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Wind Power Technologies: a Need for Research and Development In Eastern Illinois University The Keep Faculty Research & Creative Activity Technology, School of April 2011 Wind Power Technologies: A Need for Research and Development in Improving VAWT’s Airfoil Characteristics Rigoberto Chinchilla Eastern Illinois University, [email protected] Samuel Guccione Eastern Illinois University Joseph Tillman Eastern Illinois University Follow this and additional works at: http://thekeep.eiu.edu/tech_fac Part of the Technology and Innovation Commons Recommended Citation Chinchilla, Rigoberto; Guccione, Samuel; and Tillman, Joseph, "Wind Power Technologies: A Need for Research and Development in Improving VAWT’s Airfoil Characteristics" (2011). Faculty Research & Creative Activity. 9. http://thekeep.eiu.edu/tech_fac/9 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Technology, School of at The Keep. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Research & Creative Activity by an authorized administrator of The Keep. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Volume 27, Number 1 - January 2011 through March 2011 Wind Power Technologies: A Need for Research and Development in Improving VAWT’s Airfoil Characteristics By Dr. Rigoberto Chinchilla, Dr. Samuel Guccione, & Mr. Joseph Tillman Peer-Refereed Article Perspective Paper KEYWORD SEARCH Alternative Energy Electricity Energy Environmental Issues Machine Design The Official Electronic Publication of The Association of Technology, Management, and Applied Engineering • www.atmae.org © 2011 Journal of Industrial Technology • Volume 27, Number 1 • January 2011 through March 2011 • www.atmae.org Rigoberto Chin- chilla, PhD in Integrated En- Wind Power Technologies: gineering, Ohio University, is an Associate Pro- A Need for Research fessor of Applied Engineering and Technology at and Development in Eastern Illinois University (EIU) since 2004. His teaching and re- Improving VAWT’s Airfoil search interests include Quality design, Biometric and Computer Security, Clean Technologies and Automation. Characteristics Dr. Chinchilla has been a Fulbright and a By Dr. Rigoberto Chinchilla, Dr. Samuel Guccione, United Nations scholar, serves in numerous departmental and university committees at EIU & Mr. Joseph Tillman and has been awarded several research grants in his career. Dr. Chinchilla can be reached at Wind is a vast energy resource which [email protected]. ABSTRACT Straight bladed fixed pitched verti- is clean and renewable. By its inherent Dr. Sam Guccione cal axis wind turbines (VAWTs) offer nature, wind power has the potential is an Associate several potential advantages over the to reduce the environmental impact on Professor of Ap- wildlife and human health. Improve- plied Engineering standard horizontal axis wind turbines and Technology in which are now in common use world- ments in power electronics, materials, the Eastern Illinois wide. The purpose of this study was to and wind turbine designs allow produc- University (EIU) determine the need for further research tion to continually lower the cost of School of Tech- wind generated electricity making it nology. He has and develop on improved airfoil or been coordinator blade characteristics for use on straight today economically viable compared of the School’s bladed fixed pitched VAWT. This need with most other fossil fuels. Automation and Control labora- was demonstrated by the design and tory for the past construction of an airfoil that was phys- Most wind turbines are installed in 10 years where he taught robotics, automated ically modeled and field tested. The test locations where the minimum annual processes, industrial computers and human showed that asymmetric airfoils would average wind speeds are between 14.3 machine interface in process control. Prior to his and 15.7 mph. This range is known as appointment at EIU, Dr. Guccione was depart- enable SBVAWTs to self start. ment chair of Engineering Technology and an Class 3 winds. The consistency and occasional assistant dean for 26 years at Dela- INTRODUCTION speed of these breezes are major factors ware Technical and Community College, Dover. in locating wind turbine farms. Before his teaching career, he worked for 10 Wind is an abundant energy resource years at McDonnell-Douglas (now Boeing) and ultimately powered by the Sun. It is other companies as an electrical engineer in the estimated that approximately 3% of the MODERN WIND TURBINES US space program. He has degrees in Electrical Engineering from the University of Illinois Urbana- Sun’s thermal energy is transformed AND THEIR LIMITS Champaign and a doctorate in education from into wind energy. Recent studies show The majority of wind turbine design Temple University, Philadelphia. that current wind technology operat- currently focuses on the horizontal axis ing only in Class 3 wind locations is wind turbines (HAWTs). Today, more M r . J o s e p h capable of producing approximately T i l l m a n , P E than 90% of wind turbines in use are of serves as Direc- 72 terawatts of electricity (Stanford HAWT design (Vieira da Rosa, 2009). tor of Sustainabil- Report, 2005). This is forty times the Modern HAWTs are currently favored ity and campus amount of electrical power annually for electrical generation for several engineer at Lake Land College in consumed worldwide and this clean reasons. First, the arrangement of the Mattoon, IL. He power source is just beginning to be blades allows nearly their full area earned his BSEE tapped on a large scale. swept to always be interacting with from Southern Il- the breeze. This maximum exposure linois University at Carbondale Wind energy is developing into a to the wind improves the coefficient of and is a licensed major alternative energy source. Over performance (Cp) of modern HAWTs. Illinois profes- 159,000 megawatts of wind generation Modern HAWTs have low blade solid- sional engineer. He is extensively involved in alternative energy projects and is completing were operational by the end of 2009 ity which is the ratio of blade area to graduate studies at Eastern Illinois University in with 38,312 megawatts added in 2009 the actual swept area. This aids the Charleston, IL. alone (World Wind Energy Association, blades or airfoils in the production of 2010).The reasons for this growth are lift. Though very successful, the mod- straightforward. 2 Journal of Industrial Technology • Volume 27, Number 1 • January 2011 through March 2011 • www.atmae.org ern HAWT is not without criticisms or Finally, there are three technical issues Figure 1: A Homemade Savonius Wind weaknesses. that demonstrate the limitations point Turbine (Courtesy of authors) of HAWT design. First, HAWTs cannot A very common objection to wind farm operate in high winds. Generally, the development is the rhythmic noise from large turbines must yaw or turn their the rotation of the blades. Sources of blades out of the wind and apply a this noise can vary from trailing edge brake when wind speeds reach above blade noise relating to turbulence to the 25 m/s or about 55 mph. Unfortunately, effect of unsteady loading noise caused the power available in any wind is di- by the change in wind velocity which rectly proportion to the velocity of the is due to the presence of the tower and wind cubed so many large turbines are mechanical noise from the gearbox and unable to harness this power. HAWTs yawing mechanism (Wagner, Bareib, operate best on rolling hills, in moun- and Guidati, 1996). Empirical evidence tain passes, or offshore where there are shows that common large commercial few obstructions. HAWTs are not de- HAWTs can output sound pressure lev- signed for the turbulent winds found in els ranging from 58 dBA to 109 dBA urban environments. Finally, the size of (Rogers, Manwell, and Wright, 2006). the HAWT is reaching an upper limit. The lower end of the range is often Massive 5 MW wind turbines with just above ambient noise sound pres- blade diameters of 126 m (over 400 ft) sure levels in some rural environments currently hold the title as the largest generally less than 1. Figure 1 shows a and the sound pressure level drops off wind turbines. Though this is not the student built Savonius wind turbine. rapidly with distance. maximum structural or material limit, an end is in sight (Marsh, 2005). It is According to Johnson (1985), a well A second common objection concerns doubtful that reliable 10 MW HAWTs built Savonius style wind turbine has the aesthetics of large HAWTs. Though will ever be built. In light of all these a coefficient of performance of around this topic is subjective by nature, it is criticisms and disadvantages, a renewed 0.30 which is considered useful and often a very important issue during the interest has been shown in vertical axis reasonably efficient but its low tip planning stage of wind farm develop- wind turbines, VAWTs. speed ratio makes it better suited for ment. Many landowners fear that their the operation of mechanical pumps. property values will decrease if a wind VERTICAL AXIS WIND Savonius VAWTs have two advantages farm is built near their property. Part TURBINES in that they are simple and inexpensive of this fear is reduced by the $3,000- Vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs) to construct and are self-starting, even $5,000 annual lease that many rural are the lesser known type of wind tur- in low wind speeds. landowners receive per turbine installed bine. In VAWT designs, the air scoops upon their property. or airfoils rotate perpendicular to the In 1931, Georges Darrieus patented his direction of the wind. As Gipe (2004) VAWT in the United States (Bernhoff, Some criticism has been brought about notes, there are two principle designs Eriksson, and Leijon, 2006). Instead of wind technology and the danger to avi- of VAWTs, the Savonius type and the cups catching the wind, the Darrieus an species. Much of this concern stems Darrieus type though there are several model uses either two or three curved from early wind farm construction in configurations of the Darrieus type.
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