inferior Temporal Gyrus 20 T7/T3 -
Cortical Parcellation Protocol
CORTICAL PARCELLATION PROTOCOL APRIL 5, 2010 © 2010 NEUROMORPHOMETRICS, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. PRINCIPAL AUTHORS: Jason Tourville, Ph.D. Research Assistant Professor Department of Cognitive and Neural Systems Boston University Ruth Carper, Ph.D. Assistant Research Scientist Center for Human Development University of California, San Diego Georges Salamon, M.D. Research Dept., Radiology David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA WITH CONTRIBUTIONS FROM MANY OTHERS Neuromorphometrics, Inc. 22 Westminster Street Somerville MA, 02144-1630 Phone/Fax (617) 776-7844 neuromorphometrics.com OVERVIEW The cerebral cortex is divided into 49 macro-anatomically defined regions in each hemisphere that are of broad interest to the neuroimaging community. Region of interest (ROI) boundary definitions were derived from a number of cortical labeling methods currently in use. Protocols from the Laboratory of Neuroimaging at UCLA (LONI; Shattuck et al., 2008), the University of Iowa Mental Health Clinical Research Center (IOWA; Crespo-Facorro et al., 2000; Kim et al., 2000), the Center for Morphometric Analysis at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH-CMA; Caviness et al., 1996), a collaboration between the Freesurfer group at MGH and Boston University School of Medicine (MGH-Desikan; Desikan et al., 2006), and UC San Diego (Carper & Courchesne, 2000; Carper & Courchesne, 2005; Carper et al., 2002) are specifically referenced in the protocol below. Methods developed at Boston University (Tourville & Guenther, 2003), Brigham and Women’s Hospital (McCarley & Shenton, 2008), Stanford (Allan Reiss lab), the University of Maryland (Buchanan et al., 2004), and the University of Toyoma (Zhou et al., 2007) were also consulted. The development of the protocol was also guided by the Ono, Kubik, and Abernathy (1990), Duvernoy (1999), and Mai, Paxinos, and Voss (Mai et al., 2008) neuroanatomical atlases. -
Neural Correlates of Strategic Memory Retrieval: Differentiating Between Spatial-Associative and Temporal-Associative Strategies
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by MPG.PuRe r Human Brain Mapping 29:1068–1079 (2008) r Neural Correlates of Strategic Memory Retrieval: Differentiating Between Spatial-Associative and Temporal-Associative Strategies Mischa de Rover,1* Karl Magnus Petersson,1 Sieberen P. van der Werf,2 Alexander R. Cools,3 Hans J. Berger,2 and Guille´n Ferna´ndez1,4 1F.C. Donders Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands 2Department of Medical Psychology, University Medical Centre Nijmegen, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands 3Department of Psychoneuropharmacology, University Medical Centre Nijmegen, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands 4Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Nijmegen, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands Abstract: Remembering complex, multidimensional information typically requires strategic memory re- trieval, during which information is structured, for instance by spatial- or temporal associations. Although brain regions involved in strategic memory retrieval in general have been identified, differences in re- trieval operations related to distinct retrieval strategies are not well-understood. Thus, our aim was to identify brain regions whose activity is differentially involved in spatial-associative and temporal-associa- tive retrieval. First, we showed that our behavioral paradigm probing memory for a set of object-location associations promoted the use of a spatial-associative structure following an encoding condition -
Functional Connectivity of the Precuneus in Unmedicated Patients with Depression
Biological Psychiatry: CNNI Archival Report Functional Connectivity of the Precuneus in Unmedicated Patients With Depression Wei Cheng, Edmund T. Rolls, Jiang Qiu, Deyu Yang, Hongtao Ruan, Dongtao Wei, Libo Zhao, Jie Meng, Peng Xie, and Jianfeng Feng ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The precuneus has connectivity with brain systems implicated in depression. METHODS: We performed the first fully voxel-level resting-state functional connectivity (FC) neuroimaging analysis of depression of the precuneus, with 282 patients with major depressive disorder and 254 control subjects. RESULTS: In 125 unmedicated patients, voxels in the precuneus had significantly increased FC with the lateral orbitofrontal cortex, a region implicated in nonreward that is thereby implicated in depression. FC was also increased in depression between the precuneus and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, temporal cortex, and angular and supramarginal areas. In patients receiving medication, the FC between the lateral orbitofrontal cortex and precuneus was decreased back toward that in the control subjects. In the 254 control subjects, parcellation revealed superior anterior, superior posterior, and inferior subdivisions, with the inferior subdivision having high connectivity with the posterior cingulate cortex, parahippocampal gyrus, angular gyrus, and prefrontal cortex. It was the ventral subdivision of the precuneus that had increased connectivity in depression with the lateral orbitofrontal cortex and adjoining inferior frontal gyrus. CONCLUSIONS: The findings support the theory that the system in the lateral orbitofrontal cortex implicated in the response to nonreceipt of expected rewards has increased effects on areas in which the self is represented, such as the precuneus. This may result in low self-esteem in depression. The increased connectivity of the precuneus with the prefrontal cortex short-term memory system may contribute to the rumination about low self-esteem in depression. -
Anatomy of Cerebral Hemispheres Doctors Notes Notes/Extra Explanation Please View Our Editing File Before Studying This Lecture to Check for Any Changes
Color Code Important Anatomy of Cerebral Hemispheres Doctors Notes Notes/Extra explanation Please view our Editing File before studying this lecture to check for any changes. Objectives At the end of the lecture, the students should be able to: List the parts of the cerebral hemisphere (cortex, medulla, basal nuclei, lateral ventricle). Describe the subdivision of a cerebral hemisphere into lobes. List the important sulci and gyri of each lobe. Describe different types of fibers in cerebral medulla (association, projection and commissural) and give example of each type. Cerebrum Extra Corpus callosum o Largest part of the forebrain. ( makes up 2 / 3 rd weight off all brain) (recall: the forebrain gives the cerebral hemispheres and the diencephalon) o Divided into two halves, the cerebral hemispheres (right and left), which are separated Left hemisphere Right hemisphere by a deep median longitudinal fissure which lodges the falx cerebri*. o In the depth of the fissure, the hemispheres are connected by a bundle of fibers called the corpus callosum. *It is a large, crescent- shaped fold of meningeal layer of dura Median longitudinal fissure mater that descends vertically in the longitudinal fissure between the cerebral Extra Extra hemispheres Cerebrum Buried within the white matter Cerebral Hemispheres lie a number of nuclear masses The structure of cerebral hemipheres includes: (caudate, putamen, globus pallidus) collectively known as the basal ganglia. WM Deeper to the cortex, axons running to and from the cells of the cortex form an extensive mass of white matter (WM). Contains synapses (50 trillion) WM Superficial layer of grey matter, the cerebral cortex. -
SAY: Welcome to Module 1: Anatomy & Physiology of the Brain. This
12/19/2018 11:00 AM FOUNDATIONAL LEARNING SYSTEM 092892-181219 © Johnson & Johnson Servicesv Inc. 2018 All rights reserved. 1 SAY: Welcome to Module 1: Anatomy & Physiology of the Brain. This module will strengthen your understanding of basic neuroanatomy, neurovasculature, and functional roles of specific brain regions. 1 12/19/2018 11:00 AM Lesson 1: Introduction to the Brain The brain is a dense organ with various functional units. Understanding the anatomy of the brain can be aided by looking at it from different organizational layers. In this lesson, we’ll discuss the principle brain regions, layers of the brain, and lobes of the brain, as well as common terms used to orient neuroanatomical discussions. 2 SAY: The brain is a dense organ with various functional units. Understanding the anatomy of the brain can be aided by looking at it from different organizational layers. (Purves 2012/p717/para1) In this lesson, we’ll explore these organizational layers by discussing the principle brain regions, layers of the brain, and lobes of the brain. We’ll also discuss the terms used by scientists and healthcare providers to orient neuroanatomical discussions. 2 12/19/2018 11:00 AM Lesson 1: Learning Objectives • Define terms used to specify neuroanatomical locations • Recall the 4 principle regions of the brain • Identify the 3 layers of the brain and their relative location • Match each of the 4 lobes of the brain with their respective functions 3 SAY: Please take a moment to review the learning objectives for this lesson. 3 12/19/2018 11:00 AM Directional Terms Used in Anatomy 4 SAY: Specific directional terms are used when specifying the location of a structure or area of the brain.