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VTI Rapport 907 Utgivningsår 2016 VTI rapport 907 Utgivningsår 2016 www.vti.se/publikationer Luftfartens marginalkostnader En delrapport inom Samkost 2 Johannes Österström VTI rapport 907 VTI rapport | Luftfartens marginalkostnader. En delrapport inom Samkost 2 inom Samkost En delrapport Luftfartens marginalkostnader. VTI rapport 907 Luftfartens marginalkostnader En delrapport inom Samkost 2 Johannes Österström Diarienummer: 2015/0526-7.4 Omslagsbilder: Hejdlösa Bilder AB, Thinkstock Tryck: LiU-Tryck, Linköping 2016 Referat Medan ett stort antal studier har försökt bedöma marginalkostnaderna för att använda vägar och järnvägar är motsvarande kunskapsläge sämre för svensk luftfart. Bland annat saknas en samsyn kring centrala begrepp och frågeställningar, exempelvis gällande hur infrastrukturbegreppet ska avgränsas och hur internationella flygningar ska hanteras. En annan brist är att tidigare studier utgått från exempelflygningar för beräkningar av marginal- kostnader. Dessa exempel har sedan representerat hela den variation av flygplanstyper och destina- tioner som finns i Sverige. I denna studie har ett första steg tagits mot en tydligare bild av de genom- snittliga marginalkostnaderna genom att kostnadsposterna för klimat, hälsopåverkan och buller har beräknats. Resultaten på klimatområdet pekar på att inrikesflygets kostnader är små i förhållande till EU-flygningarnas kostnader, som i sin tur är små i förhållande till kostnaderna för flygningarna utanför EU. Variationen mellan dessa kategorier visar dels att beräkningar som bygger på enskilda exempel kan ge en snedvriden bild, och dels att hänsyn bör tas till skillnaden mellan ovanstående kategorier av flygningar vid eventuell policyutformning. Beräkningen av luftfartens hälsopåverkan bygger på en enklare metodik vilket påverkar tillförlitligheten i skattningarna av dessa kostnader. Resultaten i denna del av studien ska därför ses som räkneexempel. Dessa kostnadsposter kan dock vara väsentliga vilket motiverar vidare forskning. Dessutom har en bullervärderingsmodell använts som indikerar att tidigare studier kraftigt underskattat bullerkostnaderna på Bromma flygplats. Sammantaget ger rapporten indikationer om att de externa kostnaderna för framförallt utrikes flygningar är stora i förhållande till de avgifter som i realiteten tas ut. Titel: Luftfartens marginalkostnader – En delrapport inom Samkost 2 Författare: Johannes Österström (VTI, www.orcid.org/0000-0002-5331-843X) Utgivare: VTI, Statens väg och transportforskningsinstitut www.vti.se Serie och nr: VTI rapport 907 Utgivningsår: 2016 VTI:s diarienr: 2015/0526-7.4 ISSN: 0347-6030 Projektnamn: Utvecklade marginalkostnadsskattningar luftfart (Samkost 2) Uppdragsgivare: Regeringskansliet Nyckelord: Luftfart, marginalkostnader, externa kostnader, höghöjdsfaktor, flygbuller Språk: Svenska Antal sidor: 76 VTI rapport 907 Abstract While a large amount of studies has been focused on assessing the marginal costs of using roads or railroads, the corresponding knowledge about aviation has been lacking. Among other things, there has not been a coherent view in literature about central issues such as the definition of the concept of infrastructure and how to handle international flights. Another shortfall is due to the fact that previous studies have focused on calculating marginal costs for only one flight. These examples have then represented the whole variation of aircraft types and destinations that exists within Sweden. In this study, a first step has been taken towards a clearer picture by calculating the average marginal costs for climate change, negative health effects and negative noise effects of Swedish aviation. The results regarding climate show that the costs of domestic flights are small in comparison to European flights, which in turn are small compared to flights with destinations outside the EU. The variation between these categories shows that single examples can give a skewed picture of the actual marginal costs. It also shows that the difference between the above mentioned categories should be taken into account when evaluating policy measures. The calculations of the costs of emissions that affect human health are done in a less reliable way, and therefore the estimates in this part should be interpreted as rough approximations. These costs could be significant though, which motivates further research in this area. In addition, a noise valuation model has been used that indicate that previous studies have underestimated the noise costs on Bromma airport significantly. Overall, the results indicate that the external costs of primarily international flights are large in comparison with the fees that are levied. Title: Marginal costs in Swedish aviation – A part of Samkost 2 Author: Johannes Österström (VTI, www.orcid.org/0000-0002-5331-843X) Publisher: Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI) www.vti.se Publication No.: VTI rapport 907 Published: 2016 Reg. No., VTI: 2015/0526-7.4 ISSN: 0347-6030 Project: Improved marginal cost estimates for aviation (Samkost 2) Commissioned by: Government offices of Sweden Keywords: Aviation, marginal costs, external costs, emission weighting factor, aviation noise Language: Swedish No. of pages: 76 VTI rapport 907 Förord Denna rapport är en underlagsrapport till Samkost 2, där VTI på uppdrag av Näringsdepartementet beräknar de samhällsekonomiska marginalkostnaderna för trafiken. I arbetets inledande skede har Fredrik Kopsch och Anna Johansson varit bidragande. Författaren tackar Jan-Eric Nilsson (VTI), Bengt Simonsson (WSP) och Andria Kemi (LFV) för stöd och synpunkter under arbetets gång. Stockholm i september 2016 Johannes Österström Projektledare VTI rapport 907 Kvalitetsgranskning Granskningsseminarium har genomförts 22 september 2016 där Per Kågeson var lektör. Johannes Österström har genomfört justeringar av slutligt rapportmanus. Forskningschef Mattias Haraldsson har därefter granskat och godkänt publikationen för publicering 29 september 2016. De slutsatser och rekommendationer som uttrycks är författarens egna och speglar inte nödvändigtvis myndigheten VTI:s uppfattning. Quality review Review seminar was carried out on 22 September 2016 where Per Kågeson reviewed and commented on the report. Johannes Österström has made alterations to the final manuscript of the report. The research director Mattias Haraldsson examined and approved the report for publication on 29 September 2016. The conclusions and recommendations expressed are the author’s and do not necessarily reflect VTI’s opinion as an authority. VTI rapport 907 Innehållsförteckning Sammanfattning .....................................................................................................................................9 Summary ...............................................................................................................................................13 1. Inledning ..........................................................................................................................................17 1.1. Syfte ...........................................................................................................................................17 1.2. Definitioner och avgränsningar ..................................................................................................18 2. Bakgrund och principiella frågor ..................................................................................................19 2.1. Bakgrund ....................................................................................................................................19 2.2. Principiella frågor ......................................................................................................................20 2.2.1. Var går gränsen för infrastrukturen? .....................................................................................20 2.2.2. Vad är en tjänst och vad är infrastruktur? .............................................................................21 2.2.3. Hur ska de externa kostnaderna för internationella flygningar redovisas? ...........................21 2.2.4. Osäkerhet i kedjan exponering, effekt och samhällelig kostnad ...........................................22 2.2.5. Hur ska handelssystemet hanteras? .......................................................................................23 3. Marginalkostnader på flygplatsen .................................................................................................26 3.1. Infrastrukturslitage .....................................................................................................................26 3.2. Flygledning ................................................................................................................................26 3.3. Trängsel och knapphet ...............................................................................................................27 3.3.1. Trängsel i luften ....................................................................................................................27 3.3.2. Trängsel på och omkring landningsbanorna .........................................................................27 3.3.3. Trängsel i terminalinfrastrukturen ........................................................................................27 3.3.4. Diskussion om trängsel .........................................................................................................28 4. Externa marginalkostnader ...........................................................................................................29
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