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Fatherhood and the Family Community in the Nazi Schutzstaffel Amy Beth Carney

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Fatherhood and the Family Community in the Nazi Schutzstaffel Amy Beth Carney Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2010 Victory in the Cradle: Fatherhood and the Family Community in the Nazi Schutzstaffel Amy Beth Carney Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES VICTORY IN THE CRADLE: FATHERHOOD AND THE FAMILY COMMUNITY IN THE NAZI SCHUTZSTAFFEL By AMY BETH CARNEY A Dissertation submitted to the Department of History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Degree Awarded: Summer Semester, 2010 Copyright © 2010 Amy Beth Carney All Rights Reserve The members of the committee approve the dissertation of Amy Beth Carney defended on April 27, 2010. __________________________________ Nathan Stoltzfus Professor Directing Dissertation __________________________________ Birgit Maier-Katkin University Representative __________________________________ Matt Childs Committee Member __________________________________ Fritz Davis Committee Member __________________________________ Robert Gellately Committee Member __________________________________ Jonathan Grant Committee Member The Graduate School has verified and approved the above-named committee members. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I owe a debt of gratitude to a number of people who supported me throughout my doctoral program. Without their assistance, I could have never completed this work. I am extremely grateful for the guidance of my advisor, Dr. Nathan Stoltzfus. His encouragement meant a great deal to me, and I know that I am a better scholar and historian due to his mentorship. I am also very appreciative of the support provided to me by each member of my committee: Dr. Matt Childs, Dr. Fritz Davis, Dr. Robert Gellately, Dr. Jonathan Grant, and Dr. Birgit Maier-Katkin. In addition, I could not have finished my dissertation without the support of my friends and family. I am especially indebted to Dr. Stephanie Laffer whose friendship (not to mention editing skills) will always be invaluable to me, and I could not have completed this project without the love and encouragement of my parents John and Phyllis Carney. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ................................................................................................ v 1. Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................... 1 2. Chapter 2: The ―wellborn‖ science: Eugenics in a German context ............... 22 3. Chapter 3: ―My honor is called loyalty‖: The foundation of the new German aristocracy ...................................................................... 47 4. Chapter 4: ―The future belongs to us‖: The engagement and marriage command and the instigation of eugenic selection in the SS ....... 73 5. Chapter 5: ―Child-rich families for all the future‖: The establishment of the SS family community .................................................................. 106 6. Chapter 6: ―Every war is a bloodletting of the best blood‖: Sustaining the family community during the Second World War ................. 144 7. Chapter 7: ―The spirit of the SS‖: Das Schwarze Korps and public discourse on family and fatherhood ............................................................. 187 8. Chapter 8: Without ―a healthy flock of children‖: Assessing SS population politics and the family community .............................................. 222 9. Chapter 9: Conclusion..................................................................................... 260 APPENDICES ................................................................................................ 265 A Appendix A: Numerical development of the entire SS ........................ 265 B Appendix B: Rank comparisons ........................................................... 266 C Appendix C: SS Command – A – Nr. 65 (The Engagement and Marriage Command) .................................................................... 268 D Appendix D: On Relations and Family ................................................. 269 E Appendix E: Family Announcements ................................................... 273 REFERENCES ................................................................................................ 275 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH 328 iv ABSTRACT Racial superiority was deeply embedded in the philosophy and world-view of National Socialism. It was also a key tenet within the Nazi SS (Schutzstaffel), as possessing a superior Nordic racial lineage became a crucial criterion for admission to the organization by the early 1930‘s. With this racial basis, the SS was posed to serve as a new aristocracy in the fledgling Third Reich. However, this service was only to be the beginning. The leader of the SS, Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler, desired that his elite corps not only serve Adolf Hitler‘s Reich in the present, but perpetually in the future as well. To achieve this goal, he created an ambitious plan to use his SS men as a starting point from which he could establish a larger SS family community (Sippengemeinschaft). To realize this aspiration, the wives and children of SS men also had to be vetted in order to prove their biological and hereditary worth. An entire process was created to oversee the development of the SS Sippengemeinschaft as both a biological and a cultural entity, with the vast majority of it managed by the SS Race and Settlement Main Office (Rasse- und Siedlungshauptamt). This administrative oversight of family life, and in particular the promotion and regulation of fatherhood among SS men, represented one method through which the SS leadership wanted its elite cadre to reshape societal and familial norms, thus having these men and their families serve as the racial and biological vanguard of the Nazi Reich. However, the means used to attempt to achieve this goal were not unique to the SS, the Nazi party, or even to Germany. The vast majority of the measures implemented in the SS to encourage SS men to marry racially suitable women, to father racially healthy children, and therefore to create the ideal SS family community were based on ideas which had been existed for decades as part of a then-valid science, eugenics. Eugenicists, especially those in Germany, Britain, and the United States, had wanted to find a humane means of selection to improve the quantity and quality of their respective populations. Based on their class, racial, religious, or national bias, they wanted to limit benignly the reproduction of certain people while strongly encouraging other people to have more children. However, while many scientists and physicians advocated a wide variety of measures, eugenics had been nothing more than scientific rhetoric in the late nineteenth and early v twentieth centuries, particualrly when it came to using this science to promote the birth of ―wellborn‖ children. That changed in the 1930‘s as among the people who saw value in positive eugenics was Heinrich Himmler. He sought to reshape the SS and to construct a family community within the organization by selectively employing the eugenic ideals which best suited his needs. Therefore, what Himmler and the SS, particularly the Race and Settlement Main Office, attempted to do was to turn rhetoric into reality by applying eugenic ideals. By investigating fatherhood and the family community in the SS, this work contributes to several historiographies. First, it contributes to a stronger understanding of the SS. It evaluates how the construction and implementation of a racial ideology facilitated the burgeoning bureaucracy of the SS, especially in the offices responsible for promoting and supporting families. This research analyzes the notion of the SS as an elite community, both the ideology and the reality of this ideal. In particular, it examines how the SS leadership sought to have its men willingly comply with its racial notions instead of obliging them to obey through force as well as allowed selective compliance from SS men, particularly during the Second World War. Consequently, this dissertation explores why, if the ideal of developing eugenically healthy families represented a goal of the SS, SS leaders permitted their men leeway in their personal decisions and how this tolerance defined the organization‘s familial ideology. Second, as this endeavor by the SS to foster an elite community was an application of eugenics, it was the first attempt to implement this scientific rhetoric in a positive manner. Therefore, this work adds to the literature which examines the role of the biological sciences in the Third Reich. Third, it engages historical research which focuses on family life in the Third Reich as well as in the postwar era and provides a stronger understanding of the role of the father within the family. Fourth, this research addresses sexual politics in Nazi Germany, specifically how the SS attempted to reconceptualize the purpose and value of sex in order to create its family community. vi CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ―If you, my dear Annie, have this letter in your hands, I am no more.‖1 With these words, SS-Obersturmbannführer Hermann S. began his final letter to his wife. He continued by acknowledging that the news of his death would sadden her and that their children would not know how to cope with their own feelings. Writing in the middle of the Second World War, Hermann stated that he hoped he had fallen in the field with a weapon in his hands, fighting
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