sign in sign up
<<
Home , Kama

INTERNATIONAL AYURVEDIC MEDICAL JOURNAL

International Ayurvedic Medical Journal, (ISSN: 2320 5091) (October, 2017) 5(10)

PHYSIOLOGICAL STUDY OF SHUKRA DHATU- A REVIEW

Sanjay Kumar Shahu1, Ajay2, Gugulothu Ramesh3, HemrajMeena4

1,2,3PG Scholar (Ay), 4M.D. Ph.D. (Ay), Associate Professor; P.G. Department of SharirKriya, National Institute of , Jaipur, Rajasthan, India

Email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT Individual is consists of three Dosha , seven Dhatu and three Mala which are the primary basic of living body.Shukra Dhatu is considered as best among all seven Dhatus. Shukra is white, pure, excellent Dhatu which is lacated in entirebody. Sperm along with spermatic fluid and male sex hormones are also one part of Shukradhatu. Shukra is Saumya which is derived from Jala Mahabhu- ta and counted as a Kapha Vargiya . It possesses Shadrasa. Quantity of the Shukra Dhatu is Ardha (½) Anjali in human body. Nearly one month is required for metamorphosis of Ahara into Shukra Dhatu. Main function of Shukra Dhatu is Garbhotpadana (reproduction) Vitiation of Shukradhatu shows Shukradhatudusti (pathology) in the form of Vriddhi (hyper state) Kshaya (wan- ing). This vitiation may leads to male infertility. So it is an important entity in context to reproduc- tion.

Keywords: Shukradhatu, Semen, Reproduction

INTRODUCTION Shukra is the substance which is responsible tion of Shukra. Garbha is formed by fusion of for all systemic body activities including Shukra and Artava1. This main function of metabolic functions and part of which comes Shukra is attributed to spermatozoa. While out of the body at the time of sexual act and enumerating Shukra Pradoshaja , it has performs specific functions of reproduction. It been stated that, the vitiation of Shukra ham- is the product of four proto elements, , pers one’s fertilizing capacity. Shukra is , Aapaa nd Prithvi with all six Ra- Saumya2which is derived from Jala Mahabhu- sa.Shuddha Shukra resembles the ta but Charakacharya consider that Shukra physical properties of the seminal fluid. Garb- contain all the bhutas except Akash. All the- hottpadana i.e., fertilization is a prime func- four bhutas (Vayu, Agni, Prithvi and Am- Sanjay Kumar Shahu Et Al: Physiological Study Of Shukra Dhatu- A Review bu)individually share one fourth of the cursor to next and higher by the action of re- attributes of each of the Mahabhutas.Shukra is spective dhatvagni in it. So from Majja Dhatu, pittrija bhava3Shukra Dhatu is counted as a Shukra Dhatu is produced11. The mode of Kapha Vargiya Dravya according to Harivan- conversion of Ahara Rasa into Shukra is ex- shaPurana4 and also Vagbhata stated plained by these hypotheses namely – Shukra as Ashraya Sthana of Kapha Dosha.5. 1. Ksira-dadhi , Shukra Dhatu possesses Shadrasa6and one of 2. Khale-kapota Nyaya, Pranayatanas of Sharira7. Shukra is one and 3. Kedari-kulya Nyaya ultimate dhatu of body. Shukra is produced as 4. Eka-Kaal Dhatuposhana Nyaya result of successive evaluative metamorphosis of Ahara rasa. Quantity of the Shukra Dhatu The ingested ChaturvidhaAhara converts in to is Ardha (½) Anjali in human body as per Ahararasa after acting upon it by Jatharagni Acharya Charaka8but Acharya Bhela stated and Bhutagni. Then the action Dhatwagni that quantity of Shukra is Eka (1) Anjali9. starts. The former Dhatu gets converted and divided into two portions by the action of AIMS AND OBJECTIVES:- Dhatwagni. They are  To study methods of production of Shukra i) Prasada Bhaga Dhatu. ii) Kitta Bhaga  To study what is thecharacters and normal physiological function of Shukra Dhatu. KSHIRA-DADHI NYAYA According to this hypothesis, prior Dhatu is DISCUSSION completely transformed into the next Dhatu PRODUCTION OF SHUKRA FROM SO- like the milk is completely transformed into MA: curd, then curd into butter and thenbutter into As described earlier Bhautic origin of Shukra ghee. It is called Krama-Parinam Paksha also is considered to be or Jalamahabhuta10. because the formation of next Dhatu up to As Soma or Jala Mahabhuta is the predomi- Shukra Dhatu goes step by step and because nant basic element from which Kapha is de- the prior Dhatu transforms completely into the rived. So it can be said that Shukra has origi- next Dhatu so it is called Sarvaatma-Parinam nated from Jala or SomaMahabhuta Paksha also. After acting the Agni, two parts are formed - Prasad Bhag and Kitta Bhag. PRODUCTION OFSHUKRA FROM Firstly the Jatharagni acts on Ahara and forms AHARA RASA: Anna Rasa as the Prasad Bhag and Purisha Beginning from Rasa Dhatu upto Shukra all and Mutra as the Kitta Bhag. This Anna Rasa the Dhatu are produced in a fashion of pro- is processed by Rasa Dhatvagni and forms the 12 gressive evolutive metamorphosis. This means Prasada and Kitta Bhag. that Rasa Dhatu is basically produced from Now this Prasad Bhag is divided into Sthula Ahara Rasa which is ingested by the action of and Sukhsma Prasadansh. SthulaPrasadansh Jatharagni. Rasa Dhatu gets converted into nourishes the respective Dhatu - Rasa. Suksh- Rakta Dhatu and so on. Previous Dhatu is pre- ma Prasadansh nourishes the Upadhatu and

IAMJ: OCTOBER, 2017 3931 Sanjay Kumar Shahu Et Al: Physiological Study Of Shukra Dhatu- A Review forms the next Dhatu by its part resembling to site of formation of a Dhatu. So as far as that next Dhatu - Rakta. Now this next Dhatu the site of formation of a Dhatu is, the nourishing part of prior Dhatu is processed by path will also be lengthy and Anna Rasa the respective Dhatvagni and forms the Pra- will take more time to there and nourish sad and Kitta Bhaga. In this series when the that Dhatu. When the part of the Anna Ra- Shukradhatu resembling part of Shukshma sa resembling Shukra Dhatu reaches at the Prasadansh of Majja Dhatu is processed by site of Shukra formation through proper the ShukraDhatvagni, Prasada and Kitta Bha- channels, Shukra Dhatvagni acts upon it ga should be formed here. Because the Shukra and forms the shukra dhatu as described in is thelast and purest Dhatu of our body so only Kedari-Kulya Nyaya. Prasad Bhaga is formed which totally trans- EK-KAAL DHATU POSHANA NYAYA forms into Shukra Dhatu and no Kitta Bhaga Charaka and Vagbhatta says that the Aha- is formed here. ra Rasa is spread and distributed into the entire body at the same time, continuously KEDARI-KULYA NYAYA and always by the help of Vyan Vayu.13 According to this hypothesis, Anna Rasa Arundatta comments that all the seven reaches at the specific Dhatu formation site of Dhatus are nourished at the same time due a Dhatu and transformed into that respective to the entry of this Ahara Rasa into chan- Dhatu by action of respective Dhatvagni on it. nels of all seven Dhatus at the same time14 Pattern of reaching of Anna Rasa is like the pattern of a tributary ofcanal serving water to PRODUCTION OF SHUKRA FROM the field rows. It means which row is near to MAJJA DHATU: the tributary, water reaches there first. Like The highest stage to which food attains is the this, Anna Rasa nourishes Rasa Dhatu first semen. Shukra is the seventh and final Dhatu and then Rakta and so on. Shukra Dhatu is as a Sara (essence) of all Dhatu and produced nourished by the Anna Rasa lastly. Shukra in a progressive evolutive metamorphosis. Dhatu resembling part of the Anna Rasa is Shukra Dhatu derives from Prasada Bhaga of processed by Shukragni there and produces Majja Dhatu by the action of Shukra Dhat- Prasad Bhaga without producing Kitta Bhaga. vagni.15Vayu and Mahabhuta produce Now this Prasada bhaga nourishes the Shukra porosity in Asthi Dhatu. From this pores, Shu- Dhatu completely without forming any Upd- kra oozes out like water from a new earthen hatu. pot and spreads all over the body.16 On the basis of Dalhana Acharya’s commen- KHALE-KAPOTA NYAYA tary on Sushruta it is stated that Mastiska or When the pigeons return back to their Mastulunga is Majja,17 Prof. V. J. Thaker dwellings after feeding from field, every opines that brain and pituitary gland can be pigeon takes time according to the dis- taken as functional representative of Majja. tance between the field and their dwelling. The production of Shukra and secondary hair According to this hypothesis, there are dif- growth at particular age can be understood in ferent paths of the Anna Rasa to reach the this way. (Purushvichaya)

IAMJ: OCTOBER, 2017 3932 Sanjay Kumar Shahu Et Al: Physiological Study Of Shukra Dhatu- A Review

Dravya takes place in the Vrishana, the Mula TIME REQUIRED FOR PRODUCTION of the Shukravaha Srotasa. OF SHUKRA DHATU: The process of its explained metamorphorical- According to Acharya Sushruta nearly one ly in classics with following example - similar month is required for metamorphosis of Ahara to water coming out of wet cloth when Rasa into Shukra Dhatu.18ButParashara squeezed, Shukra comes out of man, out of its opines that eight days are enough for Shukra site during copulation between man and wom- Nirmana from the Ahara Rasa. Finally, an, because of Chesta, and Pidana. Acharya Vagbhata quoted all views of differ- Above these, Sankalpa is said to be Parama ent authors, either it may take twenty four (best) Vrishya by Acharya Charaka. hours or six days or one month.19Acharya Process of ejaculation is due to Cheshta ( Chakrapani has correlated all the above opi- play – physical stimulus) and Sankalpa (psy- nions and brought the concept according to the chological stimulus) of Stri and Purusha, fol- status of Dhatvagni. 20According to Acharya lowed by Harsha (Passionate for en- Chakrapani, if Dhatvagni is at optimum level, joyment) &Tarsha (longing for women or then process of Shukra production occurs at psychic excitement) of both; and Saratva speed of “Archi” (Fire) and produced within (fluidity), Pichchhilata (slimness), Gaurava eight days. If Dhatvagni is at moderate level, (heaviness), and most important is Anutva Shukra Nirmana takes place at the speed of (atomic ) and Pravanattva (tendency to “” (Sound) and produces Shukra Dha- move from higher to lower concentration) of tu within two to three weeks. And if Dhatvag- Shukra Dhatu. Anutva of Shukra Dhatu and at ni is at mild level, the process of Shukra pro- the same time Anutva of Mana are co- duction takes place at the speed “Jala” (wa- incidental to bring out Shukra as ejaculatory ter). part – Roopa Dravya which pervades all over MECHANISM OF SHUKRA VISARGA the body. (EJACULATION): The filling up of Shukravaha Sira under influ- The ShukraDhatu formed by the evolutionary ence of psychological and physical stimulus metamorphosis pervades all over the body in i.e. Harsha result in tumescence, leading to the Shukradhara Kala and the Kala performs erection of penis which facilitate sexual act. the following functions: Shukra is secreted due to libidinous stimula- 1. Abode for the pervading Shukra Dhatu: it tion generated by woman’s sight, memory and holds and provides the abode for perform- touch. ing the Sarvadaihika (whole body) func- Vyana Vayu controls Rasavaha Sansthana - tions of Shukra. circulatory system of the body and Shukra is 2. Helps further transformation of Shukra also present in whole body while Apana Vayu Dhatu into Roopa Dravya. influences sex orgasm acting locally. Vyana The ejaculated part of Shukra is termed as Vayu and Apana Vayu are mainly responsible Roopa Dravya which is the only visible part of for expulsion of Shukra to exterior through the Shukra Dhatu. The formation of the Roopa penis. Here both act as interdependent central and peripheral controls of process of ejacula-

IAMJ: OCTOBER, 2017 3933 Sanjay Kumar Shahu Et Al: Physiological Study Of Shukra Dhatu- A Review tion. The eight psychosomatic factors related is invisible to bare human eyes and also nir- to Mana and Shukra play a major role in regu- guna23, similarly SarvasariragataShukra is lation of ejaculation. In total it is psycho- also in covert form. But this Shukra trickles somatic endocrinal mechanism. downduring copulation between a man and CHARACTERS OF SHUKRA: woman, caused by Chesta (physical stimulus), There are two important features of Shukra Sankalpa (desire), and Pidana (stimulation of namely: erogenous area of body). As a result of Harsa 1. SarvasariragataShukra (stimulation), Tarsa (longing for women) Sa- 2. Functions of Ejaculatory or Rupadravya rattva (fliuidity), Picchilata (slimness), Gau- FEATURE OF SARVASARIRAGATA- rava (heaviness), Anuttva (automicity), Prva- SHUKRA: nattva (tendency to flow out) and Drutattvat- The attributes of Shukra Sara individual can Marutasya ((pace of motion of Vata) covert be considered as SarvasariragataShukra Shukra is ejaculated out of body as Roopa- a. Saumya (Gentleman) dravya or Semen24. b. Saumyapreksinaha (Gentle look) This overt tangible Shukra or Roopadravya or c. Ksirapurnalochana (eyes appearing fillled Semen has physical characteristics that can be with milk) attributed to semen as well as sperm. d. Praharshabahula (cheerfulness) e. Snigdha-vrittasamhata- Dasanaha (teeth PHYSICAL CHARACTERS which are unctuous, round, strong, dense, REPRESENTING SEMEN: even) have described the qualities of Shu- f. Prasanna - Snigdha-varnasara (pleasant - kra. The qualities are quoted as Shuddha Shu- unctuous voice and complexion) kra Lakshanas . g. Bhrajisnuta (dazzling appearance) . Sphatikabha (crystalline), Ghrita- Ksau- h. Mahaspica (large buttocks) dra-Taila- nibha (color that of ghee, ho- i. Stripriya (loved by women) ney, oil), j. Upabhoga balavana (virile) . Madhugandhi (smelling like honey)25 k. Sukha (endowed with happiness) . Drava (liquid), Picchila26 l. Aishwarya (prosperity) . Bahu (abundant), Bahala (thick) m. Arogya (health) . Avisra (no bad smell), Shukla (white) n. Vitta (money) . Kaphavarga 27 o. Sammana (honour) 28 21 . Madhura (sweet), Snigdha (unctuous) p. Apatyabahula (many offspring) . Sara (mobile), Sandra (dense), Ambasi FEATURE OF RETAS (EJACULATORY kinchitmajjati (which dips in water)-these PART): represent Rupadravya or Shukra or Semen. Shukra is the representative principle of (Roo- 1) Sphatikabha indicates the colour of semen padravya) of Visvarupa (Atma) in human which is white and translucent. body22. To achieve this Visvarupa (sariraru- 2) Quantity of semen indicated by Bahu / Ba- pa), Shukra is principal cause for it. As Atma hala is the normal 1/2 Anjali .

IAMJ: OCTOBER, 2017 3934 Sanjay Kumar Shahu Et Al: Physiological Study Of Shukra Dhatu- A Review

3) Madhugandha is the special odour im- 1. Sarvadaihika i.e. systemic function parted to semen due to its different com- 2. Maithunagata i.e. related with sexual act ponents. 3. Roopa Dravyagata i.e. functions related 4) Madhura taste of Shukra is due to fructose to seminal fluid of the seminal plasma. 4. Other functions 5) PH of the semen is referred by the term Avidahi i.e., not causing burning sensation Specific function of Shukra is to maintain during ejaculation indicating neither acidic generations by producing healthy progeny. pH, nor highly alkaline. Sushruta Acharya says that main function of 6) Normal consistency of semen is indicated Shukra is Beejartha, means for production of by the characters like Drava (liquid), Pic- offspring;It is the Roopadravya which comes chila (viscous), Snigdha (unctuous) and out of man along with subtle sperms as a result Sara (fluid) due to various constituents of of sexual intercourse which is Falavat mean- seminal plasma. ing its potential for reproduction, when it 7) The tendency to flow out (Pravana Bhava) combines with Artava in female uterus under also indicates the semen that is expelled favorable condition, can develop as a fetus.29 during intense pleasure of coitous. SARVADAIHIKA – (General body func- CHARACTERS REPRESENTING tions): SPERM: As earlier described that Shukradhara Kala Some characters of Shukra point to the sperm percade the whole body and hence, the Shukra which forms a part of Retas. is spread throughout the body just as Ghee in 1) Phalavata, a main character may be attri- milk or juggery in sugarcane juice. Sushruta buted to viability, motility, count and normal has beautifully noted certain important func- morphology of sperms. The sperm endowed tions of the Shukra Dhatu eg. Dhairya, Chya- with normalcy of all these is able to fertilize vana, Preeti etc. They are like – the ovum i.e., Garbhakara. Dhairya: 2) Anutva indicates the minuteness and sperm Dhairya is noted as the quality of Satvika Pra- is a microscopic structure. kriti.30It has been explained as the remedy for mental morbidity. Dhairya is the control over CHARACTERS REPRESENTING BOTH mind, stability and adherence by which one SPERM AND SEMEN: follows the good and avoids the bad. By this The density of Shukra includes characters like property one can stand difficulties on account , Ghana which can be considered as per- of strong will power without much anxiety. taining to both semen and sperm. AcharyaDalhana described it as the capacity FUNCTIONS OF SHUKRA: to fight against any condition 31and is related Main function of Shukra Dhatu is reproduc- to the physical and mental alertness. (Apte, tion; besides this a number of other functional 1984) Dhairya of patient is examined by vir- characteristics are also attributed. These can tue of Avishada32 Bhaya is the opposite quality be classified as under: of Dhairya.

IAMJ: OCTOBER, 2017 3935 Sanjay Kumar Shahu Et Al: Physiological Study Of Shukra Dhatu- A Review

Dehabala: rectly induced by Ojas under the control of Acharya Dalhana said that Dehabalam in- Shukra Dhatu. cludes both DehaUpachaya i.e. physical fit- Harsha: ness as well as Utsaha i.e. enthu- The term Harsha has been used to denote dif- siasm.33Utsaha the stimulation to perform any ferent meanings like Ananda, horipilations activity or enthusiasm to perform any activity (Romancha), Preeti, Kama, Tushti etc. In the is dependent on Shukra Dhatu and can be ex- present context the term Harsha means psy- plained as a physical as well as mental chological process developed from the enjoy- attribute. While Upachaya – physical fitness is ment of different sensorium leading to the characterized by the maintenance of optimal arousal and alteration of consciousness which level of all Dhatu which imparts Bala to the is gradually developing. individual. 34 Harsha is stimulating pleasure to initiate the Ojoposhaka: sexual act by psychological means.41Harsha in Shukra is also responsible for production of relation to sexual act may be termed as anxie- Ojas. 35 ty/desire (Utkantha Jananam) with regard to These action of Sarvadaihika Karya of Shukra sex.42Harsha can be most appropriately can be compared to systemic function of An- termed as excitement produced due to deter- drogen i.e. testosterone. mination (Samkalpa) of mind leading to erec- tion and ejaculation. MAITHUNAGATA – (Functions Decrease in Harsha causes decrease in Mai- related to sexual act): thunaShakti therefore Harsha does not devel- The functions of Shukra pertaining to the sex- op and since there is no Harsha even in the ual act are not par independent to the Sarva- presence of Chyavana and daihika Shukra and these are – Preeti cannot be achieved. It is this Harsha Chyvana: developing as a result of the sight, thought, or According to Acharya Dalhana Chyavana is coitus with female that is responsible for the the ejaculation of semen36. It should have op- semen to be ejaculated. timum timing. The timing of ejaculation de- Manoharshana is quality of Rajasika Prakru- pends on Dhairya. ti43Harsha is tested by Amoda44which is the Preeti: indulgence in dancing, singing, playing musi- Preeti explained by different authors as de- cal instruments and being in festive mood. scribed below: 1) Love/inclination towards the opposite sex. RETAS RELATED FUNCTIONS OR 37 FUNCTIONS RELATED TO SEMEN: 2) Peace/pleasure of mind is also Preeti. 38 The main function of Shukra besides other 3) Preeti is the pleasure which is reflected by important functions is Garbhajanana. Sushru- joyous appearance of the face or eyes taacharya says that main function of Shukra is etc.39 Bejartham, means for production of 4) Preeti is examined by Toshena.40Dalhana offspring45. It is the Rupra Dravya which Acharya also explained that Preeti is indi- comes out of man along with subtle sperms as

IAMJ: OCTOBER, 2017 3936 Sanjay Kumar Shahu Et Al: Physiological Study Of Shukra Dhatu- A Review a result of sexual intercourse46 which is Phal- kra.53Vaktra Snigdhata (sebum of the face) vat meaning - its potential for reproduction, and Yuavana Pidaka (Acne) are Mala of Shu- when it combines with (ovum) in female kra according to Acharya Sharngdha- uterus under favourable condition, can devel- ra.54ButAcharya Chakrapani mentioned that op as a foetus47. Shukra has no Mala. 55 GENERAL BODY FUNCTIONS:- Shukra dhatu imports physical power to the CONCLUSION individual. Dalhana explains that the dehaba- Shukradhatu is produced from aahar ras la is provided by Shukra in two ways. through Majjadhatu it is somya or Jala ma- 1] Utsahalakshanam habhuta . Shukra is situated entire 2] Upachayalakshanam body. There are so many functions of Shu- Utsaha- The stimulation to perform any activi- kradhatu but main function of Shukra Dhatu is ty or enthusiasm to perform any activity is de- reproduction. pendent on Shukra Dhatu48 and can be ex- plained as a physical as well as mental REFERENCES attribute. 1. ‘Sushruta ’ Ayurveda tatvasandi- Upachaya- Physical fitness is characterised by pika hindi vyakhya by Ambikadatta the maintenance of optimal level and all Dha- Shashtri Published by Chaukhambha tus which imports Bala to individual. Shukra Orientalia, , (2010) Sushruta is also responsible for production of Ojas.49 Shareera Sthana 3/3. 2. ‘’ Ayurveda tatvasandi- OTHER FUNCTIONS:-50 pika hindi vyakhya by Ambikadatta 1) .Ksheerapoornalochanatvam Shashtri Published by Chaukhambha 2) Snigdhavrittasara samhata Orientalia, Varanasi, (2010)Sushruta Sam- 3) Prasanna and Snigdha Svara hita’ Shareera Sthana- 3/4 4) Prasanna and Snigdha 3. Agnivesha , ‘’ , revised 5) Bhrajishnuta by Charaka and Dridhbala with ‘Ayurveda 6) Mahashpika Deepika’ commentary, by Chakrapani, 7) Sukha edited by Vd.Jadavaji Trikamaji Acharya, 8) Aishvarya Chaukhambha Surabharati Publications, 9) Vitta. Varanasi -221 001, (India), reprint 2004, UPA-DHATU OF SHUKRA: Charak .Samhita Shareera Sthana -3/7 Acharya Sharngdhara has mentioned Ojas as 4. Harivansha Purana .1/4/52 the Upa Dhatu of the Shukra.51 Also Acharya 5. Vagbhata, Ashtangahridaya, with the Bhavmishra supports the opinion regard Upa commentaries, Sarvangasundara of Aruna- Dhatu.52 datta and Ayurvedarasayana of Hemadri, MALA OF THE SHUKRA DHATU: Editted by Pt. Sadashiva SHhastri Pa- Acharya Vagbhata stated Ojas while some radakara Bhisagacharya, Published by Acharya indicate Smashru as the Mala of Shu- Chaukhambha Surbharati Prakashana, Va-

IAMJ: OCTOBER, 2017 3937 Sanjay Kumar Shahu Et Al: Physiological Study Of Shukra Dhatu- A Review

ranasi.(2007); Ashtang Hridaya and Ashtang Hridaya Shareera Sthana Sthana 11/26) 3/68 6. Agnivesha, ‘Charaka Samhita’, revised by 14. Vagbhata, Ashtangahridaya, with the Charaka and Dridhbala with ‘Ayurveda commentaries, Sarvangasundara of Aruna- Deepika’ commentary, by Chakrapani, datta and Ayurvedarasayana of Hemadri, edited by Vd.Jadavaji Trikamaji Acharya, Editted by Pt. Hari Sadashiva SHhastri Pa- Chaukhambha Surabharati Publications, radakara Bhisagacharya, Published by Varanasi -221 001, (India), reprint 2004, Chaukhambha Surbharati Prakashana, Va- Charak Samhita Sutra Sthana .2/4) ranasi.(2007); Ashtang Hridaya Shareera 7. Agnivesha , ‘Charaka Samhita’ , revised Sthana 3/62-63 arundatta by Charaka and Dridhbala with ‘Ayurveda 15. Agnivesha, ‘Charaka Samhita’, revised by Deepika’ commentary, by Chakrapani, Charaka and Dridhbala with ‘Ayurveda edited by Vd.Jadavaji Trikamaji Acharya, Deepika’ commentary, by Chakrapani, Chaukhambha Surabharati Publications, edited by Vd.Jadavaji Trikamaji Acharya, Varanasi -221 001, (India), reprint 2004, Chaukhambha Surabharati Publications, Charak Samhita Sutra Sthana. 30/3 Varanasi -221 001, (India), reprint 2004, 8. Agnivesha, ‘Charaka Samhita’, revised by Charak Samhita Chikitsa Sthana 15/15-16 Charaka and Dridhbala with ‘Ayurveda 16. Agnivesha, ‘Charaka Samhita’, revised by Deepika’ commentary, by Chakrapani, Charaka and Dridhbala with ‘Ayurveda edited by Vd.Jadavaji Trikamaji Acharya, Deepika’ commentary, by Chakrapani, Chaukhambha Surabharati Publications, edited by Vd.Jadavaji Trikamaji Acharya, Varanasi -221 001, (India), reprint 2004, Chaukhambha Surabharati Publications, Charak Samhita Shareer Sthana 7/5 Varanasi -221 001, (India), reprint 2004, 9. Bhel Samhita Shareer Sthana7/16 Charak Samhita Chikitsa Sthana 15/32-33 10. ‘Sushruta Samhita’ Ayurveda tatvasandi- 17. ‘Sushruta Samhita’ Ayurveda tatvasandi- pika hindi vyakhya by Ambikadatta pika hindi vyakhya by Ambikadatta Shashtri Published by Chaukhambha Shashtri Published by Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi, (2010)Sushruta Sam- Orientalia, Varanasi, (2010)Sushruta Sam- hita’ Shareera Sthana.3/2 hita’ Shareera Sthana10/42and Sushruta 11. Charak Samhita Chikitsa Sthana 15/16, Samhita Sutra Sthana35/4, Sushruta Samhita Sutra Sthana14/10, Ash- 18. ‘Sushruta Samhita’ Ayurveda tatvasandi- tang Hridaya Shareera.3:62-63). pika hindi vyakhya by Ambikadatta 12. Agnivesha , ‘Charaka Samhita’ , revised Shashtri Published by Chaukhambha by Charaka and Dridhbala with ‘Ayurveda Orientalia, Varanasi, (2010)Sushruta Sam- Deepika’ commentary, by Chakrapani, hita Sutra Sthana14/15, 17 edited by Vd.Jadavaji Trikamaji Acharya, 19. Vagbhata, Ashtangahridaya, with the Chaukhambha Surabharati Publications, commentaries, Sarvangasundara of Aruna- Varanasi -221 001, (India), reprint 2004, datta and Ayurvedarasayana of Hemadri, Charak Samhita Chikitsa Sthana 15/15 Editted by Pt. Hari Sadashiva SHhastri Pa- 13. Charak Samhita Chikitsa Sthana 15/36 radakara Bhisagacharya, Published by

IAMJ: OCTOBER, 2017 3938 Sanjay Kumar Shahu Et Al: Physiological Study Of Shukra Dhatu- A Review

Chaukhambha Surbharati Prakashana, Va- Orientalia, Varanasi, (2010)Sushruta Sam- ranasi.(2007); Ashtang Hridaya Shareera hita’ Shareera Sthana.2/11 Sthana 3/65-67 26. Agnivesha , ‘Charaka Samhita’ , revised 20. Agnivesha , ‘Charaka Samhita’, revised by by Charaka and Dridhbala with ‘Ayurveda Charaka and Dridhbala with ‘Ayurveda Deepika’ commentary, by Chakrapani, Deepika’ commentary, by Chakrapani, edited by Vd. Jadavaji Trikamaji Acharya, edited by Vd.Jadavaji Trikamaji Acharya, Chaukhambha Surabharati Publications, Chaukhambha Surabharati Publications, Varanasi -221 001, (India), reprint 2004, Varanasi -221 001, (India), reprint 2004, Charak Samhita Chikitsa Sthana2/4/50 Charak Samhita Chikitsa Sthana 15/20 27. Harivansh Puran 1:40-50 21. ‘Sushruta Samhita’ Ayurveda tatvasandi- 28. Charak Samhita Chikitsa Sthana2/4/50, pika hindi vyakhya by Ambikadatta Sushruta Samhita’ Shareera Sthana 2/11 Shashtri Published by Chaukhambha 29. Sushruta Samhita’ Ayurveda tatvasandipi- Orientalia, Varanasi, (2010)Sushruta Sam- ka hindi vyakhya by Ambikadatta Shash- hita’ Shareera Sthana35-16 tri Published by Chaukhambha Orientalia, 22. Agnivesha , ‘Charaka Samhita’ , revised Varanasi, (2010)Sushruta Samhita, Share- by Charaka and Dridhbala with ‘Ayurveda erasthana 5/3 Deepika’ commentary, by Chakrapani, 30. ‘Sushruta Samhita’ Ayurveda tatvasandi- edited by Vd. Jadavaji Trikamaji Acharya, pika hindi vyakhya by Ambikadatta Chaukhambha Surabharati Publications, Shashtri Published by Chaukhambha Varanasi -221 001, (India), reprint 2004, Orientalia, Varanasi, (2010)Sushruta Sam- Charak Samhita Chikitsa Sthana2-36 hita, Shareerasthana 1/18 23. Agnivesha, ‘Charaka Samhita’ , revised by 31. Dalhana on Sushruta SamhitaSutrastha- Charaka and Dridhbala with ‘Ayurveda na15/4 Deepika’ commentary, by Chakrapani, 32. Agnivesha , ‘Charaka Samhita’ , revised edited by Vd.Jadavaji Trikamaji Acharya, by Charaka and Dridhbala with ‘Ayurveda Chaukhambha Surabharati Publications, Deepika’ commentary, by Chakrapani, Varanasi -221 001, (India), reprint 2004, edited by Vd.Jadavaji Trikamaji Acharya, Charak Samhita Shareer Sthana2/32 Chaukhambha Surabharati Publications, 24. Agnivesha, ‘Charaka Samhita’ , revised by Varanasi -221 001, (India), reprint 2004, Charaka and Dridhbala with ‘Ayurveda Charaka Samhita Vimanasthana 5/8, Deepika’ commentary, by Chakrapani, 33. Sushryta samhita Commentry by Dal- edited by Vd.Jadavaji Trikamaji Acharya, han.Sushruta SamhitaSutrasthana15/7 Chaukhambha Surabharati Publications, 34. Agnivesha , ‘Charaka Samhita’ , revised Varanasi -221 001, (India), reprint 2004, by Charaka and Dridhbala with ‘Ayurveda Charak Samhita Chikitsa Sthana2:/4/:47- Deepika’ commentary, by Chakrapani, 49. edited by Vd.Jadavaji Trikamaji Acharya, 25. ‘Sushruta Samhita’ Ayurveda tatvasandi- Chaukhambha Surabharati Publications, pika hindi vyakhya by Ambikadatta Varanasi -221 001, (India), reprint 2004, Shashtri Published by Chaukhambha Charaka Samhita Vimana Sthana 8/89

IAMJ: OCTOBER, 2017 3939 Sanjay Kumar Shahu Et Al: Physiological Study Of Shukra Dhatu- A Review

35. Agnivesha, ‘Charaka Samhita’ , revised by Deepika’ commentary, by Chakrapani, Charaka and Dridhbala with ‘Ayurveda edited by Vd.Jadavaji Trikamaji Acharya, Deepika’ commentary, by Chakrapani, Chaukhambha Surabharati Publications, edited by Vd.Jadavaji Trikamaji Acharya, Varanasi -221 001, (India), reprint 2004, Chaukhambha Surabharati Publications, Charaka Samhita, Vimanasthana 4/8 Varanasi -221 001, (India), reprint 2004, 45. ‘Sushruta Samhita’ Ayurveda tatvasandi- Charaka Samhita Chikitsa Sthana15/17 pika hindi vyakhya by Ambikadatta 36. Sushryta samhita Commentry by Dal- Shashtri Published by Chaukhambha han.Sushruta, SamhitaSutrasthana15/5. Orientalia, Varanasi, (2010)Sushruta Sam- 37. Sushryta samhita Commentry by Dalhan. hita Sutrasthana 15/4 Sushruta, Samhita, Sutra Sthana15/5 46. Agnivesha, ‘Charaka Samhita’ , revised by 38. Sushryta samhita Commentry by Dal- Charaka and Dridhbala with ‘Ayurveda han.Sushruta, Samhita, Sutra Sthana26/39 Deepika’ commentary, by Chakrapani, 39. Agnivesha, ‘Charaka Samhita’ , revised by edited by Vd.Jadavaji Trikamaji Acharya, Charaka and Dridhbala with ‘Ayurveda Chaukhambha Surabharati Publications, Deepika’ commentary, by Chakrapani, Varanasi -221 001, (India), reprint 2004, edited by Vd.Jadavaji Trikamaji Acharya, Charak .Chikitsa.2:47-48 Chaukhambha Surabharati Publications, 47. ‘Sushruta Samhita’ Ayurveda tatvasandi- Varanasi -221 001, (India), reprint 2004, pika hindi vyakhya by Ambikadatta Charaka Samhita Vimana Sthana 5/8 Shashtri Published by Chaukhambha 40. Agnivesha, ‘Charaka Samhita’, revised by Orientalia, Varanasi, (2010)Sushruta Sam- Charaka and Dridhbala with ‘Ayurveda hita, Shareerasthana 5/3 Deepika’ commentary, by Chakrapani, 48. Agnivesha, ‘Charaka Samhita’ , revised by edited by Vd.Jadavaji Trikamaji Acharya, Charaka and Dridhbala with ‘Ayurveda Chaukhambha Surabharati Publications, Deepika’ commentary, by Chakrapani, Varanasi -221 001, (India), reprint 2004, edited by Vd.Jadavaji Trikamaji Acharya, Charaka Samhita, Vimana Sthana 4/8 Chaukhambha Surabharati Publications, 41. Agnivesha, ‘Charaka Samhita’, revised by Varanasi -221 001, (India), reprint 2004, Charaka and Dridhbala comentry by Gan- Charaka Samhita Sutrasthana 8/49 gadhar rai, Charaka Samhita, Chikitsas- 49. Charaka Samhita Sutrasthana 1/87 & Su- thana1/4/48 shruta Chikitsasthana .35/4 42. Sushryta samhita Commentry by Dalhan. 50. Agnivesha, ‘Charaka Samhita’ , revised by Sushruta Samhita Sutrasthana15/5 Charaka and Dridhbala with ‘Ayurveda 43. ‘Sushruta Samhita’ Ayurveda tatvasandi- Deepika’ commentary, by Chakrapani, pika hindi vyakhya by Ambikadatta Shash- edited by Vd.Jadavaji Trikamaji Acharya, tri Published by Chaukhambha Orientalia, Chaukhambha Surabharati Publications, Varanasi, (2010)Sushruta Samhita, Share- Varanasi -221 001, (India), reprint 2004, erasthana 1/218 Chakradutta on Charaka Samhita Chikit- 44. Agnivesha , ‘Charaka Samhita’ , revised sasthana 15/17 by Charaka and Dridhbala with ‘Ayurveda

IAMJ: OCTOBER, 2017 3940 Sanjay Kumar Shahu Et Al: Physiological Study Of Shukra Dhatu- A Review

51. Sharangdhar Samhita Deepika hindi vyak- 55. Agnivesha , ‘Charaka Samhita’ , revised hya, vyakhyakar Dr Brahmanand tripathi by Charaka and Dridhbala with ‘Ayurveda published by chaukhamba surbharti Vara- Deepika’ commentary, by Chakrapani, nasi 221001. Sharangdhar Samhita. Pur- edited by Vd.Jadavaji Trikamaji Acharya, vakhand. 5/29 Chaukhambha Surabharati Publications, 52. Bhavprakash Purvakhand. 2/209 Varanasi -221 001, (India), reprint 2004, 53. Vagbhata, Ashtangahridaya, with the Charaka Samhita Chikitsasthana 15/16 commentaries, Sarvangasundara of Aruna- datta and Ayurvedarasayana of Hemadri, Source of Support: Nil Editted by Pt. Hari Sadashiva SHhastri Pa- Conflict Of Interest: None Declared radakara Bhisagacharya, Published by Chaukhambha Surbharati Prakashana, Va- How to cite this URL: Sanjay Kumar Shahu Et Al: ranasi.(2007); Astang Physiological Study Of Shukra Dhatu- A Review. International Ayurvedic Medical Journal {online} 2017 .Hridaya.Shareerasthana 3/64 {cited October, 2017} Available from: 54. Sharangdhar Samhita Deepika hindi vyak- http://www.iamj.in/posts/images/upload/3930_3941.pdf hya, vyakhyakar Dr Brahmanand tripathi published by chaukhamba surbharti Vara- nasi 221001. Purvakhand 5/26-28

IAMJ: OCTOBER, 2017 3941