Application of a broad spectrum of sciences and technologiesapplication to ofinvestigate a broad and spectrum establish facts of sciences related to ecologyand technologies to investigate & establish facts related to ecology

Michelle F. Bowman https://sites.google.com/site/michellefbowman/home

• Evolution of environmental stressors has changed the role of applied ecology • Contemporary environmental indicators should be diagnostic of specific stressors • Need for national frameworks to diagnose cause in multiple-stressor situations Classic Stressors

nutrient poor

nutrient rich course substrate

fine substrate Contemporary Stressors

e.g., Contemporary evolution - heritable trait evolution observed in contemporary time (i.e., less that a few hundred generations, decades instead of 1000s or 100,000y) e.g., Nacci et al. 2009

Classic Classic + Contemporary Stressors Stressors

Ecosystem A Ecosystem B

Ecosystem B ??? • Less predictable effects • Larger spatial extent • Faster temporal changes • Multiple stressors ent sm ses • Less predictable effects k as nts Ris eme • Larger spatial extent agre bal Glo ers • Faster temporal changes arri ial b Soc • Multiple stressors ation ritiz Prio t men ess ass ts • State level of certainty isk men R ree ag bal • Broader significance Glo ers barri • Interdisciplinarity ial Soc ation • Assigning cause(s) ritiz Prio

Forensecology – application of a broad spectrum of sciences and technologies to investigate and establish facts related to ecology Physiological sciences: Forensic anthropology, Forensic archaeology Forensic odontology, Forensic entomology, Forensic pathology, Forensic botany, Forensic biology, DNA profiling, Bloodstain pattern analysis Forensic chemistry, Forensic osteology Social sciences: Forensic psychology, Forensic psychiatry Forensic criminalistics: Ballistics Ballistic fingerprinting, Body identification, Fingerprint analysis Forensic accounting, Forensic arts, Forensic footwear evidence Forensic toxicology, Glove print analysis, Questioned document examination, Vein matching Digital forensics: Computer forensics Database forensics, Mobile device forensics, Network forensics Forensic video, Forensic audio Related disciplines: Fire investigation Detection of fire accelerants, Forensic engineering, Forensic linguistics Forensic materials engineering, Forensic polymer engineering Vehicular accident reconstruction Traditional indicators of Forensic / diagnostic aquatic ecosystem stress indicators of stress

Traditional indicators of Forensic / diagnostic aquatic ecosystem stress indicators of stress Nutrient concentrations

Algal abundance

Mayfly abundance Traditional indicators of Forensic / diagnostic aquatic ecosystem stress indicators of stress Nutrient concentrations Enzyme activity

Algal abundance Bioassays

Mayfly abundance Stoichiometry APAAPA

P EnzymeEnzyme ActivityActivity (APA)(APA)

InIn SituSitu BioassaysBioassays (NDS)(NDS) && MesocomsMesocoms

Phosphorus)Phosphorus) (Carbon:(Carbon: Nitrogen:Nitrogen: StoichiometryStoichiometry 40 upstream Pre-filter 3km downstream 35 10km downstream upgrade 30

(ug/L) 25 a 20 P

15

Chlorophyll Chlorophyll 10

5

0 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Many existing examples across disciplines Novel tools being developed using single stressors Forensecology – consistent with key components of multiple stressor diagnosis and cumulative effects assessment (e.g., as presenting multiple lines of evidence relevant to public stakeholders)

Advocates ‘diagnostic approaches using new technologies’ including: biological traits stable isotopes experiments monitoring genetic tools standards • discussion of extinction rates & climate change as well as nutrients, alien species • approaches also included (current & paleo.) taxonomy & traits and experiments • ‘few studies have explicitly untangled the effects of multiple stressors’ • need for greater stakeholder involvement Ecosystem ???

Ecosystem B framework

Organizational Organizational Ecosystem A Causal Analysis/Diagnosis Decision Information System

http://www.epa.gov/caddis/si_home.html http://www.ewater.com.au/products/ewater-toolkit/eco-tools/eco-evidence/ Managing Aquatic ecosystem & water Resources under multiple Stress Apply existing tools (e.g., multivariate modeling) Develop new tools (e.g., stressor-specific signatures) framework Organizational Organizational Research Collaborators:

Andrea Kirkwood et al., UOIT

Environmental Effects Monitoring, EC

Sue Norton et al., US EPA Eco Evidence Language

• Citation • Study content • Linkage • Study Design • Results

How could your research contribute?

https://sites.google.com/site/michellefbowman/home