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A Sociological Study of Certain Aspects of Ethnocentrism, with Special Reference - l - A Sociological Study of Certain Aspects of Ethnocentrism, with special reference to the National Socialist Doctrines. - ii - A sociological study of certain aspect s of Ethnocentrism, with special reference to the National Socialist Doctrines. by David Llewelyn Jones, B.A., (S . A . ) (B.A. Hons.,) (P.U.) Diss ertation presented in partial fulfilment of the degree M A G I S T E R A R T I U M in the Department of Sociology and Social Work of the Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education. Leader: Professor J.P . van der Walt, M. A. , D .PHIL. (P.U.) POTCHEFSTROOM. June, 1965. - iii- To my p a rent s - i v - P R E F A C E To attempt a s tudy o f this n a t r e i t i s essential that a n ex ternal impetus t o ones e l f be cons tant ~y avai l abl e . Thi encour a gement ha s been supplied to no s mall degree by my l eader Pro£ . J . P . van der Walt , the head of the Department of Sociology and Social Work in the Potchefstroom Univer sity £or Christian Higher Education. I acknowl edge him a s the driving force behind my s tudy , without whos e wise couns el this thes is woul d not have been pos sibl e . Any study of ethnocentris m must be c ontras ted with one' s own thoughts , beliefs and u pbringing; and as a minis ter of the Methodist Church I bel ieve that every sphere of s tudy ought t o be sub j ect t o Chr i s tia n principles and methods - s ince the p u r s uit o f s cie nce involves both principl e and method - c on sequently I have approached the concept of ethnocentris m in a scientific n ormative ma nner with the f u nda menta l tenets of the Ho ly Scriptures as the bas ic phi losophy of life on which the val ue- judgements of this thes i are b ased . I have found without e x ception, encoura gement , hel pfulness and unders tanding at the Po tchefs troom University £or Christia n Higher Educa tion . In t rue academic tradition of free dis c uss i on a nd learning , my contacts a s an English speaking student in a predominan l y Afrikaan s -v- speaking University, have been more than cordial and at all times stimulating . Furthermore, I should like to express my appreciation to Professo r A.J.E. Sorgdrager, who , as a friend, introduced me to this university, and whose suggestion it was that I further my studies here . Professor Sorgdrager, as an ex-ser·, :. ceman in the Allied Forces during the Second World War, is well aware of the dangers of ethnocentri sm, and I am indebted to him, not only £or his friendship, but also £or certain practical suggestions in the writing of this thes is . My thanks are expressed to Mr. W.N . Jones and the Rev. Dr. J.B. Webb, £or their time ~onsuming labour in editing the original manuscript and £or their invaluable suggestions . I also wish t o thank the s taff of the Univers ity Library £or all their assistance and help. To Mrs. Jos : Berks, I add a special word of thanks for the typing done under difficult circumstances. To my wife and family I am unable to express f ully my sincerest appreciation for their continued encourage­ ment, love and understand during this period of study. DEO GLORIA David L. Jones, 17, Luke Street, Potchefs troom. - Vl - C O N T E N T S GENERAL INTRODUCTION . 1 1- The motivating £actor 1 2- The Aim and Purpose of this study 4 3- The divisions of this study 5 4- The positive emphasis of the purpose 7 Chapter I. CERTAIN BASIC ASPECTS OF THE CONCEPT OF --------------------------------ETHNOCENTRISM 12 1- Introduction: Social proces ses defined . 12 2- Social groups defined. 16 3- Involuntary, voluntary and delegated groups 17 4- Primary and secondary groups . 17 5- Groupings: territorial, interest conscious with , and without organisation 18 6- Groups and Culture: their characteristics and connotation with ethnocentrism 19 a- Attitudes and Interests 19 b- Culture and Biology 22 c- Race: ethnos and ethos 24 7- Terminology . 31 a- The Elite 31 b- The In-group or the We - group 32 c- The Out- group or the They- group 33 d- The Idea of Election 36 8- Conclusions . 37 - vii - Chapter II. THE BASIC HISTORICAL ROOTS OF ETHNOCENTRISM. 1- Introduction . 2- The Community 3- The Nation 4- The Chosen Nation 5- The Elect Community 6- Religious Ethnocentrism 7- The Idea of Race 8- Conclusions Chapter III. THE GERMAN PHILOSOPHERS AND THE CONCEPT OF ETHNOCENTRISM. 63 1- Introduction 63 2- J . G. Fichte 64 3- G . W.F. Hegel 65 4- H. von Treitschke 66 5- F . Nietzsche . 68 6- Anti-semitism 72 7- The Arrogant Racialists 74 a- J.A. de Gobineau 74 b- H.S . Chamberlain 75 8- Conclusions 77 Chapter IV . THE BASIC ETHNOCENTRIC THEOR IES OF THE NAZIS . 81 1- Introduction 81 2 - The Beginnings 82 3- The Ethnocentrism of Adolf Hitler 87 a- The In-group feeling 87 b- The Out-group feeling 92 - viii - 4- The Ethnocentrism of Alfred Rosenberg 103 5- Ethnocentrism as a Religion 109 6- The Ethnocentrism of Heinrich Himmler II5 7- Conclusions ... 120 Chapter V. THE BASIC SOCIOLOGICAL PROCESSES WITHIN _____________________GERMAN ETHNOCENTRISM. ..:..,_________ _ 124 I- Introduction . 124 2- The Process of Social Environment . 126 3- The Process of Culture . 132 4- The Process of Socio-Religion 139 5- The Process of Socio-Politics 143 6- Cone lusions . I6I Chapter VI. THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE SOCIAL PROCESSES WITHIN GERMAN ETHNOCENTRISM. 164 I- Introduction 164 2- Herrenvolk. 165 3- Fuhrer-prinzip 168 4- Blut und Eisen I7I 5- Conslusions 175 BIB~IOGRAPHY . ...... 182 -ix- F O R E W O R D Since the subject matter of this thesis is the theory 0£ ethnocentrism in National Socialist Germany, with an emphasis upon the theory and not upon its appli­ cation, it is natural that the primary s ources employed will be first of all the theories of Adolf Hitler as ex­ pressed in his own writings - Mein Kamp£ , his Speeches and Conversations - and not upon secondary German sources . Secondly, the accounts 0£ the Nuremberg Trial Documents have been extensively consulted , rather than contemporary or even Neo-Nazi authors. All other authorities consulted have already been translated into Englis h and therefore, £or the sake of consistency, all quotations from both the writings 0£ Adolf Hitler and the Nuremberg Trial Documents have also been translated into English . In the second place the existence of the Sociology 0£ Religion as a branch 0£ the Science of Sociology is un­ questioned, and it is in this sphere that the subject of this thesis £alls. Therefore a detailed examination as to the content, field and justification of the Sociology of Religion is considered as irrelevant to this study. Insofar as Religion deals with mans relationship with man as well as his relationship with God, and insofar as the subject matter of Sociology is the study 0£ society, the two sciences are complementary. The key word £or the understanding not only 0£ this thesis but also 0£ the Sociology of Religion, is weltanschauung~ which is an outlook on the world as an organic unity in which all society, human values, cul ture, religion, politics, economics are to be viewed as an entity. -x- Therefore, the life and world view that is emphasised by a particular religion could be likened to a weltan- · schauung; Socialism could be called a weltanschauung, and National Socialism is definitely a weltanschauung. The 1 great Gere£ormeerd theologian, R. Kooistra ) and the British educationalist, W.G. Peck2 >, are in complete agreement as to the complementary roles of Sociology and Religion as exemplified in the Sociology of Religion. Thus the content of this thesis with its emphasis upon the idea of election (to use a Theological term) or ethno­ centrism (to use a Sociological term) from beginning to end lies within the scope of the Sociology of Religion, and must be approached by the categories of that part­ icular science and none other. Finally, the extreme and radical theory of ethno­ centrism that is the subject matter 0£ this thesis will be examined objectively and £actually only from the stand- point of the Science of Sociology. However, if it appears that a value-judgement is being made upon the morality of the theory, that is not the purpose 0£ this thesis, and the value-judgement is inherent in the theories themselves. Just as no structure 0£ society may be studied apart from its £unction within society, so no theory of society may be be studied without the value-judgement upon the worth 0£ the theory to soc~ety being made plain. 1) Kooistra, R:. - De Gere£ormeede Theoloog en de Sociologie, T. Never, Franeker, 1955. 2) Peck, W.G. - An Outline pf Christian Sociology, J. Clarke : London, 1 <;,L~B . - 1 - 1 - INTRODUCTION When considering the many problems of this study which aris e from a certain life and world view due t o a principled basis 0£ s ystematic thought , many ques tions can be advanced; what mis carriage of the principle of caus ation enabled a great people - one that had produced s uch names a s Johann Sebas tian Bach, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Albert Einstein £or wor l d accla im - t o ta_ e a journey into barbari s m, a nd acclaim s uch a s Heinrich Himmler, Adolf Eichmann and Ils e Koch as the ideals 0£ the new order 0£ s ociety? By what s trange alchemy in society's laboratory were the noble activities 0£ Wurttemberg, Augsburg and Heidelberg transformed into t he bes tiality 0£ Au s chwitz , Buchenwald and Be lsen? What caus ed a great modern nation to take a pilgrimage into such savagery, unleashing upon the human scene the most horrible night- mare that mankind has yet been called upon to endure? Historically , wars between cultures have ex- i s ted in Central Europe from Neanderthal times , but in the decade between 1934 and 1945 , according to the most cons ervative calcul ations, about 25 million soldier s were 1 ki l led in the war of the Nazis .
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