How the Oscars Are So White

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How the Oscars Are So White UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI How the Oscars are So White African American and European American Speech Times in Academy Award Nominees Helena Lehti Master’s thesis English Philology Department of Modern Languages University of Helsinki October 2016 Tiedekunta/Osasto – Fakultet/Sektion – Faculty Laitos – Institution – Department Humanistinen Nykykielten laitos Tekijä – Författare – Author Helena Lehti Työn nimi – Arbetets titel – Title How the Oscars are So White: African American and European American Speech Times in Academy Award Nominees Oppiaine – Läroämne – Subject Englantilainen filologia Työn laji – Arbetets art – Level Aika – Datum – Month and Sivumäärä– Sidoantal – Number of pages year Pro gradu Lokakuu 2016 61s. Tiivistelmä – Referat – Abstract Tämän Pro gradu -tutkielman aihe on afroamerikkalaisten asema elokuvissa, jotka on valittu parhaan elokuvan Oscar-palkinnon ehdokkaiksi, ja joissa afroamerikkalainen näyttelijä esittää keskeistä hahmoa. Tutkimuksessa mitataan ajallisesti, kuinka paljon afroamerikkalaiset ja valkoiset amerikkalaiset puhuvat näissä elokuvissa. Tutkimus on ajankohtainen, sillä viime vuosina Yhdysvaltain elokuva-akatemiaa on kritisoitu siitä, miten vähän afroamerikkalaisia ja muihin etnisiin vähemmistöihin kuuluvia on palkittu Oscar-palkinnoilla. Tutkimuksen hypoteesi on, että valkoiset amerikkalaiset puhuvat afroamerikkalaisia enemmän, vaikka tutkimuksen aineisto koostuu afroamerikkalaisista kertovista elokuvista. Taustateoriana on afroamerikkalaisten asema vähemmistönä Yhdysvalloissa sekä median ja elokuvateollisuuden vaikutusvalta yleisön mielipiteisiin. Tutkielman aineistona on kaikki viimeisen 25 vuoden parhaan elokuvan Oscar-palkinnon ehdokkaat, joissa on keskeinen afroamerikkalainen hahmo. Elokuvia on yhteensä 12. Aineistoksi on valittu Oscar-ehdokkaita, sillä juuri Yhdysvaltain elokuva-akatemiaa on kritisoitu vähemmistöjen huomioimatta jättämisestä. Oscar-ehdokkaat myös edustavat hyvin Hollywoodia, sillä niiden voidaan katsoa edustavan elokuvateollisuuden arvostetuimpia piirteitä. Elokuvista on mitattu puheajat sekuntikelloilla jakaen hahmot afroamerikkalaisiin, valkoisiin amerikkalaisiin sekä muihin etnisiin ryhmiin. Tulokset on analysoitu pääasiassa kvantitatiivisesti, mutta myös osittain kvalitatiivisesti. Tutkimus osoittaa, että afroamerikkalaisista kertovissa elokuvissa valkoiset amerikkalaiset puhuvat hieman enemmän kuin afroamerikkalaiset. Keskimäärin näissä elokuvissa valkoisten osuus puheajasta on 50 %, kun taas afroamerikkalaisten osuus on 47 %. Aineistossa on vain neljä elokuvaa, joissa afroamerikkalaiset hallitsevat puheaikoja selkeästi. Yhdessä elokuvassa valkoiset ja afroamerikkalaiset puhuvat lähes saman verran. Seitsemässä elokuvassa valkoiset hallitsevat afroamerikkalaisia puheajoissa joko vähän tai selvästi. Tuloksissa on paljon vaihtelua; afroamerikkalaisten osuus puheajasta vaihtelee 85 % ja 12 % välillä. Selkeimmin afroamerikkalaisten puheajat vaikuttavat elokuvien rahoitukseen sekä voittoihin: elokuvat, joissa valkoiset ovat huomattavasti suuremmissa rooleissa, saavat pääosin enemmän rahoitusta sekä enemmän voittoa. Tutkimus vahvistaa hypoteesin oikeaksi. Vaikka valkoiset puhuvat vain kolme prosenttiyksikköä afroamerikkalaisia enemmän, ovat tulokset huomattavat siihen nähden, että useimmissa elokuvissa, joissa on valkoinen päähenkilö, vähemmistöt eivät ole lainkaan tai ovat vain vähän äänessä. Tutkimus osoittaa, että myös muut vähemmistöt ovat aliedustettuja Amerikan elokuvateollisuudessa, sillä tutkimuksen elokuvissa on hyvin vähän muihin vähemmistöihin kuuluvia hahmoja. Avainsanat – Nyckelord – Keywords Englantilainen filologia, afroamerikkalaiset, elokuvateollisuus, Oscarit, puheaika, tasa-arvo Säilytyspaikka – Förvaringställe – Where deposited Keskustakampuksen kirjasto Muita tietoja – Övriga uppgifter – Additional information i Table of Contents List of Figures ................................................................................................ ii List of Tables.................................................................................................. ii 1 Introduction ............................................................................................. 1 2 Background ............................................................................................. 6 2.1 African Americans, segregation, and inequality ........................................... 6 2.2 The power of media ....................................................................................... 9 2.3 Films and ideologies .................................................................................... 12 2.4 Race in media .............................................................................................. 14 2.5 The Oscars ................................................................................................... 19 3 Methods ................................................................................................ 22 3.1 The choice of films ...................................................................................... 22 3.2 Method of measurement .............................................................................. 26 4 Results & discussion ............................................................................. 30 4.1 Quantitative Results .................................................................................... 30 4.2 Results by film ............................................................................................. 35 4.2.1 Beasts of the Southern Wild ................................................................. 35 4.2.2 Ray........................................................................................................ 36 4.2.3 Precious................................................................................................ 37 4.2.4 Selma .................................................................................................... 38 4.2.5 Crash .................................................................................................... 39 4.2.6 12 Years a Slave ................................................................................... 39 4.2.7 The Help ............................................................................................... 40 4.2.8 The Shawshank Redemption ................................................................. 41 4.2.9 Django Unchained ............................................................................... 42 4.2.10 Pulp Fiction .......................................................................................... 43 4.2.11 The Blind Side ...................................................................................... 43 4.2.12 The Green Mile .................................................................................... 45 4.3 What the results say about Hollywood ........................................................ 46 5 Conclusion ............................................................................................ 53 Bibliography ................................................................................................. 56 Primary Sources ..................................................................................................... 56 References .............................................................................................................. 56 ii List of Figures Figure 1. Speech times visually by percentage. ............................................... 31 Figure 2. Speech times in minutes. .................................................................. 34 Figure 3. All speech in film and total running time of film. ............................ 34 Figure 4. Budgets and the amount of speech by African Americans. ............. 49 Figure 5. Profits and the amount of speech by African Americans. ................ 50 List of Tables Table 1. List of films used in the study. ........................................................... 25 Table 2. All speech times precisely. ................................................................ 31 Table 3. Percentages of speech times in numbers. ........................................... 32 1 1 Introduction Recently the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences has been criticised for overlooking African Americans1 and other ethnic minorities in the Academy Awards. 2016 was the second year in a row to not have a single black actor2 nominated for an award for any acting role. This caused a wave of debate and criticism against the Academy, with a trending topic circulating through social media: #OscarsSoWhite. In my Master’s Thesis, I study how justified this criticism is by analysing films about African Americans and attempt to determine how white-dominated these films are. The “OscarsSoWhite” outrage is mostly a commentary on the small number of African American actors nominated for acting categories. Writer Saladin Ahmed contributed to the discussion in 2016 by tweeting: “There are more nominations for white men named Mark than there are for people of color across all acting categories”. This domination of white Marks did not require much, as in 2016 there were only two nominated actors called Mark: Mark Rylance and Mark Ruffalo, but as there were no people of colour nominated, the tweet is still true. Television host Joy Reid tweeted “#OscarsSoWhite black people can’t even get nominated for the movies about black people…” referring to the fact that in the 2016 awards the only nomination for Creed was for Sylvester
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