KNOWLEDGE ORGANIZATION KO Contents

Knowl. Org. 34(2007)No.2

KNOWLEDGE ORGANIZATION KO

Official Quarterly Journal of the International Society for Knowledge Organization ISSN 0943 – 7444 International Journal devoted to Concept Theory, Classification, Indexing and Knowledge Representation

Contents

Tenth International ISKO Conference ISKO News Call For Papers ...... 67 UDC Consortium (Slavic)...... 101

Editorial ISKO-Italy (Gnoli)...... 101

Richard P. Smiraglia. A Glimpse at Knowledge Organization Knowledge Organization Literature in North America...... 69 34 (2007) No.1-2...... 102

Personal Author Index Articles 34 (2007) No.1-2...... 113

Abbas, June. In the Margins: Reflections on Scribbles, Knowledge Organization, and Access ...... 72

La Barre, Kathryn. Faceted Navigation and Browsing Features in New OPACs: A More Robust Solution to Problems of Information Seekers? ...... 78

Menard, Elaine. Study on the Influence of Vocabularies used for Image Indexing in a Multilingual Retrieval Environment...... 91

Knowl. Org. 34(2007)No.2

KO KNOWLEDGE ORGANIZATION

Contents page

Abbas, June. In the Margins: Reflections on Scribbles, Menard, Elaine. Study on the Influence of Vocabularies Knowledge Organization, and Access. Knowledge Or- used for Image Indexing in a Multilingual Retrieval En- ganization, 34(2), 72-77. 46 references. vironment. Knowledge Organization, 34(2), 91-100. 23 references. ABSTRACT: Marginalia or ‘scribbling in the margins” is a means for readers to add a more in-depth level of granular- ABSTRACT: For many years, the Web became an impor- ity and subject representation to digital documents such as tant media for the diffusion of multilingual resources. Lin- those present in social sharing environments like Flickr and guistic differences still form a major obstacle to scientific, del.icio.us. Social classification and social sharing sites de- cultural, and educational exchange. Besides this linguistic velopment of user-defined descriptors or tags is discussed diversity, a multitude of databases and collections now in the context of knowledge organization. With this posi- contain documents in various formats, which may also ad- tion paper I present a rationale for the use of the resulting versely affect the retrieval process. This paper describes a folksonomies and tag clouds being developed in these social research project aiming to verify the existing relations be- sharing communities as a rich source of information about tween two indexing approaches: traditional image indexing our users and their natural organization processes. The recommending the use of controlled vocabularies or free knowledge organization community needs to critically ex- image indexing using uncontrolled vocabulary, and their amine our understandings of these emerging classificatory respective performance for image retrieval, in a multilin- schema and determine how best to adapt, augment, revital- gual context. This research also compares image retrieval ize existing knowledge organization structures. within two contexts: a monolingual context where the language of the query is the same as the indexing language; and a multilingual context where the language of the query La Barre, Kathryn. Faceted Navigation and Browsing is different from the indexing language. This research will Features in New OPACs: A More Robust Solution to indicate whether one of these indexing approaches sur- Problems of Information Seekers? Knowledge Organiza- passes the other, in terms of effectiveness, efficiency, and tion, 34(2), 78-90. 65 references. satisfaction of the image searchers. This paper presents the context and the problem statement of the research project. ABSTRACT: At the end of 2005, impending digitization The experiment carried out is also described, as well as the efforts and several developments related to the creation of data collection methods access and discovery tools for informational and cultural objects resulted in a series of responses that continue to ripple throughout the library, museum and archive communities. These developments have broad implications for all three communities because of the goals shared by each in the creation of description, control and enhanced access to informational and cultural objects. This position paper will consider new implementations of faceted navigation and browsing features in online catalogs. It is also a response to challenges to develop interwoven approaches to the study of information seeking and the design and implementation of search and discovery systems. Urgently needed during this time of experimentation, development and implementation is a framework for system evaluation and critical analysis of needed and missing features that is grounded in traditional principles, borne out by practice. Such a framework could extend feature analysis protocols established during the early years of online catalog development. These contents pages may be reproduced without charge. Knowl. Org. 34(2007)No.2

KNOWLEDGE ORGANIZATION KO

KNOWLEDGE ORGANIZATION Dr. Jens-Erik MAI, Faculty of Information Studies, University of Toronto, 140 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G6, This journal is the organ of the INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY Canada. Email: [email protected] FOR KNOWLEDGE ORGANIZATION (General Secretariat: H. Peter OHLY, Social Science Information Center, Lennestr. 30, Ms. Joan S. MITCHELL, Editor in Chief, Dewey Decimal Classi- D-53113 Bonn, Germany. fication, OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc., 6565 Frantz Road, Dublin, OH 43017-3395 USA. Editors Email: [email protected] Dr. Richard P. SMIRAGLIA (Editor-in-Chief), Palmer School of Dr. Widad MUSTAFA el HADI, URF IDIST, Université Charles Library and Information Science, Long Island University, 720 de Gaulle Lille 3, BP 149, 59653 Villeneuve D’Ascq, France Northern Blvd., Brookville NY 11548 USA. H. Peter OHLY, IZ Sozialwissenschaften, Lennestr. 30, 53113 Email: [email protected] Bonn Germany. Email: [email protected] Dr. Clément ARSENAULT (Book Review Editor), École de bi- Dr. Hope A. OLSON, School of Information Studies, 522 Bolton bliothéconomie et des sciences de l’information, Université de Hall, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201 Montréal, C.P. 6128, succ. Centre-ville, Montréal (QC) H3C 3J7, USA. Email: [email protected] Canada. Email: [email protected] Ms. Annelise Mark PEJTERSEN, Systems Analysis Dept., Risoe Dr. Ia MCILWAINE (Literature Editor), Research Fellow. National Laboratory, P.O. Box 49, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark School of Library, Archive & Information Studies, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT U.K. Email: Dr. M. P. SATIJA, Guru Nanak Dev University, School of Li- [email protected] brary and Information Science, Amritsar-143 005, India Dr. Nancy WILLIAMSON (Classification Research News Edi- Prof. Dr. J.F. (Jos) SCHREINEMAKERS, School of Sciences, tor), Faculty of Information Studies, University of Toronto, 140 Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Section Busi- St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G6 Canada. ness Informatics / Informatiekunder, Vrije Universiteit Amster- Email: [email protected] dam, De Boelelaan 1081a, U3.56, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Nether- lands. Email: [email protected] Hanne ALBRECHTSEN, Institute of Knowledge Sharing, Bu- reauet, Slotsgade 2, 2nd floor DK-2200 Copenhagen N Denmark. Dr. Otto SECHSER, In der Ey 37, CH-8047 Zürich, Switzerland Email: [email protected] Dr. Windfried SCHMITZ-ESSER, Salvatorgasse 23, 6060 Hall, Christine MARCHESE (Editorial Assistant), Palmer School of Tirol, Austria. Library and Information Science, Long Island University. Dr. Dagobert SOERGEL, College of Information Studies, Horn- bake Bldg. (So. Wing), Room 4105, University of Maryland, Col- Consulting Editors lege Park, MD 20742. Email: [email protected] Prof. Clare BEGHTOL, Faculty of Information Studies, Univer- Dr. Eduard R. SUKIASYAN, Vozdvizhenka 3, RU-101000, Mos- sity of Toronto, 140 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S cow, Russia. 3G6, Canada. Email: [email protected] Dr. Joseph A. TENNIS, School of Library, Archival and In- Dr. Gerhard BUDIN, Dept. of Philosophy of Science, University formation Studies, University of British Columbia, 301 - 6190 of Vienna, Sensengasse 8, A-1090 Wien, Austria. Agronomy Road, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada. Email: Email: [email protected] [email protected] Prof. Jesús GASCÓN GARCÍA, Facultat de Biblioteconomia i Dr. Martin van der WALT, Department of Information Science, Documentació, Universitat de Barcelona, C. Melcior de Palau, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch 7602, 140, 08014 Barcelona, Spain. Email: [email protected] South Africa. Email: [email protected] Claudio GNOLI, University of Pavia, Mathematics Department Prof. Dr. Harald ZIMMERMANN, Softex, Schmollerstrasse 31, Library, via Ferrata 1, I-27100 Pavia, Italy. Email: [email protected] D-66111 Saarbrücken, Germany Dr. Rebecca GREEN, Assistant Editor, Dewey Decimal Classifi- cation, Dewey Editorial Office, Library of Congress, Decimal Classification Division , 101 Independence Ave., S.E., Washing- ton, DC 20540-4330, USA. Email: [email protected]

Dr. Birger HJØRLAND, Royal School of Library and Informa- tion Science, Copenhagen Denmark. Email: [email protected] Founded under the title International Classification in 1974 by Dr. Dr. Barbara H. KWASNIK, Professor, School of Information Ingetraut Dahlberg, the founding president of ISKO. Dr. Dahl- Studies, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA, (315) berg served as the journal's editor from 1974 to 1997, and as its 443-4547 voice, (315) 443-4506 fax. Email: [email protected] publisher (Indeks Verlag of Frankfurt) from 1981 to 1997. Knowl. Org. 34(2007)No.2

KO KNOWLEDGE ORGANIZATION

Publisher cles appearing in the same year should have the following format: ERGON-Verlag, Grombühlstr. 7, GER-97080 Würzburg “Jones 2005a, Jones 2005b, etc.” Issue numbers are given only Phone: +49 (931) 280084; FAX +49 (931) 282872 when a journal volume is not through-paginated. E-mail: [email protected]; http://www.ergon-verlag.de Examples: Dahlberg, Ingetraut. 1978. A referent-oriented, analytical concept Editor-in-chief (Editorial office) theory for INTERCONCEPT. International classification 5: Dr. Richard P. SMIRAGLIA (Editor-in-Chief), Palmer School of 142-51. Library and Information Science, Long Island University, 720 Howarth, Lynne C. 2003. Designing a common namespace for Northern Blvd., Brookville NY 11548 USA. searching metadata-enabled knowledge repositories: an inter- Email: [email protected] national perspective. Cataloging & classification quarterly 37n1/2: 173-85. Instructions for Authors Pogorelec, Andrej and Šauperl, Alenka. 2006. The alternative model of classification of belles-lettres in libraries. Knowledge Manuscripts should be submitted electronically (in Word, organization 33: 204-14. WordPerfect, or RTF format) in English only to the editor-in- Schallier, Wouter. 2004. On the razor’s edge: between local and chief and should be accompanied by an indicative abstract of 100 overall needs in knowledge organization. In McIlwaine, Ia C. or 200 words. Submissions via email are preferred; submissions ed., Knowledge organization and the global information society: will also be accepted via post provided that submissions are ac- Proceedings of the Eighth International ISKO Conference 13-16 companied by a 3.5” diskette encoded in Word, WordPerfect, or July 2004 London, UK. Advances in knowledge organization 9. RTF format. Würzburg: Ergon Verlag, pp. 269-74. A separate title page should include the article title and the au- Smiraglia, Richard P. 2001. The nature of ‘a work’: implications for thor’s name, postal address, and E-mail address, if available. Only the organization of knowledge. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow. the title of the article should appear on the first page of the text. Smiraglia, Richard P. 2005. Instantiation: Toward a theory. In To protect anonymity, the author’s name should not appear on the Vaughan, Liwen, ed. Data, information, and knowledge in a manuscript, and all references in the body of the text and in foot- networked world; Annual conference of the Canadian Association notes that might identify the author to the reviewer should be re- for Information Science … London, Ontario, June 2-4 2005. moved and cited on a separate page. Articles that do not conform Available http://www.cais-acsi.ca/2005proceedings.htm. to these specifications will be returned to authors. Footnotes are not permitted; all narration should be included Criteria for acceptance will be appropriateness to the field of in the text of the article. the journal (see Scope and Aims), taking into account the merit of Illustrations should be kept to a necessary minimum and the contents and presentation. The manuscript should be concise should be submitted electronically when possible. Photographs and should conform as much as possible to professional standards (including color and half-tone) should be scanned with a mini- of English usage and grammar. Manuscripts are received with the mum resolution of 600 dpi and saved as .tif files (Tagged Image understanding that they have not been previously published, are File Format preferred). Tables and figures should be embedded not being submitted for publication elsewhere, and that if the within the document or, alternatively, saved as separate files with work received official sponsorship, it has been duly released for clear instructions indicating their placement in the text. Tables publication. Submissions are refereed, and authors will usually be should contain a number and title at the top, and all columns and notified within 6 to 10 weeks. Unless specifically requested, rows should have headings. All illustrations should be cited in the manuscripts and illustrations will not be returned. text as Figure 1, Figure 2, etc. or Table 1, Table 2, etc. Illustrations The text should be structured by numbered subheadings. It submitted in hard copy only should be marked to indicate their should contain an Introduction, giving an overview and stating the placement in the text. purpose, a main body, describing in sufficient detail the materials Upon acceptance of a manuscript for publication, authors must or methods used and the results or systems developed, and a con- provide a wallet-size photo and a one-paragraph biographical clusion or summary. sketch. The photograph should be scanned with a minimum reso- Reference citations within the text should have the following lution of 600 dpi and saved as a .tif file (Tagged Image File For- form: (author year). For example, (Jones 1990). Specific page mat). numbers are optional, but preferred when applicable, e.g. (Jones 1990, 100). A citation with two authors would read (Jones & Advertising Smith, 1990); three or more authors would be: (Jones et al., 1990). Responsible for advertising: Dr. H.-J. Dietrich, ERGON-Verlag, When the author is mentioned in the text, only the date and op- Grombühlstr. 7, 97080 Würzburg (Germany). tional page number should appear in parenthesis – e.g. According to Jones (1990), … © 2007 by ERGON-Verlag Dr. H.-J. Dietrich. References should be listed alphabetically by author at the end All Rights reserved. of the article. Author names should be given as found in the sources (not abbreviated). Journal titles should not be abbreviated. Multiple citations to works by the same author should be listed KO is published quarterly by ERGON-Verlag. chronologically and should each include the author’s name. Arti- The price is € 115,00/ann. including airmail delivery. Knowl. Org. 34(2007)No.2

KNOWLEDGE ORGANIZATION KO

Scope Aims

The more scientific data is generated in the impetuous Thus, KNOWLEDGE ORGANIZATION is a forum for present times, the more ordering energy needs to be expended all those interested in the organization of knowledge on a uni- to control these data in a retrievable fashion. With the abun- versal or a domain-specific scale, using concept-analytical or dance of knowledge now available the questions of new solu- concept-synthetical approaches, as well as quantitative and tions to the ordering problem and thus of improved classifica- qualitative methodologies. KNOWLEDGE ORGANIZA- tion systems, methods and procedures have acquired unfore- TION also addresses the intellectual and automatic compila- seen significance. For many years now they have been the fo- tion and use of classification systems and thesauri in all fields cus of interest of information scientists the world over. of knowledge, with special attention being given to the prob- Until recently, the special literature relevant to classifica- lems of terminology. tion was published in piecemeal fashion, scattered over the KNOWLEDGE ORGANIZATION publishes original numerous technical journals serving the experts of the various articles, reports on conferences and similar communications, fields such as: as well as book reviews, letters to the editor, and an extensive annotated bibliography of recent classification and indexing literature. philosophy and science of science KNOWLEDGE ORGANIZATION should therefore be science policy and science organization available at every university and research library of every coun- mathematics, statistics and computer science try, at every information center, at colleges and schools of li- library and information science brary and information science, in the hands of everybody in- archivistics and museology terested in the fields mentioned above and thus also at every journalism and communication science office for updating information on any topic related to the industrial products and commodity science problems of order in our information-flooded times. terminology, lexicography and linguistics KNOWLEDGE ORGANIZATION was founded in 1973 by an international group of scholars with a consulting board of editors representing the world’s regions, the special Beginning in 1974, KNOWLEDGE ORGANIZATION classification fields, and the subject areas involved. From (formerly INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION) has 1974-1980 it was published by K.G. Saur Verlag, München. been serving as a common platform for the discussion of both Back issues of 1978-1992 are available from ERGON-Verlag, theoretical background questions and practical application too. problems in many areas of concern. In each issue experts from As of 1989, KNOWLEDGE ORGANIZATION has be- many countries comment on questions of an adequate struc- come the official organ of the INTERNATIONAL SOCI- turing and construction of ordering systems and on the prob- ETY FOR KNOWLEDGE ORGANIZATION (ISKO) lems of their use in opening the information contents of new and is included for every ISKO-member, personal or institu- literature, of data collections and survey, of tabular works and tional in the membership fee (US $ 55/US $ 110). of other objects of scientific interest. Their contributions have Rates: From 2006 on for 4 issues/ann. (including indexes) been concerned with € 115,00 (forwarding costs included). Membership rates see above. ERGON-Verlag, Grombühlstr. 7, GER-97080 Würzburg; (1) clarifying the theoretical foundations (general ordering Phone: +49 (931) 280084; FAX +49 (931) 282872; E-mail: theory/science, theoretical bases of classification, data [email protected]; http://www.ergon-verlag.de analysis and reduction) (2) describing practical operations connected with indexing/classification, as well as applications of classification systems and thesauri, manual and machine indexing (3) tracing the history of classification knowledge and methodology The contents of this journal are indexed and abstracted in Refera- (4) discussing questions of education and training in classi- tivnyi Zhurnal Informatika and in the following online databases: fication Information Science Abstracts, INSPEC, Library and Information (5) concerning themselves with the problems of terminol- Science Abstracts (LISA), Library Literature, PASCAL, Sociologi- ogy in general and with respect to special fields. cal Abstracts, and Web Science & Social Sciences Citation Index. Knowl. Org. 34(2007)No.2 67 ISKO 2008 – Montréal. Call for Papers

ISKO 2008 – Montréal Call for Papers

10th biennial ISKO Conference Culture and Identity in Knowledge Organization

Official Call is OPEN

The 10th biennial International Conference of the Types of Contributions Accepted to ISKO 2008 International Society for Knowledge Organization Research papers, posters, and workshop proposals (ISKO) is organised and hosted by the École de are accepted for this conference. bibliothéconomie et des sciences de l’information, The authors should clearly outline the central Université de Montréal. objective or hypothesis of the research, and pre- Previous ISKO conferences took place in Darm- sent preliminary or intermediary results. If authors stadt (1990), Madras (1992), Copenhagen (1994), intend to present their most recent findings (not Washington (1996), Lille (1998), Toronto (2000), yet available at the submission date) at the confer- Granada (2002), London (2004) and Vienna ence, they should clearly indicate their potential (2006). significance. Research-in-progress papers may also be submitted but may not be retained if underde- Time and Place of ISKO 2008: veloped. Tuesday 5 to Friday 8 of August 2008, at the Uni- versité de Montréal (Québec, Canada). Research Papers Professionals and researchers are invited to submit Website: abstracts with a maximum of 1500 words for full http://www.ebsi.umontreal.ca/isko2008/ and research-in-progress papers by November 9th, 2007. Full papers that are not accepted might be Contact: retained as posters. [email protected] Posters Conference Theme: Professionals and researchers are invited to submit Culture and Identity in Knowledge Organization. abstracts with a maximum of 500 words for posters by November 9th, 2007. The proposed research topics for this edition include: Workshop Proposals Submission for workshops are also invited. – Epistemological Foundations in KO – Models and Methods Review of Contributions – Systems and Tools – Ethics The international programme committee will re- – KO for Libraries, Archives, and Museums view the abstracts, and authors will be notified of – Non-Textual Materials decisions by December 14th 2007. The deadlines – KO in Multilingual Environments for submission of papers for the printed confer- – Users and Social Context ence proceedings are below. All abstracts should be – Discourse Communities and KO submitted through email ([email protected]) – KO for Information Management and Retrieval by November 9th 2007. Late submission will not – Evaluation be eligible for consideration. 68 Knowl. Org. 34(2007)No.2 ISKO 2008 – Montréal. Call for Papers

Guidelines for Submission of Abstract Programme Committee First page should include the following informa- To be announced soon (please check the website). tion: Authors will be requested to submit their final ac- Tenth International ISKO Conference cepted contributions using the ISKO 2008 format- Montréal, August 5–8, 2008 ting guidelines.

Author name(s): {fill in} Valid Document Formats: Affiliation(s): {fill in} Microsoft Word (.doc) and Rich Text Format (.rtf). Full contact information: {fill in} Title: {fill in} Submission for Accepted Papers and Posters Conference topic: {fill in} – Papers – max. 7 pages (~3500 word). Papers Type of submission: {Paper / Poster / Workshop} will be published in the printed proceedings. Number of words: {fill in} – Posters – max. 2 pages (~1000 words). Posters will be published on the website. The abstract should follow on the second page (no – To prepare your camera ready manuscript you name should appear on this page). must use and conform to the ISKO 2008 paper template or to the ISKO 2008 poster template. Format: Word or RTF. The templates and guidelines will be posted on the website at a later date. Conference Chair – Failure to conform to templates will lead to pa- Dr. Clément Arsenault, Associate Professor, École per rejection from Proceedings and Conference. de bibliothéconomie et des sciences de l’informa- – The working language of the conference is Eng- tion. Université de Montréal, Canada. lish. E-mail: [email protected] Important Dates Programme Chair – Abstract submission, deadline: November 9th Dr. Joseph T. Tennis, Assistant Professor, The In- 2007. formation School of the University of Washington, – Notification of acceptance of paper submis- Seattle, USA. sions: December 14th 2007. E-mail: [email protected] – Notification of acceptance of posters: January 18th 2008. Poster Session Chair – Camera ready papers due in Word/RTF format: Dr. Michèle Hudon, Associate Professor, École de 1st March 2008. bibliothéconomie et des sciences de l’information. Université de Montréal, Canada. E-mail: [email protected]

Knowl. Org. 34(2007)No.2 69 R. P. Smiraglia. A Glimpse at Knowledge Organization in North America: An Editorial

A Glimpse at Knowledge Organization in North America

An Editorial

Richard P. Smiraglia, Editor-in-Chief

June 14-15 saw a special event conference/North_American_Symposium_on_ take place: the North Ameri- Knowledge_Organization_2007.html. Three of the can Symposium on Knowledge the four top-ranked papers appear in the present is- Organization convened at the sue of Knowledge Organization and are represented Faculty of Information Studies online with extended abstracts. Here in simple tabu- at the University of Toronto. lar form is a list of the papers: Fifty participants attended to hear 13 formal refereed papers. Feinberg Beyond retrieval: a proposal to expand One session was set aside for a the design space of classification panel discussion on major is- Pimentel Exploring classification as conversation sues in knowledge organization today. And the gene- Campbell Everything old is new again: finding a ral assembly voted to create itself as the North Ame- D.G. et al place for knowledge structures in a satis- ficing world rican chapter of ISKO. A standing committee will Zhang, J. Ontology and the semantic web bring forth bylaws and organize a second symposium Kasten, J. Knowledge strategy and its influence on for the summer of 2009. As it happens, 2007 has knowledge organization been a banner year for the organization of new chap- Kemp, R. Classifying marginalized people, focusing ters of ISKO (see the various reports elsewhere in on natural disaster survivors this issue). A new chapter appeared in the United Kipp, M.E.I. Tagging for health information organiza- Kingdom, and one is planned for Mexico. According tion and retrieval to reports received, national chapters have held exci- Smiraglia, R.P. Performance works, continuing to com- ting meetings in Spain and Italy. It seems that our prehend instantiation corner of the intellectual spectrum is solidifying and Green, R. and Anticipating new media: a faceted classi- growing and that is very good news. Fallgren, N. fication of material types Wondering whether it might be possible to arrive La Barre, K. Faceted navigation and browsing features at any conclusions about the tenor of knowledge or- in new OPACs: a more robust solution to ganization in North America I put the thirteen pa- problems of information seekers? pers to some simple tests of domain analysis. (Inci- Ménard, E. Indexing and retrieving images in a multi- dentally, and curiously, all proposals submitted to the lingual world symposium that were specifically about KO in North Abbas, J. In the margins: reflections on scribbles, knowledge organization, and access America were rejected!) Of course, such a small Tennis, J.T. The economic and aesthetic axis of in- number of papers from a single symposium cannot formation organization frameworks be considered to be representative in a scientific sense, not even of papers in KO in North America. Table 1. NASKO refereed papers But we can consider this symposium to be representative of the research interests of the attendees, all A quick glance shows the prominence of concepts of scholars who took the trouble to generate research faceted classification and also a self-conscious focus for this event. Nine of the thirteen papers can be on all things new, including social classification. Spe- found online here: http://dlist.sir.arizona.edu/view/ cific KO applications were demonstrated in a variety 70 Knowl. Org. 34(2007)No.2 R. P. Smiraglia. A Glimpse at Knowledge Organization in North America: An Editorial

of domains, from the performing arts to health-care Author co-citation analysis is a useful tool for to disaster management. It is probably safe to say domain analysis because it deals with the perceptions that all of the papers are in some sense forward- of authors in the domain. If two people are cited to- looking, anticipating the future of knowledge orga- gether it means their work is considered to lie on nization. some similarity trajectory. It is important to remem- The authors of the thirteen papers cited 311 sour- ber that this analysis shows similarity as perceived by ces, ranging from Cutter’s Rules (1876) to 21 papers the group of citing authors. And I must reiterate that from 2007, including Hjørland’s ARIST paper on this group is much too small to generate conclusions “Semantics and knowledge organization.” The mean that can be generalized beyond its own domain. Still, age of work cited in the group was 2.5 years, which working within this set of 13 papers a small but mea- shows that even when Cutter is factored in, this surable amount of co-citation was discovered. The group is working very close to the cutting edge of MDS plot looks like this: the research front. Of the 311 citations, 130 were to authors whose work was cited more than once in the Derived Stimulus Configuration set. This tells us that approximately 2/3 of the citations were unique, so these authors are drawing heavi- Euclidean distance model ly on their own resources. Forty-six authors were ci- 1.5 bates ted twice or more, and only 19 were cited three times 1.0 or more. These are: .5 drabenstott binns Hjørland, B. 7 if la fast 0.0broughton hjørlandbeghtol smiraglia Atherton,-Cochrane and Freeman 6 athertonpollitt Olson, H.A. 6 -.5 Smiraglia, R.P. 6 vickery -1.0 Beghtol, C. 5 Dimension 2 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 Abbas, J. 4 Broughton, Vanda 4 Dimension 1 Drabenstott-Markey and others 4 Vickery, B.C. 4 Bates, M. 3 There is not a great deal of cohesion here, so there is Binns, Jean 3 not much reason to overdo it trying to eke out pat- Fast, K.V. and Campbell, D.G. 3 terns. But there are a few obvious implications. First, Hearst, Marti A 3 that there is not a lot of cohesion. So it shows that at Howarth, L.C. 3 least among this group, there is not a definable IFLA 3 North American version of knowledge organization. Kipp, M.E.I. 3 In fact, there are some definable poles. I am in a clu- Mai, J-E. 3 ster near two classic authors (Beghtol and Hjørland); Mann, T. 3 the proximity of those two shows the likelihood that Pollitt, A. Steven 3 this North American group will cite the two of them with a sort of ritual deference. Note that, if the tra- Table 2. Most frequently cited in NASKO jectory runs from right to left, that puts me at the outer edge of ritual deference! Broughton, Vickery, and Pollitt are from the United Hjørland and Beghtol have tackled the thorniest Kingdom and Hjørland (of course) is Danish. The problems in knowledge organization, most notably rest of these authors (excepting IFLA of course!), the issues of semantics and domain analysis, so they including the most frequently cited, are North Ame- are rightly attributed proximal weight by this com- ricans. It is unclear whether that represents a regio- munity. Notice that everybody else in the distribution nal social network, or whether it is just the luck of is scattered about. That means that there are several the draw, or whether it is representative of KO in ge- competing nodes in this group – Drabenstott and neral. Answers to these questions would be very in- Vickery, for instance on controlled vocabulary and fa- teresting; further analysis of KO overall, as well as its cets, or Bates and Broughton, on searching habits and regional groups, is clearly called for. facets. Atherton (Cochrane) and Pollitt are the inde- Knowl. Org. 34(2007)No.2 71 R. P. Smiraglia. A Glimpse at Knowledge Organization in North America: An Editorial

cipherable pair – they were concerned with the effica- ry languages and thesauri. If your group is having a cy of classification as a player in information retrieval. refereed conference that can produce 3-4 papers of And there is the semblance of a breakout group mo- substance please contact me about turning that into a ving from Fast toward IFLA and Binns – the thrust theme issue of KO. And by all means, let us take up here is new international standards and their reper- the analysis of our own domain wherever we can. cussions, combined with increasing understanding of Knowledge Organization has the potential to move the role of faceted classification. It seems this group from the confines of library classification to the ex- is interested for now in faceted approaches to classifi- panding and evolving boundaries of a society depen- cation, even as they have to be adapted for Web 2.0 dent on tools based on scientific KO. applications. And this group is well-grounded in the issues of semantics and domain analysis. But they are Reference not afraid to push off in their own directions. What does KO research look like in your geo- López-Huertas, María-José and Contreras, Evaristo graphic region? López-Huertas and Contreras Jiménez. 2004. Spanish research in knowledge orga- (2004) analyzed Spanish research in KO. They found, nization(1992-2001). Knowledge organization 31: similarly, increasing productivity but low internal 136-50. coherence, with activity directed toward documenta-

72 Knowl. Org. 34(2007)No.2 J. Abbas. In the Margins: Reflections on Scribbles, Knowledge Organization, and Access

In the Margins: Reflections on Scribbles, Knowledge Organization, and Access

June Abbas Department of Library and Information Studies, State University of New York at Buffalo, 534 Baldy Hall, Amherst, NY 14260-1020,

Dr. June Abbas is an Associate Professor in the Department of Library and Information Studies at the State University of New York at Buffalo. Her teaching and research interests allow her to pursue her passion for increasing our understanding of the interconnected facets of access to accurate, relevant information including: 1) how people use information systems and their processes for finding information, 2) how information systems are organized and the schema used to organize the information or representations of information objects that are included in the system, 3) user-centered design, and 4) the changing nature of information and systems. She has also been the project manager for six digital library projects developed by her students for small cultural heritage organizations.

Abbas, June. In the Margins: Reflections on Scribbles, Knowledge Organization, and Access. Knowledge Organization, 34(2), 72-77. 46 references.

ABSTRACT: Marginalia or ‘scribbling in the margins” is a means for readers to add a more in-depth level of granularity and subject representation to digital documents such as those present in social sharing environments like Flickr and del.icio.us. So- cial classification and social sharing sites development of user-defined descriptors or tags is discussed in the context of knowledge organization. With this position paper I present a rationale for the use of the resulting folksonomies and tag clouds being developed in these social sharing communities as a rich source of information about our users and their natural organization processes. The knowledge organization community needs to critically examine our understandings of these emerging classificatory schema and determine how best to adapt, augment, revitalize existing knowledge organization structures.

1. Scribbles in the margins curred as we read the words. These interactions with the text extend our own personal narrative and cre- A favored text, dog-eared and yellowed from use, yet ate new meaning for us. Should someone pick up still useful, brings back insights that we try to impart this same text and read the passages and also the to our students when we teach knowledge organiza- notes, would one necessarily draw the same conclu- tion, or organization and control of recorded infor- sions, or would one have yet other insights into the mation courses, whichever words we have chosen to author’s meanings, the scribbles, the words? Wilson label them. Scribbled in the margins are remnants of (1968, 18) reminds us that “what a text says is not notes to ourselves – keywords, subject headings? necessarily what it reveals or what it allows us to “tags”? – to remind us of why a particular passage conclude ... but what is not said may interest us was relevant to us. (In no manner do I condone the more than what is said.” practice of writing in the margins of library books; Marginalia, or the practice of writing notes in the rather, I present this as an analogy.) These scribbles margin, has provided us with insight into readers’ include notes about the thoughts, subjects, eloquent thought processes, historical context at the time of linguistics that we wish to remember, and to access reading, and greater levels of granularity as the reader at a later time, maybe even our thoughts that oc- engages with the authors of the text. I am reminded Knowl. Org. 34(2007)No.2 73 J. Abbas. In the Margins: Reflections on Scribbles, Knowledge Organization, and Access

of the impact on scientific discovery accomplished by gained from this research? Has it changed our way reading someone else’s notes in the margins. Johan- of thinking about knowledge organization and sub- nes Kepler’s work on elliptical orbits was influenced ject access? How do we apply these understandings by notes he read in the margins of a second-hand to the digital environment? copy of Copernicus’ De revolutionibis (Gingerich On the surface it seems the Web has taken much 2004). John Adams, a significant figure in United of knowledge organization out of our hands. Users States and world history, was well known for creating can access this vast depository of texts by entering a extensive marginalia in his books. His most highly few words into a search box, and they do. Studies annotated book is Mary Wollstonecraft’s An historical have shown us that most web searchers are not con- and moral view of the origin and progress of the French cerned with thinking up precise, well defined Boo- Revolution, which contains 10,085 words of Adams's lean search strings. They enter a few key (relevant to handwritten commentary. According to the Boston them) words and click a button. They then sift Public Library’s (2006) online collection of his through the multitude of hits and find at least one works, his marginalia provides us with “a permanent or more that satisfices their information need. In record of John Adams's intensive and frequent inter- online collaborative sharing communities, such as actions with his library. Adams read with a pen Flickr (http://www.flickr.com), del.icio.us (http:// clasped firmly in hand and many of his books – par- www.delicious.com), and LibraryThing (http://www. ticularly those he read late in life – are filled with pas- librarything.com), users can organize images, cluster sionate commentary and lively dialogues with the au- bookmarks, and catalog their own personal libraries thors in the margins.” using words that are relevant to them. The Pew Re- How then do we access the facts, truths, or asser- search Center has estimated that 28 percent of tions that the text conveys, or doesn’t convey, or the online Americans have tagged content on the Inter- different truths or assertions that occur to another net, and 7 percent say they tag or categorize content who reads the text? Our knowledge organization on at least a daily basis (Rainie 2007). These “tag- structures provide access points to follow. Classifica- gers” are not using our knowledge organization de- tion schemes, controlled vocabularies, ontologies, vices. They are creating their own as they use and taxonomies, and the like, have been used to access view others’ tags. Vander Wal (2006) has been cred- various levels of subject content within the texts. ited with coining the term “folksonomy,” for the re- (The use of the word “texts” for this discussion sulting cluster of terms that emerges when a com- could include any information-bearing object, re- munity describes texts. Folksonomies are then used gardless of format, but to maintain the “argument” for subject representation by the users within these being developed, the word “text” will be used collaborative sharing communities. Again, this idea is throughout.) How then, do we access the “mean- not new to knowledge organization, but it is one ing,” the conclusions, or the insights others make that has not been widely accepted or applied. Earlier, while reading the words, the scribbles in the mar- “pre-tagging” proponents of the process of enabling gins? subject access using user-defined descriptors are: Hastings (1995); O’Connor (1996); Bates (1998); 2. Knowledge organization is not static O’Connor, O’Connor and Abbas (1999); Abbas (2002, 2005a, 2005b) to name a few. This is an old argument. Knowledge organization structures are not static. We struggle to update clas- 3. Tagging as Annotation sification schemes. We conduct research to determine if they work. Controlled vocabularies have The Web has, however, given us an environment to been criticized as being out of date, containing ar- test the efficacy of using user-defined descriptors for cane, discriminatory, Anglo-centric terminology subject (as well as physical) access. We might then (Olson 2002). We have conducted studies that show assume that collaborative sharing communities are in that users don’t understand how to use subject head- effect, “scribbling in the margins” when users tag ings (Markey 1984; Drabenstott and Vizine-Goetz their images, their bookmarks, their libraries. This 1990), or that the words they choose for searching may seem like a weak analogy to some. However, do not match subject headings (Taylor 1984; Carlyle what we do know about the reasons and uses of an- 1989; Doyen and Wheeler 1989; Lester 1989; Abbas notation in the print environment can also be ex- 2002). So what have we done with the knowledge we tended to the digital tagging practices as well. For 74 Knowl. Org. 34(2007)No.2 J. Abbas. In the Margins: Reflections on Scribbles, Knowledge Organization, and Access

example, Ovsiannikov, Arbib & McNeil (1999) ciety of users. Tag clouds, in effect, become mecha- found that the primary uses for annotation of print nisms not just for representation, but for retrieval as were to think, to remember, to clarify, and to share. the individual returns to the tag clouds as a means A further study by Fu, Ciszek, Marchionini, & for retrieving objects, or finding others’ related ob- Solomon (2005) of web-based annotation tools jects that have been tagged with the same terms. Vis- found that the uses or motivations for annotation ual representation of search terms in conjunction were similar in the web environment to those in the with index terms, as well as the user’s ability to view print environment. While the Fu et al. study did not or manipulate proximity relationships between the look specifically at social sharing communities’ tag- two, is not new to knowledge organization and in- ging practice as annotation, the web tools they did formation retrieval. Korfhage (1991) and others examine (personalized web spaces like MyLibrary, or (Kim & Korfhage 1994; Nuchprayoon & Korfhage blogs and wikis) have enough features in common to 1994) began exploring visual representation in their extend their findings to the “tagging as annotation” work on Visual Information Retrieval Interfaces analogy presented here. (VIRI’s) and others have followed. VIRI’s allow the Also note that use of the term “scribbling” in ei- user to view their search terms and the index terms ther context (print or digital) should in no way indi- of the document collections and to set the parame- cate a quick, easy process void of thought or consid- ters of how closely the two sets must match for pre- eration. Some tags may be created quickly, but others cise retrieval. Tag clouds, while not exactly the same are only applied after much deliberation, examination process, are produced by the user, or community of of existing tags, or even by using the tag clouds, or users, and are then the source for sorting, searching, other social classification structures of the commu- and browsing a collection. nity. “Taggers” also report that they have referred to Blair (1990; 2006) provides a further context for outside sources (eg., Wikipedia, or existing controlled examining social representation and access issues. He vocabularies available online) for terms with which to posits that the language we use both to represent our tag. This anecdotal evidence is is based on conversa- information needs and to index texts is learned in a tions I have had with taggers, as well as presentations social context or community. Blair explains the the- and discussion sessions given by students for a ory of “language games,” as first developed by the course-related Flickr assignment. Users are choosing early twenty century philosopher Ludwig Witten- a few words or phrases to represent the “meaning” of genstein, and the process in which we learn language the text to them. They are then re-using these words and meaning. We do not acquire language purely by as their own “controlled vocabularies.” While these learning the word and its definition, but instead learn personalized controlled vocabularies are not follow- its use and appropriateness within the context of our ing any set of pre-established conventions or stan- “forms of life” or everyday experiences. Further- dards with which we are comfortable, nor are they ei- more, we have to possess some prior understanding ther hierarchical in nature or able to show relation- of the form of life or the language game context we ships with which we are familiar, (i.e. broader, nar- are engaged in before the words can have meaning. rower, related terms), the users have chosen these Users of online sharing communities are engaging terms as those found useful for describing the texts. within the social context of a particular community. While their process of selecting terms may vary, Each person who contributes tags is engaging in though at this point we know very little about their “language games” as they go through their daily selection and application processes, it cannot be as- “forms of life” or experiences. Where this practice sumed that no forethought goes into their selections. may differ from Wittgenstein’s conception, is that Further, it is also common practice in social col- there are few limits on what is accepted or unac- laborative communities to invite other members to cepted practice in the social sharing communities. In provide their own additional tags to your texts, fact this lack of standards or constraints is highly thereby providing yet another dimension of mean- prized by users who do not want to spend time ing, another level of granularity, to the representa- learning rules. Users can tag using their own con- tion. Tag clouds (the resulting visual structures built structions, experiences, meanings, with the only lim- as a result of tagging objects) can then become visual its imposed being of a technological nature. representations of meaning to at least one user, the This is not to say that clusters of meaning or com- micro-communities or interest groups that form munity practices (norms) are not evolving and around an interest in the subject, and to a larger so- emerging from this seemingly chaotic environment. Knowl. Org. 34(2007)No.2 75 J. Abbas. In the Margins: Reflections on Scribbles, Knowledge Organization, and Access

Much of the tagging literature focuses on the result- More needs to be considered. More needs to be ing folksonomies that are being developed. Much of learned. We need to step back and critically assess that same literature is quick to point out the prob- the current state of knowledge organization and its lems of tagging and folksonomy development and efficiency in the digital environment. We also must use (i.e. tags are sloppy, imprecise, redundant, non- ask “What do we really know about social classifica- sensical, ambiguous, for single use, no synonym or tion, tagging, and its meaning and use for users? homonym control, contain both plurals and singular How can social classification and tagging practices forms, etc.) (e.g.,. Bates 2006, Gordon-Murnane inform knowledge organization practices and struc- 2006, Golder and Huberman 2006, Guy and Tonkin tures?” Some potential areas to explore include: 2006, Peterson 2006, and MacGregor and McCulloch 2006) and is hesitant to discuss the potentials it can What does tagging mean to users? Is tagging a afford us as engineers of knowledge organization, way to describe a text, a scribble in the margins, educators, scholars, and researchers. We are begin- or does it provide a set of search terms? Are these ning to discuss the practical applications or peda- potential uses (description, search terms) differ- gogical necessities of examining this emerging phe- ent to users? nomenon (e.g.. Abbas & Graham 2006, Arch 2007, Dye 2006 and 2007, Fichter 2006, Fox 2006, Matu- What are users’ motivations for tagging (per- siak 2006, Peterson 2006, Skiba 2006, Spiteri 2006a sonal findability or organization; communal or and 2006b, and Suster 2006). familial sharing; meaning making; performative act)? Do motivations affect user’s choices of tags? 4. Glimpses of User Perception Can we apply Wittgenstein’s “Language Games” So, where does this leave us? Where do we go from theory to what is happening in online sharing here? We have a rich source that is untapped. Our communities? And if so, how can this lens in- OPACs gather users’ search terms and search ses- form knowledge organization theory and prac- sions. Websites also track and collect this same in- tice? formation about access. Online collaborative sharing sites are developing folksonomies, “forming” tag What can we learn from collaborative classifica- clouds. Each of these sources can tell us volumes tion, folksonomy development? How can we in- about how our users access information. These corporate this learning into classification scheme sources provide us with a glimpse into user’s percep- and controlled vocabulary development? Should tions, cognitive processes, and strategies as they we try to make tags more consistent and require search for texts or when they tag their objects by users to follow knowledge organization conven- “scribbling in the margins”. At the very least, these tions or do we just watch and learn? Can or sources provide us with the terms used, and with fur- should we apply traditional controlled vocabulary ther study, may potentially provide contextual mean- constraints to user-defined descriptors? ing. What we need to consider now is how we can use these sources to adapt, augment, and revitalize What are the implications to knowledge organi- our knowledge organization structures. There are ef- zation and library and information science edu- forts underway to do just this. Museum and library cation? How do we incorporate social classifica- communities, for example, are exploring the useful- tion tools, practices, and user’s changing expecta- ness, as well as logistics, of gathering and incorporat- tions and motivations into our curricula? ing users’ tags into their websites, online exhibits, and WebPACs (Trant 2006, Sweda 2006). Others The growing body of literature on this topic sug- such as Spiteri (2006a, 2006b) are comparing the tags gests that “tagging” and these digital “scribbles in the developed by users in del.ci.ous, Furl, and Te c h n o r a t i margins” are not a fad or trend that will soon pass. to existing knowledge organization structures such This phenomenon is providing us with a much as the Library of Congress Subject Headings. Digital needed glimpse into our users’ natural organization libraries that have been developed for youth are also processes. Social representation and sharing sites are exploring the idea of using user-defined descriptors affording us a rich, complex dataset to work with, to as subject headings (Abbas 2002, 2005a, 2005b, and examine more contextually, to serve as a means for Reuter & Druin 2004). us to critically analyze our existing schema and from 76 Knowl. Org. 34(2007)No.2 J. Abbas. In the Margins: Reflections on Scribbles, Knowledge Organization, and Access

which to learn, to adapt, to generate new meaning to trieval tasks. In Salvendy, Gaviel and Smith, Mi- our existing knowledge organization structures. If chael J., eds. Proceedings of the Third International we don’t take advantage of this opportunity, we Conference on Human-Computer Interaction on might find others scribbling in the margins about Designing and Using Human-Computer Interfaces our lack of involvement, and how we were left be- and Knowledge Based Systems, 2nd ed. New York: hind and became obsolete. Elsevier Science, pp. 226-31. Drabenstott, Karen and Vizine-Goetz, Diane. 1990. References Search trees for subject searching in online catalogs. Library hi tech 8(3): 7-20. Abbas, June. 2002. Smoothing the information seek- Dye, Jessica. 2006. Folksonomy: a game of high-tech ing path: Removing representational obstacles in (and high-stakes) tag. EContent 29(3): 38-43. the middle school digital library environment. Dye, Jessica. 2007. Collaboration 2.0. EContent Ph.D. dissertation, University of North Texas, 30(1): 32-36. Denton. Fichter, Darlene. 2006. Intranet applications for tag- Abbas, June. 2005a. Out of the mouths of middle ging and folksonomies. Online 30(3): 43-45. school children: I. developing user-defined con- Fox, Robert. 2006. Cataloging for the masses. trolled vocabularies for subject access in a digital OCLC Systems & Services 22: 166-72. library. Journal of the American Society for Infor- Fu, Xin, Ciszek, Tom, Marchionini, Gary and Solo- mation Science and Technology 56: 1512-24. mon, Paul. 2005. Annotating the Web: an explora- Abbas, June. 2005b. Creating metadata for children’s tory study of Web users’ needs for personal anno- resources: issues, research, and current develop- tation tools. In Sparking synergies: bringing research ments. Library trends 54(2): 303-17. and practice together; proceedings of the 68th Annual Abbas, June and Graham, Jennifer E. 2006. So, let’s Meeting of the American Society for Information Sci- talk about tagging, user-defined/supplied descrip- ence & Technology, October 28-November 2, Char- tors …. a research and curricular agenda. In In- lotte, NC. Medford, N.J.: Information Today. formation realtities, shaping the digital future for all: Gingerich, Owen. 2004. The book nobody read: chas- Proceedings of the 69th Annual Meeting of the ing the revolutions of Nicolaus Copernicus. NewY- American Society for Information Science and ork: Penguin Books. Technology, Austin, TX, November3-8, 2006. Med- Golder, Scott and Huberman, Bernardo. 2006. Usage ford, N.J.: Information Today. patterns of collaborative tagging systems Journal Arch, Xan. 2007. Creating the academic library folk- of information science 32: 198–208. sonomy: put social tagging to work at your institu- Gordon-Murnane, Laura. 2006. Social bookmarking, tion. College & research libraries news 68(2): 80-81. folksonomies, and Web 2.0 tools. Searcher 14(6): Bates, Marcia J. 1998. Indexing and access for digital 26-38. libraries and the Internet: human, database, and Guy, Marieke and Tonkin, Emma. 2006. Folksono- domain factors. Journal of the American Society for mies: tidying up tags? DLib magazine 12(1). Re- Information Science 49: 1185-1205. trieved June 27, 2007 from http://www.dlib.org/ Bates, Mary Ellen. 2006. Tag – you’re it! Online dlib/january06/guy/01guy.html. 30(1): 64. Hastings, Samantha K. 1995. Query Categories in a Blair, David. 1990. Language and representation in in- Study of Intellectual Access to Digitized Art Im- formation retrieval. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science. ages. In Kinney, Tom, ed. Converging technologies, Blair, David. 2006. Wittgenstein, language, and infor- forging partnerships in information, proceedings of mation: back to the rough ground! Dordrecht: the 58th ASIS Annual Meeting: Chicago, October 9- Springer. 12, 1995. Medford, NJ: Information Today, pp.3-8. Boston Public Library. 2006. The John Adams Li- Kim, Hanhwe and Korfhage, Robert. 1994. BIRD: brary at the Boston Public Library. (http://www. Browsing interface for the retrieval of documents. johnadamslibrary.org/, accessed June 27, 2007). In Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Visual Carlyle, Alyson. 1989. Matching LCSH and user vo- Languages. Los Alamitos: IEEE Computer Society cabulary in the library catalog. Cataloging & classi- Press, pp. 176-177. fication quarterly 10(1/2): 37-63. Korfhage, Robert. 1991. To see, or not to see – is Doyen, Sally E. and Wheeler, Daniel D. 1989. Use of that the query? In Proceedings of the 14th Annual a controlled vocabulary index in information re- International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research Knowl. Org. 34(2007)No.2 77 J. Abbas. In the Margins: Reflections on Scribbles, Knowledge Organization, and Access

and Development in Information Retrieval. New Reuter, Kara and Druin, Alison. 2004. Bringing to- York: ACM Press, pp. 134-41. gether children and books: an initial descriptive Lester, Marilyn Ann. 1989. Coincidence of user study of children’s book searching and selection vocabulary and Library of Congress Subject Head- behavior in a digital library. In Managing and en- ings: experiments to improve subject access. Ph.D. hancing information: cultures and conflicts, proceed- dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana- ings of the 67th Annual Meeting of the American So- Champaign. ciety for Information Science and Technology. Med- Macgregor, George and McCulloch, Emma. 2006. ford, NJ: Information Today, pp. 339-48. Collaborative tagging as a knowledge organisation Skiba, Diane J. 2006. Web 2.0: next great thing or and resource. Library review 55: 291-300. just marketing hype? Nursing education perspec- Markey, Karen. 1984. Subject searching in library cata- tives 27: 212-14. logs: before and after the introduction of online cata- Spiteri, Louise F. 2006a. The use of folksonomies in logs. Dublin, OH: Online Computer Library Cen- public library catalogs. The serials librarian 51: 75- ter. 89. Matusiak, Krystyna. 2006. Towards user-centered in- Spiteri, Louise. 2006b. The use of collaborative tag- dexing in digital imaging collections. OCLC Sys- ging in public library catalogues. Available online: tems & Services 22. 283-98. http://www.oclc.org/research/grants/presentations/ Nuchprayoon, Assadaporn and Korfhage, Robert. 2006/spiteri.ppt. 1994. GUIDO, a visual tool for retrieving docu- Suster, Mark. 2006. Folksonomy. AIIM e-doc maga- ments. In Proceedings IEEE Symposium on Visual zine 20(6): 20-21. Languages 1994, pp. 64-71. Sweda, Jennifer E. 2006. Using social bookmarks in O'Connor, Brian C. 1996. Explorations in indexing an academic setting: PennTags. Poster presented and abstracting: pointing, virtue and power. Engle- at the 17th Annual ASIS&T SIG/CR Classifica- wood, CO: Libraries Unlimited, Inc. tion Research Workshop Saturday, November 4, O’Connor, Brian., O’Connor, Mary K. and Abbas, 2006, Austin, TX. June. 1999. User reactions as access mechanism: Taylor, Arlene G. 1984. Authority files in online an exploration based on captions for images. catalogs: An investigation of their value. Catalog- Journal of the American Society for Information ing & classification quarterly 4(3): 1-17. Science 50: 681-97. Trant, Jennifer. 2006. Social classification in art mu- Olson, Hope. 2002. The power to name: locating the seums: steve.museum. Panel paper presented at limits of subject representation in libraries. the 17th Annual ASIS&T SIG/CR Classification Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic. Research Workshop Saturday, November 4, 2006, Ovsiannikov, Ilia. A., Arbib, Michael A. and McNeil, Austin, TX. Thomas H. 1999. Annotation technology. Inter- Vander Wal, Thomas. 2006. Folksonomy to improve national journal of human-computer studies 50: IA. Presented at the OZ IA, Sydney,Australia. Re- 329-62. trieved May 14, 2007, from http://s3.amazonaws. Peterson, Elaine. 2006. Beneath the metadata. D-Lib com/2006presentations/OZIA/Folksonomy_for_ magazine 12(11). IA.pdf. Rainie, Lee. 2007. 28% of online Americans have Wilson, Patrick. [1968] 1978. Two kinds of power: an used the internet to tag content: forget Dewey essay in bibliographical control. California library and his decimals, internet users are revolutioniz- reprint series ed. Berkeley: University of Califor- ing the way we classify information–and make nia Press. sense of it. Pew Internet and American Life Project. Retrieved June 27, 2007, from http://www. pewinternet.org/pdfs/PIP_Tagging.pdf.

78 Knowl. Org. 34(2007)No.2 K. La Barre. Faceted Navigation and Browsing Features in New OPACs

Faceted Navigation and Browsing Features in New OPACs: Robust Support for Scholarly Information Seeking?

Kathryn La Barre The Graduate School of Library and Information Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 501 E. Daniel Street, MC-493, Champaign, IL 61820-6211 USA, [email protected]

Kathryn La Barre has a Ph.D. in Information Science from Indiana University (2006), and is an Assis- tant Professor at the Graduate School of Library and Information Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Her research interests include: information organization and access systems and structures; interactions between theoretical approaches in information organization and access and current practices in digital environments; and the historical and theoretical foundations of library and information science.

La Barre, Kathryn. Faceted Navigation and Browsing Features in New OPACs: A More Robust So- lution to Problems of Information Seekers? Knowledge Organization, 34(2), 78-90. 65 references.

ABSTRACT: At the end of 2005, impending digitization efforts and several developments related to the creation of access and discovery tools for informational and cultural objects resulted in a series of responses that continue to ripple throughout the library, museum and archive communities. These developments have broad implications for all three communities because of the goals shared by each in the creation of description, control and enhanced access to informational and cultural objects. This position paper will consider new implementations of faceted navigation and browsing features in online catalogs. It is also a response to challenges to develop interwoven approaches to the study of information seeking and the design and implementation of search and discovery systems. Urgently needed during this time of experimentation, development and implementation is a framework for system evaluation and critical analysis of needed and missing features that is grounded in traditional principles, borne out by practice. Such a framework could extend feature analysis protocols established during the early years of online catalog development.

1. Overview University of California. Key proposals included the necessity of enhancing search and retrieval, redesign- In November, 2005, James Billington, the Librarian ing the library catalog or OPAC (Online Public Ac- of Congress, proposed the creation of a “World cess Catalog), encouraging the adoption of new cata- Digital Library” of manuscripts and multimedia ma- loging practices, and supporting continuous im- terials in order to “bring together online, rare and provements to digital access. By mid-January, 2006, unique cultural materials.” Google became the first the tenor of discussion reached fever pitch. On private sector partner for this project with a pledge January 12, 2006, the North Carolina State Univer- of 3 million dollars (http://www.loc.gov/today/pr/ sity (NCSU) Library announced the deployment of 2005/05-250.html). One month later, the Biblio- a revolutionary implementation for their OPAC of graphic Services Task Force of the University of Endeca’s ProFind™, which until now had only been California Libraries released a report (2005): Re- used in commercial e-commerce or other business thinking how we provide bibliographic services for the applications. NCSU made the bold claim that “the Knowl. Org. 34(2007)No.2 79 K. La Barre. Faceted Navigation and Browsing Features in New OPACs

speed and flexibility of popular online search en- principles and objectives as described by Charles gines” had now entered the world of the online cata- Ammi Cutter in 1876. These principles and objec- log through the use of faceted navigation and brows- tives underpin the core competency of the library ing (NCSU, online). community to create bibliographic records designed A few days later, Indiana University posted A to assist users in the following tasks: to find (by au- White Paper on the Future of Cataloging at Indiana thor, title and subject), and to identify, select and ob- University (Byrd et al. 2006), which served to identify tain material that is of interest to them. Discussions current trends with direct impact on cataloging op- about the aims of the catalog are not new and have erations and defined possible new roles for the online been ongoing since the early 1970s when the earliest catalog and cataloging staff at Indiana University. The forays of the catalog into the digital age began Indiana report was a response to an earlier discussion (Cochrane, 1978). The role played by metadata (i.e. regarding The Future of Cataloging put forth by bibliographic records assembled in catalogs), as well Deanna Marcum (2005), Associate Librarian for Li- as the central importance of search and retrieval brary Services at the Library of Congress. Marcum mechanisms have long been central players in proposed a provocative series of questions and assertions posed solutions to providing better services to users. based in part on the Pew Internet and American Life Thus, the suggestions of staff at the Library of Con- Project study: Counting on the Internet (Horrigan and gress, that digitization is tantamount to access, and Rainey 2002): “Do we need to provide detailed cata- that search engines, like Google, may supplant the loging information for digitized materials? Or can we catalog as the chief means of access to cultural and think of Google as the catalog?” informational materials, have galvanized action Following Marcum’s comments, and the an- throughout the library and information science nouncement of the “World Digital Library,” the Li- community. It is critical that any discussions and re- brary of Congress released a commissioned report in commended solutions maintain a holistic view of the March 2006, The changing nature of the catalog and its principles and objectives of the catalog. integration with other discovery tools (Calhoun 2006). The actions and continuing discussions drew heav- This report contained blueprints for change to Li- ily from several sources, including the experiences of brary of Congress cataloging processes, advocated the LAM communities with the creation of metadata integration of the catalog with other discovery tools, standards, making data ‘work harder’ and be more ac- included suggestions that the Library of Congress cessible, Web 2.0 applications, folksonomy and social Subject Headings (LCSH), long used to support sub- classification, and the importance of leveraging rather ject access to a variety of cultural objects, be disman- than abandoning legacy access systems in a time of tled while arguing that fast access to materials should spiraling costs and decreasing budgets. For archived replace the current standard of full bibliographic re- discussions of these issues see: NGC4LIB listserv cords. These arguments were supported by asser- (Next Generation Catalogs for Libraries http:// tions that users seem to prefer the ease of Google listserv.nd.edu/archives/ngc4lib.html) and Web4LIB over the catalog, and that the proposed changes discussion list (http://lists.webjunction.org/ would place the Library of Congress in a better mar- web4lib/). Another valuable source is Lorcan ket position to provide users with the services they Dempsey’s blog, Of libraries, services and networks want most (Fast and Campbell 2004; OCLC 2002). (http://orweblog.oclc.org/). The ensuing debates served to crystallize the inter- To better leverage some legacy subject access sys- section and convergence of the traditional missions tems, such as bibliographic records encoded with of the library, archive ,and museum (LAM) commu- MARC, it has been proposed that more (not less) nities to describe, and provide enhanced access to in- should be done to process these records and corre- formational and cultural objects. One consistent sponding authority files (e.g. thesauri and other con- theme emerged: What competencies and roles can trolled vocabularies) in a manner that allows optimal each community bring to bear upon discussions of access through the faceted navigation and browsing digitization, access and discovery, in order to provide features of new search and discovery systems (Ander- solutions for user needs? son and Pérez-Carballo 2005, Dempsey 2005). Care- The library community had a ready answer. Ori- ful consideration of the information tasks and strate- ginally designed to provide inventory, acquisitions, gies of librarians, researchers and scholars as they in- and circulation support for library staff, the modern teract with the newly implemented systems, is a criti- library catalog was designed according to a set of cal step in supporting the creation of optimal discov- 80 Knowl. Org. 34(2007)No.2 K. La Barre. Faceted Navigation and Browsing Features in New OPACs

ery tools such as search engines, web portals, biblio- Both reports directly address some of the same is- graphic database websites and online catalogs. For the sues as the 2002 Digital Library Federation/Council purpose of this discussion and proposed research on Library and Information Resources (DLF/CLIR) agenda, users are broadly conceived as library faculty study (Friedlander 2002) which surveyed 3,234 fac- and staff as well as academic faculty and students. In ulty members, graduate students, and undergraduate order to further scaffold discussion about such an ap- students in order to collect data on the value, use and proach, a research proposal will be described in brief perceptions of library services. While the DLF/CLIR that would seek to develop an integrated conceptual study reaches beyond either of the UK studies, some framework for the design of information access and of the data regarding user activities and perceptions discovery systems for scholarly users. The present are analyzed by discipline, allowing comparisons position paper is also informed by several previous across all three studies. Other highly regarded studies studies and recommendations. The first is a study of of information seeking are also central to the pro- faceted browsing and navigation in websites that used posed study, including Tenopir’s (2003) survey of 200 a wireframe-based content analytical approach in or- major studies of use of electronic sources by all types der to uncover potentially useful search and discovery of user groups, and Unsworth’s (2000) discussion of features (La Barre 2006). Kuhlthau (2005), Saracevic “scholarly primitives” in common use by humanities (1997), and others have long recommended inte- and other groups of scholars. Also useful is research grated studies of information seeking and informa- that examines the information seeking behavior of re- tion retrieval systems in order to build conceptual searchers in specific disciplines such as social scien- frameworks that can enhance proposed information tists (Meho and Tibbo 2003), humanities scholars discovery and access solutions. Next, several recent (Bates 1995, Palmer and Neumann 2002) and scien- studies of the information needs of scholars and re- tists (Murphy 2003, Palmer 1996). General models of searchers, which lay important groundwork for such information seeking behavior will also be useful to an approach, will be discussed briefly. the construction of feature analysis protocols (Coch- rane 1981, Wilson 2000). 2. Related research studies 2.2 Hildreth (1982) 2.1 JISC (2006), RIN (2007), DLF/CLIR (2002) The current state-of-the-art in the design of Two reports recently released in the United Kingdom online catalogs can be characterized as success- seek to address the information needs of disciplinary ful confusion. Much has been accomplished scholars and professional researchers in the UK by overnight by isolated design teams. Some have identifying uses of library search and discovery ser- achieved superb simplicity, others have pro- vices. Each study is viewed as a preliminary step to vided awesome search and retrieval power recommending solutions for optimal search and dis- (Hildreth 1982, 37). covery system features. The first report (Sparks 2005) was sponsored by JISC (Joint Information This could have been written about many of the Systems Committee) Scholarly Communications online catalogs implemented during the past year. Group in support of Information and Communica- Hildreth’s 1995 report, Online Catalog Design Mod- tions Technologies (ICTs) for education and research. els: Are We Moving in the Right Direction? proposed a Sparks examined the effect of disciplinary differences number of next generation catalog features, but re- on the use of information resources by 780 UK re- markably few of these features were common in search academics at a variety of institutions and de- what Hildreth termed the second generation catalogs partments. The second study, released in November of the 1980s and 1990s: 2006, was sponsored by the Research Information Network (RIN) as part of an agenda to “promote 1. Natural Language Query Expressions (in your better arrangements for researchers to find out what own language, what it is you are looking for?); information resources relevant to their work are 2. Automatic Term Conversion/Matching Aids available, where these are, and how they may have ac- (spelling correction, Soundex, intelligent stem- cess to them.” Telephone interviews were conducted ming, synonym tables, etc.); with 400 scholarly and professional researchers and 3. Closest, Best-Match Retrieval (unlike Boolean 50 librarians (Research Information Network 2006). queries, doesn't require exact match to be re- Knowl. Org. 34(2007)No.2 81 K. La Barre. Faceted Navigation and Browsing Features in New OPACs

trieved as possibly relevant; matching documents proposed here. are weighted for ranking); 4. Ranked Retrieval Output (many ranking criteria: 2.3 La Barre (2006) most likely to be relevant first, most recent, most cited, most circulated, etc.); La Barre (2006) was an exploratory study into the 5. Relevance Feedback Methods (“give me more like use of facet analysis and faceted classification in this one;” “what else do you have on this topic?;” website construction and design. Interviews were “this book is not at all what I want!”); conducted with 18 information architects and know- 6. Hypertext, Related-Record Searching & Brows- ledge managers who self-identified as creators of fac- ing; eted systems for search and navigation on websites. 7. Integration of Keyword, Controlled Vocabulary, A stratified random sample of 200 websites was se- and Classification-Based Search Approaches; and, lected and subjected to content analysis to find evi- 8. Expanded Coverage and Scope (the “full- dence of the use of facets or facet analysis. By draw- collection access tool”). ing on the findings of this earlier exploratory study and upon the research tools, and coding manuals In this report, Hildreth encouraged innovative de- created for it, the proposed study will utilize a new sign of “adaptable, adaptive but also collaborative” method of capturing web content (La Barre 2006) by interfaces for multiple users and a reconceptualiza- the creation of wireframes (see Figures 1 and 2). tion of the “developing” user over time. By calling Figure 1 is a screen capture of the Department of for a more nuanced view of the user across multiple Labor homepage. It is a colorful and information dimensions, by task, experience and role, he drew in- rich page. Figure 2, below, is a wireframe that has creased attention to the importance of communica- been created of the same website. Wireframes allow tion. His work also consolidated understanding that site designers to communicate with a design team the “user interface” should be broadly conceived to about content placement and other issues. Here, the include the physical components of the work area, wireframe is not generated by the system designer and the setting and staff of the organization that for webpage design, rather it is created by the re- hosts the interface (Hildreth 1982, 43). The critical searcher in a process of deconstruction. Note in Fig- analysis framework provided by Hildreth (1982, ure 2 how this approach de-saturates the webpage. 1995) will be the basis for the evaluative process The wireframe contains features that support search

Figure 1: Department of Labor homepage. http://www.dol.gov 82 Knowl. Org. 34(2007)No.2 K. La Barre. Faceted Navigation and Browsing Features in New OPACs

Figure 2. Wireframe of Department of Labor homepage demonstrating facets (or categories) that assist users in site navigation and browsing and navigation, such as hyperlinks to other areas of from theory, were made in order to augment design the site while eliminating extraneous text and other practice. images. The full text of the page is not captured, as it While previous information-seeking studies sought is not the focus of analysis. to map and quantify scholarly use of different sour- The wireframe approach allows the features and ces, identify areas of difficulty in obtaining sources, position of elements of interest on each webpage to and determine perceived values for library services, be captured for later viewing, and further analysis. In these studies often focus broadly on the whole of Figure 2, the wireframe has been coded to indicate scholarly communication, or narrowly focus on only the navigation bars and the basic and advanced search the electronic transmission of scholarly information. mechanisms on the site. “Facets” (as defined by the The intention of the proposed research is to focus interviewees in the 2006 study) are also evident on directly on the interactions between information this page on the left hand side. A more traditional seeker and the discovery and access tools themselves understanding of facets is that facets represent the by examining new interfaces that claim to utilize categories, properties, attributes, characteristics, rela- ‘faceted navigation and browsing,’ such as the tions, functions or concepts that are central to the set NCSU OPAC implementation of Endeca (http:// of documents or entities being organized and which www.lib.ncsu.edu/endeca/). Other examples pictured are of particular interest to the user group for whom here are the Nelsonville Public Library’s implemen- a particular resource is being created. On the De- tation of the open sourceTM software kohaZOOM partment of Labor website in Figures 1 and 2, the (http://search.athenscounty.lib.oh.us/) and the Queens same facets that appear on the homepage: topic, audi- Library implementation of Aquabrowser (http:// ence, form and location; are used throughout the site aqua.queenslibrary.org/). Figure 3, below, demon- (which has three levels as indicated by the coding in strates the opening screen, while Figure 4 shows the Figure 2) as ways to help users search and navigate to use of “facets” as presented to the user in order to al- find information, literature, forms and office loca- low for search refinement, or browsing of the result tions. One finding from La Barre (2006) is particu- set. larly instructive. The participants in this study de- The following screenshots in Figures 5 and 6 scribed the systems they designed and implemented demonstrate the implementation of Aquabrowser in as faceted systems, yet were largely unaware of the the Queen’s Library OPAC. On the left side is the principles of facet analysis and faceted classification. dynamic display of terms drawn from the result set Thus suggestions for system improvements, drawn and displayed by Aquabrowser. On the right side of Knowl. Org. 34(2007)No.2 83 K. La Barre. Faceted Navigation and Browsing Features in New OPACs

Figure 3. Opening screen of the Nelsonville Public Library – using the open source software kohaZOOM. (Screen capture, June 2007).

Figure 4. Search result screen at the Nelsonville Public Library – showing facets for refinement of the search query, or for browsing the result set. (Screen capture, June 2007). the screen is the set of facets for search refinement Barre 2006, Ranganathan 1962). Table 1 contains a or browsing. set of exemplars that followed the canonical ap- Another essential part of the critical feature analy- proach prior to system design and implementation, sis will be an examination of the validity of the ‘fac- and can provide guidance for the comparative part of ets’ used by these interfaces in comparison with a set this study. Of special note is the work of Pollitt (et of facets generated through the method of facet al. 1994, 1996, 1998), who created early online pro- analysis as described by traditional, or canonical lit- totypes that implemented faceted views in databases erature about facets and faceted classification (La and OPACs. 84 Knowl. Org. 34(2007)No.2 K. La Barre. Faceted Navigation and Browsing Features in New OPACs

Figure 5. Search result screen from the Queens Library implementation of Aquab- rowser. (Screen capture, June 2007).

Figure 6. Full display of facets provided by the Queens Library interface. (Screen capture, June 2007).

Libraries will need the dynamic support offered by soon follow. A research agenda that would address evaluative guidelines as they begin to assess, evaluate, these needs and concerns is proposed here. design and implement new interfaces. Observing the effectiveness of these tools, and identifying critical 3. Research Agenda system features that assist information seeking, or that are missing in these early implementations will Recent OPAC implementations have generated a better serve the widescale implementations that may groundswell of interest and excitement about re- Knowl. Org. 34(2007)No.2 85 K. La Barre. Faceted Navigation and Browsing Features in New OPACs

Application Example Purpose

Special subject schemes English Electric Scheme (Binns and Bagley, 1958, 1961) From practice to theory (Classification Research British Catalogue of Music (1960) (Richmond 1988) Group members) Classification of Enterprise Activities (1966) [Vickery, 1966] Audacious Test of UDC as mechanized searching language (Atherton Facets in computerized (Atherton Cochrane and Freeman 1967, Freeman and Atherton 1968a, 1968b, indexing and retrieval and others) 1969) View-based searching Hibrowse for Embase Facets support query (Pollitt and others) http://www.ifla.org/IV/ifla63/63polst.pdf formation and expansion (Pollitt, S. et al. 1994, 1996, 1998 ) by browsing Flamenco http://flamenco.berkeley.edu/tutorials.html Faceted metadata (Hearst and others) (Hearst, M. et al. 2002, 2006a, 2006b) (automatic generation of facets) FATKS Bliss classification (2nd ed.) to provide access in a Use of a faceted (Broughton and others) humanities subject portal http://www.ucl.ac.uk/fatks/ classification as a (Hockey Broughton and Slavic 2004) thesaurus and subject access device

Table 1. Exemplars of traditional facet analysis

placing current systems. Before the excitement turns ments for Bibliographic Records (FRBR) and Func- into widescale implementations, some cautionary tional Requirements for Authority Data (FRAD) tales are warranted. The use of the term “facets” in (IFLA 1997, 2007), special attention should be given the discussions about these new interfaces is strik- to validating the FRBR user tasks. As Resource De- ingly similar to the term as used by information ar- scription and Access (RDA) nears publication in 2009, chitects and knowledge managers just beginning to this mission becomes even more critical. explore the design and implementation of faceted in- As faceted search and discovery tools grow interfaces in 2000 (La Barre 2006). The information creasingly common on the Web, and it appears that architects and knowledge managers interviewed as they may become ubiquitous in library search and part of the preceding study expressed deep interest discovery environments, critical examination of the in use and user studies, but were unable to find the features of these implementations and the means by funding or the time needed in fast-paced commercial which they support or hinder searching is imperative. and business environments. In the case of use or user It appears that some of the systems currently being studies that were supported, results are often confi- implemented in libraries are heavily influenced by the dential, proprietary, for internal use, or are released commercial and business applications that preceded anecdotally in the form of conference presentations, them. In some cases libraries are using software first not as published research studies complete with find- designed for use in e-commerce applications. Now is ings and data. Design and implementation teams for the time to question the assumptions that are embed- library systems have been generous in discussing ded in these commercial systems that were primarily their experiences at recent conferences hosted by the designed to provide access to concrete items through American Library Association and other professional descriptions in order to enhance profit. While librar- organizations and by publishing these in the profes- ies provide access to items through descriptions of sional literature (Antelman, Lynema, and Pace 2006; these items, their motivations are public service- Collins, Samples, Pennell and Goldsmith in press). oriented. Descriptions of library materials include More comprehensive approaches that have been in- analysis of the intellectual content, or concepts, em- dependently conducted are needed in order to assure bedded in the content of the items they make avail- comparability across user groups and implementa- able. Data assigned to cultural objects, especially as tions. Inquiry should be foregrounded by the tradi- they make use of name and subject authority data, are tional objectives of the catalog (Cutter 1876) espe- more complex and powerful than most metadata rou- cially as they are embodied in Functional Require- tinely assigned to commercial products. 86 Knowl. Org. 34(2007)No.2 K. La Barre. Faceted Navigation and Browsing Features in New OPACs

In order to fully utilize the power of facets, facet hinder scholarly access to information. A second analysis must be properly conducted prior to system goal of this study is to identify features of informa- implementation. Moreover, La Barre (2006) found tion access and discovery tools that support schol- that the majority of facets in use on a stratified ran- arly research. A third goal of this study will be to dom sample of 200 websites were superficially im- categorize current practices of scholarly information plemented. Several of the interviewees attributed this seekers during their interactions with newly de- to the need to use pre-existing metadata or “low- signed information access and discovery tools to de- hanging fruit” that could be easily harnessed for sys- termine whether there are features that would better tem use. Will these new systems allow these data to meet their information seeking needs that are not “work harder” without requiring changing the way currently available. in which they are created? Can facets and facet ana- Participants could be selected from among faculty lysis, part of the legacy of LIS information access and students by using as selection criteria, their and discovery systems, be used to greater effect in membership in one of the five disciplinary areas used OPACs? Are there other system features that would by the JISC and RIN studies ((Sparks 2005, Re- support searching that have not yet been considered, search Information Network 2006): (1) medical and or remain undiscovered in the excitement of new biological sciences, (2) physical sciences and engi- implementations? neering, (3) social sciences, (4) languages and area studies, and (5) arts and humanities. framework of 3.1 Study rationale disciplines. Identification of specific subject disciplines from which to draw participants will be par- Many heterogeneous user groups utilize discovery tially dependent on the existence and availability of tools in libraries, museums and archives in order to faceted search and discovery tools for each selected access cultural objects. Rather than focus on the “ty- subject, though a list of these is currently being pical” undergraduate user, in keeping with the dis- maintained. cussions emanating from the Library of Congress By undertaking an interwoven approach to the and elsewhere. It is critically important to focus on study of information seeking and the information re- the scholarly user for several reasons. Some have trieval systems designed to support this process, an suggested that choosing the typical user (an under- integrated conceptual framework will also be devel- graduate student) is a short-sighted and illogical ap- oped in order to scaffold more robust solutions to proach owing mainly to the fact that this captive and assist information seekers as suggested by Kuhlthau easily studied group has been over-studied. Others (2005) and others. Along the way assumptions built have suggested that perhaps libraries should abandon into models of information access and designs for efforts to “bring back” the typical user and focus in- discovery systems will be examined in order to de- stead on the academic or scholarly user as a “niche velop suggestions for better ways to support users’ group” that has always been well served by the li- discovery and access in libraries, museums and ar- brary and has long ranked among the most steadfast chives. users of library services (Mann 2006a, 2006b). Im- portant lessons can be learned from this user group 3.3 Study method that can, in turn, improve services for all users. Interview and observation sessions will elicit several 3.2 Study goals and design recent information seeking instances from each participant during the course of an interview structured What is needed now is a three stage exploration into using the critical incident technique (CIT). This the information seeking behavior of scholarly re- open-ended method can assist in the determination searchers and their interactions with the new faceted of critical features for a system or interface by allow- browsing and navigation systems that are being im- ing for a direct focus on user behavior (Flanagan plemented in order to support information access 1954, Carlisle 1986). Prior to the elicitation of inci- and discovery. The overarching research questions dents, the information seeking activity of interest are derived from current debates about the best will be carefully defined, and a structured set of in- means by which to provide information seekers with terview prompts formulated in order to assure data robust information discovery and access tools. One consistency and validity throughout the data collec- goal of this study is to identify interface factors that tion process. These prompts will also serve to assist Knowl. Org. 34(2007)No.2 87 K. La Barre. Faceted Navigation and Browsing Features in New OPACs

each participant to consistently recall information creation of taxonomy of observed information seek- seeking incidents by asking them to (1) focus on an ing. The data extracted from previous studies, and incident with a strong positive (or negative) influ- the data generated by the proposed study, will be in- ence on the information seeking incident, and de- terwoven in the construction of a conceptual frame- scribe it (2) to describe what led up to the incident. work which integrates the information seeking be- Responses will be recorded and transcripts of the in- havior of the scholars in the study, with the features terviews will be created. and design of the systems being studied. This con- In order to address the retrospective bias that is ceptual framework will assist in principled sugges- potential in CIT, each participant will also be pre- tions for feature improvements, and may also serve sented a set of up to three new information discov- to confirm or disconfirm the benefits of these new ery and access tools that are specific to the partici- faceted search and discovery systems for scholarly pant’s discipline and which are representative of information seeking, assist in the evaluation and as- those provided by research libraries. Each participant sessment of these systems, and potentially scaffold will be asked to conduct a search using the informa- the creation of new system features, or improve- tion seeking incidents they have recalled. Through ments to existing features thereby leading to sys- the use of UserVue web-based software (which cap- temic change in the search and discovery systems tures moving images of the screen during system use available in libraries, archives and museums during instead of the participants themselves), website navi- this intensive period of system evaluation and im- gation processes can be viewed remotely and subject plementation. to video capture. This will allow observations to take place with the computer equipment and in a location 4. Concluding remarks that is familiar to each participant. Interviews will continue throughout the observation process by use During this time of re-evaluation and redefinition of a think-aloud protocol in which each participant about the future roles of legacy information access will be asked to discuss their information search as it systems, fears are mounting: that legacy access sys- unfolds. Wireframes will be created for each search tems may be a casualty of the brave new digital and discovery tool that is presented to the subjects, world, that librarians will become irrelevant, that us- and for comparative purposes, wireframes will be ers are becoming increasingly reliant on incomplete created for all search and discovery tools used by the or irrelevant works easily found on the Internet subjects during their critical incidents. A coding ma- while at the same time, missing quality information nual will be created to assist in training wireframe resources because of a mistaken assumption that us- and video capture coders, and intercoder reliability ing a search engine is a comprehensive search. Sev- testing will be conducted after the first few tran- eral recent articles serve as reminders that even scripts, and periodically thereafter in order to ensure though the principles guiding the creation of legacy consistent, reliable and valid results. library systems used technology that is now out of Other studies of information seeking have relied date, the principles that underpin them are more vi- heavily on interviews or survey methods to elicit in- tal than ever (Mann 2007, Miller and Pellen 2006). formation. It is anticipated that the use of CIT to By providing support for feature analysis of structure interviews and the observations of partici- search and discovery systems which views these sys- pant interactions with faceted search and discovery tems from a scholarly information seeking perspec- tools, in combination with the critical incidents tive, evaluative guidelines can be constructed that themselves and the descriptions of successes and fru- may assist in the assessment of current systems and strations with familiar search environments, will re- the development of new systems and comprehensive sult in a rich data set for comparative analysis. A visit evaluative approaches for all users. By maintaining to the UK to meet with RIN and JISC researchers comparability with previous studies, and fore- would also allow for discussion and comparison of grounding traditional principles and objectives, it is study data. A comprehensive literature review of hoped that a set of features that are useful to schol- previous user or use studies that focus on scholarly ars and researchers may be suggested for implemen- information seeking will be the first step for the tation across the international library, archive and proposed study in order to inform the selection of museum communities in time to enhance the utility subjects, search and discovery tools, coding manuals and usability of the next generation of discovery and and interview structure. It will also assist later in the access environments. 88 Knowl. Org. 34(2007)No.2 K. La Barre. Faceted Navigation and Browsing Features in New OPACs

Acknowledgments New review of hypermedia and multimedia 7: 67- 102. Thanks for their comments on this work go to the Broughton, Vanda. 2002. Faceted classification as a referees and participants of the first North American basis for knowledge organization in a digital envi- Symposium for Knowledge Organization (NASKO). ronment; The Bliss Bibliographic Classification as a I would especially like to thank Rebecca Green, Mark model for vocabulary management and the crea- Lindner, Claire Beghtol and Pauline Cochrane. tion of multidimensional knowledge structures. In López-Huertas, Maria-J. and Muñoz-Fernández, References F. eds. Challenges in knowledge representation and organization for the 21st century, Integration of Anderson, James D. and Pérez-Carballo, José. 2005. knowledge across boundaries, Proceedings of the 7th Information retrieval design: principles and options International ISKO Conference, 10-13 July 2002, for information description, organization, display, Granada, Spain. Würzburg: Ergon, pp. 135-42. and access in information retrieval databases, digital Broughton, Vanda. 2004. Faceted classification: a libraries, catalogs, and indexes. East Brunswick, tool for subject access in the twenty first century. N.J.: Omecteca Institute. Signum 8: 5-18. Antelman, Kristin, Lynema, Emily, and Pace, An- Broughton, Vanda and Lane, Heather. 2000. Classifi- drew K. 2006. Toward a 21st century library cata- cation schemes revisited: applications to Web in- log. Information technology and libraries 25: 128- dexing and searching. Journal of internet cataloging 39. 2(3/4): 143-55. Atherton, Pauline and Freeman, Robert R. 1967. File Byrd, Jackie et al. 2006. A white paper on the future of organization and search strategy using the Universal cataloging at Indiana University. http://www.iub. Decimal Classification in mechanized reference re- edu/~libtserv/pub/Future_of_Cataloging_White_ trieval systems (AIP/UDC-5). New York: Ameri- Paper.pdf (accessed 27 June 2007). can Institute of Physics: UDC Project. Calhoun, Karen. 2006. The changing nature of the Bates, Marcia J., Wilde, Deborah N. and Siegfried, catalog and its integration with other discovery Susan. 1995. Research practices of humanities tools. Prepared for the Library of Congress. scholars in an online environment: The Getty http://www.loc.gov/catdir/calhoun-report- online searching project report No. 3. Library and final.pdf (accessed 27 June 2007). information science research 17(5): 40-58. Carlisle, Kenneth Eugene. 1986. Analyzing jobs and Bibliographic Services Task Force. 2005. Rethinking tasks. Techniques in training and performance de- how we provide bibliographic services for the velopment series. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Educa- University of California. http://libraries. tional Technology Publications, Inc. universityofcalifornia.edu/sopag/BSTF/Final.pdf Cochrane, Pauline. 1978. Books are for use. Final re- (accessed 27 June 2007). port of the Subject Access Project to the Council on Binns, Jean. (undated, unpublished, manuscript). A Library Resources. ERIC Document 156131. faceted classification scheme: construction and op- Cochrane, Pauline. 1981. Improving the quality of eration. Held as part of the Cochrane papers at information retrieval – online to a library catalog Syracuse University archives. (Notation indicates or other access service … or … where do we go “Classification Research Study Group holdings”). from here? Online 5(3): 30-41. Binns, Jean. 1961. Operating experience with a facet Collins, Maria, Samples, Jacquie, Pennell, Charley system in the English Electric Company. Unpub- and Goldsmith, David. 2007. Magnifying the ILS lished manuscript held as part of the Cochrane with Endeca. Serials librarian 51(3/4): 75-100. papers at Syracuse University Archives. Cutter, Charles Ammi. 1876. Rules for a printed dic- Binns, Jean, and Bagley, D. 1958/1961. A faceted clas- tionary catalogue. Washington, D.C.: Government sification for engineering. 2nd/3rd ed. Whetstone: Printing Office. English Electric Company. Ltd. Dempsey, Lorcan. 2005. Making data work harder. Broughton, Vanda. 2001. Faceted classification as a Lorcan Dempsey’s weblog on libraries, services and basis for knowledge organisation in a digital envi- networks. http://orweblog.oclc.org/archives/ ronment: The Bliss Bibliographic Classification as a 000535.html (accessed 27 June 2007). model for vocabulary management and the crea- Fast, Karl V. and Campbell, D. Grant. 2004. ‘I still tion of multidimensional knowledge structures. prefer Google’: university student perceptions of Knowl. Org. 34(2007)No.2 89 K. La Barre. Faceted Navigation and Browsing Features in New OPACs

searching OPACs and the Web. In Managing and Library Resources. http://myweb.cwpost.liu.edu/ enhancing information: cultures and conflicts, Pro- childret/clr-opac.html (accessed 27 June 2007). ceedings of the 67th Annual Meeting of the American Hockey, Susan, Broughton, Vanda and Slavic, Aida. Society for Information Science and Technology, 2004. Facet analytical theory in managing knowl- Providence, Rhode Island, November 13-18, 2004. edge structures for the humanities. (FATKS). Medford, N.J.: Information Today, pp. 138-46. http://www.ucl.ac.uk/fatks/fat.htm (accessed 27 Flanagan, John C. 1954. The critical incident tech- June 2007). nique. Psychological bulletin 51: 327-59. Horrigan, John B. and Rainie, Lee. 2002. Counting Freeman, Robert R. and Atherton, Pauline. 1968a. on the Internet. Washington, D.C.: Pew Internet AUDACIOUS: An experiment with online, in- & American Life Project. http://www. teractive reference retrieval system using the Uni- pewinternet.org/reports/toc.asp?Report=80 versal Decimal Classification as the index language (accessed 27 June 2007). in the field of nuclear Science. AIP.UDC-7. New IFLA Study Group on the Functional Requirements York: American Institute of Physics, UDC Pro- for Bibliographic Records. 1998. Functional re- ject. quirements for bibliographic records: final report. Freeman, Robert R. and Atherton, P. 1968b. Final München: K.G. Saur. http://www.ifla.org/VII/ report of the research project for the evaluation of s13/frbr/frbr.pdf (accessed 27 June 2007). the UDC as the indexing language for a mecha- IFLA Working Group on Functional Requirements nized reference retrieval system. Springfield, VA: and Numbering of Authority Records (FRANAR). American Institute of Physics. 2007. Functional requirements for authority data: a Freeman, Robert R. and Atherton, Pauline. 1969. conceptual model. Draft 2007-04-01. http:// Proceedings of a first seminar the UDC in a www.ifla.org/VII/d4/FRANAR-Conceptual mechanized retrieval system. In: R. Moelgaard- Model-2ndReview.pdf (accessed 27 June 2007). Hansen and Rigby, Malcolm eds, Committee on Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC). 2006. Classification Research Seminar. FID/CR Report http://www.jisc.ac.uk (accessed 27 June 2007). No. 9. Serie-No. 405. Copenhagen: Danish Cen- Kuhlthau, Carol C. 2005. Towards collaboration be- ter for Documentation. tween information seeking and information Friedlander, Amy. 2002. Dimensions and use of the retrieval. Information research 10(2). http:// scholarly information environment: introduction to informationr.net/ir/10-2/paper225.html (accessed a data set. DLF/CLIR pub110. http://www.clir. 27 June 2007). org/pubs/abstract/pub110abst.html (accessed 27 La Barre, Kathryn. 2006. The use of faceted ana- June 2007). lytico-synthetic theory as revealed in the practice Hearst, Marti A. 2006. Clustering versus faceted of website construction and design. Ph.D. disser- categories for information exploration. Commu- tation, Indiana University. nications of the ACM 49(4): 59-61. Mann, Thomas. 2006a. A critical review [of] The Hearst, Marti A., Elliott, Ame, English, Jennifer, changing nature of the catalog and its integration Sinha, Rashimi, Swearingen, Kirsten, and Lee, Ka- with other discovery tools. Final Report.” March Ping. 2002. Finding the flow in web site search: de- 17, 2006. Prepared for the Library of Congress by signing a search system and interface may best be Karen Calhoun. http://www.guild2910.org/ served (and executed) by scrutinizing usability AFSCMECalhounReviewREV.pdf (accessed 27 studies. Communications of the ACM, 45(9): 42-49. June 2007). Hearst, Marti A., Smalley, Preston and Chandler, Mann, Thomas. 2006b. What is going on at the Li- Corey. 2006. Faceted metadata for information ar- brary of Congress? http://www.guild2910.org/ chitecture and search. CHI 2006 course. http:// AFSCMEWhatIsGoingOn.pdf (accessed 27 June bailando.sims.berkeley.edu/talks/chi_course06.pdf 2007). (accessed 27 June 2007). Mann, Thomas. 2007. The Peloponnesian war and Hildreth, Charles R. 1982. Online public access cata- the future of reference, cataloging, and scholar- logs: the user interface. Dublin, OH: OCLC ship in research libraries. http://guild2910.org/ Online Computer Library Center. Pelopponesian%20War%20June%2013% Hildreth, Charles R. 1995. Online catalog design 202007.pdf (accessed 27 June 2007). models: are we moving in the right direction? Wash- Marcum, Deanna B. 2005. The future of cataloging: ington, D.C.: Commissioned by the Council on address to the Ebsco Leadership Seminar, Boston, 90 Knowl. Org. 34(2007)No.2 K. La Barre. Faceted Navigation and Browsing Features in New OPACs

Massachusetts, January 16, 2005. http://www. 11th Annual Information Meeting, Tel Aviv, Israel loc.gov/library/reports/CatalogingSpeech.pdf May 5-9 1996. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. (accessed 27 June 2007). Queens Library Aquabrowser Library. http://aqua. Meho, Lokman I. and Tibbo, Helen R. 2003. Model- queenslibrary.org/ (accessed 27 June 2007). ing the information-seeking behavior of social sci- Ranganathan, S.R. 1962. Elements of library classifica- entists: Ellis’s study revisited. Journal of the Ame- tion, based on lectures delivered at the University of rican Society for Information Science and Technol- Bombay in December 1944 and in the schools of li- ogy 54: 570-87. brarianship in Great Britain in December 1956. Miller, William and Pellen, Rita M. eds. 2006. Librar- Bombay: Asia Publishing House. ies and Google. Binghampton, N.Y.: Haworth Richmond, Phyllis A. 1988. Precedent-setting con- Press. tributions to modern classification. Journal of Murphy, Janet. 2003. Information-seeking habits of documentation 44: 242-49. environmental scientists: A study of interdiscipli- Research Information Network. 2006. Researchers nary scientists at the environmental protection and discovery services: Behaviour, perceptions and agency in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. needs. http://www.rin.ac.uk/files/Report%20-% Issues in science & technology librarianship 38. 20final.pdf (accessed 27 June 2007). http://www.istl.org/03-summer/refereed.html Research Information Network (RIN). http://www. (accessed 12 July 2007). rin.ac.uk/ (accessed 27 June 2007). North Carolina State University. 2006. Endeca at the Saracevic, Tefko. 1997. Users lost: reflections on the NCSU libraries. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/endeca/ past, future, and limits of information science. (accessed 27 June 2007). SIGIR Forum 31(2): 16-27. Nelsonville Public Library. h t t p s : / / w w w. Sparks, Sue. 2005. JISC disciplinary differences re- athenscounty.lib.oh.us/ (accessed 27 June 2007). port. London: Rightscom. http://www.jisc.ac.uk/ OCLC Online Computer Library Center. 2002. uploaded_documents/Disciplinary%20Differences OCLC white paper on the information habits of %20and%20Needs.doc (accessed 27 June 2007). college students. Dublin, Ohio: OCLC Online Tenopir, Carol. 2003. User and users of electronic li- Computer Library Center, Inc. http://www5.oclc. brary resources: an overview and analysis of recent org/downloads/community/informationhabits.pdf research studies. With the assistance of Brenda (accessed 27 June 2007). Hitchcock and Ashley Pillow. CLIR pub. 120. Palmer, Carole L. 1996. Information work at the Washington, D.C.: Council on Library and In- boundaries of science: linking library services to formation Resources. http://www.clir.org/PUBS/ research practices: findings of a study of scientists reports/pub120/pub120.pdf (accessed 27 June at an interdisciplinary institute. Library trends 2007). 45(2): 165-91. Unsworth, John. 2000. Scholarly primitives: what Palmer, Carole L. and Neumann, Laura. 2002. The methods do humanities researchers have in com- information work of interdisciplinary humanities mon, and how might our tools reflect this?” In scholars: exploration and translation. Library Symposium on Humanities Computing: Formal quarterly 72: 85-117. Methods, Experimental Practice, King's College, Pollitt, A. Steven. 1998. The essential role of dy- London, 13 May 2000. http://www.iath.virginia. namic faceted classification in improving access to edu/~jmu2m/Kings.5-00/primitives.html (accessed online information. Proceedings of the 22nd Inter- 27 June 2007). national Online Information Meeting. New York: Vickery, B. C. 1966. Faceted classification schemes. Learned Information, pp. 17-21. Rutgers series on systems for the intellectual or- Pollitt, A. Steven., Ellis, Geoffrey P., and Smith, Mar- ganization of information v. 5. New Brunswick, tin P. 1994. HIBROWSE for Bibliographic Data- NJ: Graduate School of Library Service, Rutgers, bases. Journal of information science 20: 413-26. the State University. Pollitt, A. Steven, Smith, Martin P., Braekevelt, Wilson, T.D. 2000. Human information behavior. In- Patrick A.J. and Treglown, Mark. 1996. forming science, 3(2): 49-55. http://inform.nu/ HIGHBROWSE for EMBASE: The application Articles/Vol3/v3n2p49-56.pdf (accessed 27 June of view-based searching techniques to Europe's 2007). most important biomedical database. In INFO 96

Knowl. Org. 34(2007)No.2 91 E. Menard. Study on the Influence of Vocabularies used for Image Indexing in a Multilingual Retrieval Environment

Indexing and Retrieving Images in a Multilingual World

Elaine Ménard École de bibliothéconomie et des sciences de l’information, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7

Elaine Ménard is a Ph. D. Candidate in Information Science (École de bibliothéconomie et des sciences de l’information, Université de Montréal). She also holds a Masters Degree in Information Sci- ence, a BA and a Masters Degree in Translation (Université de Montréal). Her main research interests are in multilingual information retrieval, image indexing and metadata.

Menard, Elaine. Study on the Influence of Vocabularies used for Image Indexing in a Multilingual Retrieval Environment. Knowledge Organization, 34(2), 91-100. 23 references.

ABSTRACT: For many years, the Web became an important media for the diffusion of multilingual resources. Linguistic differences still form a major obstacle to scientific, cultural, and educational exchange. Besides this linguistic diversity, a multitude of databases and collections now contain documents in various formats, which may also adversely affect the retrieval process. This paper describes a research project aiming to verify the existing relations between two indexing approaches: traditional image indexing recommending the use of controlled vocabularies or free image indexing using uncontrolled vocabulary, and their respective performance for image retrieval, in a multilingual context. This research also compares image retrieval within two contexts: a monolingual context where the language of the query is the same as the indexing language; and a multilingual context where the language of the query is different from the indexing language. This research will indicate whether one of these indexing approaches surpasses the other, in terms of effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction of the image searchers. This paper presents the context and the problem statement of the research project. The experiment carried out is also described, as well as the data collection methods.

1. Introduction on the Web. Presently, the Web constitutes a vast universe of knowledge and various human cultures For many years, the Web has become an important allowing the dissemination of ideas and information media for the diffusion of multilingual resources. and that, in a multitude of languages. Consequently, Nowadays, we are aware that there are approxi- with the ever increasing size of the Web and the mately 7,000 living languages throughout the world. availability of more and more documents in various Even if it is difficult to consider the exact number of languages, the access to multilingual information be- written languages among those, mainly due to the came a gigantic challenge. lack of reliable sources of information available, we Besides this linguistic diversity, more and more da- can suppose that the majority of these languages will tabases and collections now contain documents in possibly generate documents in textual or different various formats (text, image, video, etc.), which may other forms. On the Web, linguistic differences still also adversely affect the retrieval process. For exam- form a major obstacle to scientific, cultural, com- ple, the retrieval of digital images offers different mercial, and educational exchange. Moreover, the in- characteristics from the retrieval of textual docu- formation retrieval process is also confronted to the ments: “Images are notoriously difficult to retrieve problem of the superabundance of results. Far from with accuracy, as is obvious to anyone who has being eclipsed, this problem becomes even more ex- searched for images on the World Wide Web” (Har- tensive with the emergence of a variety of languages pring 2002, 20). Image collections are relatively new 92 Knowl. Org. 34(2007)No.2 E. Menard. Study on the Influence of Vocabularies used for Image Indexing in a Multilingual Retrieval Environment

compared to textual ones, but they have developed in 2. Problem Statement an exponential way: “as more and more people and organizations load images onto the Web, the search- Image retrieval exhibits some similarities with tex- ing and retrieval of images has become a major chal- tual document retrieval, but distinguishes itself in lenge for researchers, commercial practitioners, and many ways such as the query formulation, the re- recreational users alike” (Spink and Jensen 2004, trieval method, the technique in which the relevance 161). It is therefore important to organize all this vis- of the results is evaluated, the participation of the ual information in order to maximize its accessibility individual in the retrieval process, and the fundamen- and eventually, its usability. Among the many types of tal cognitive differences in the interpretation of the images available on the Web, the ordinary image (i.e., visual rather than textual material (Clough and San- non artistic) occupies an important place in the many derson 2003). By their very nature, images are lan- searches of Web users. By ordinary images, we mean guage-independent resources. The main difference images representing everyday-life objects, for exam- and difficulty in indexing and classifying images, as ple: a television set, a lawn mower, a feeding-bottle, opposed to text, is that images do not satisfy the re- etc. The “ordinary” qualifier distinguishes this type of quirements of a specific language. In other words, we image with the images known as “artistic images” cannot automatically label a specific language to this whose first value is to represent an artistic expression particular document type. For example, we can not (Turner 1998). The growth of the Web highlighted say that an image is Chinese or German, as we would the pressing need to offer suitable tools for image de- say about a textual document written in one of these scription aiming to facilitate their location since we languages. Nevertheless, the indexing process, with now find those in the majority of the Web resources: controlled or uncontrolled vocabulary, gives the im- personal pages and sites, virtual libraries, museum age some linguistic status similar to any other textual collections, commercial services and product cata- document, which can significantly affect its retrieval logues, government information, etc. in a multilingual context. For example, if a user for- In general, two categories of queries are used for mulates a query in French and the images are also in- retrieving images on the Web: graphic or textual que- dexed in French, the cross-lingual problem does not ries. In the former category, the individual submits arise. However, if a French query is used and the im- an “image” query (using an image or a drawing) and ages are indexed in English (or any other language the system tries to retrieve a similar image by using different from the query language), the retrieval will certain physical characteristics of the image such as only be possible if the retrieval system includes a the colour, the shape or the texture. However, the Cross Language Information Retrieval (CLIR) majority of image searches on the Web still use tex- mechanism which allows cross-language mapping be- tual queries (Clough et al. 2006). It is this latter tween the query terms and the indexing terms. category that is studied in this research. When using In order to make this mapping possible, Cross textual queries the success of the retrieval largely de- Language Information Retrieval generally proposes pends on the correspondence between the query of two approaches. The first approach consists of trans- the searcher and the text associated with images. lating all the documents in all languages, while the Given the great linguistic diversity existing on the second approach supposes the query translation in Web, we must expect that the text associated with the language of the documents to be retrieved. Usu- images exists in many different languages. Conse- ally, these two approaches make use of three types of quently, when using a textual query, the user faces a linguistic resources for the document or the query double challenge when he tries to retrieve images. translation: bilingual or multilingual dictionaries, On the one hand, the terms of the query must corre- machine translation (MT) systems, or parallel and spond to the text associated with the images and on comparable corpora. For this research project, the the other hand, the language of the query must con- approach proposing the query translation is pre- cur with the language of the text associated with the ferred, as well as a machine translation system for images. This research project aims to investigate this the translation process. On the one hand, query double problem faced by the user during image re- translation rather than document translation seems trieval in a multilingual context. better suited for the purposes of our research, since it can be easily obtained and at a lower cost, by sim- ply adding a machine translation mechanism in the retrieval system. On the other hand, the retrieval Knowl. Org. 34(2007)No.2 93 E. Menard. Study on the Influence of Vocabularies used for Image Indexing in a Multilingual Retrieval Environment

performance using a machine translation mechanism, uncontrolled vocabularies. However, the majority of in a multilingual context, generally ranges between metadata schemas recommend the use of controlled 80 and 100 percent of the retrieval performance in a vocabularies, in order to increase the indexing con- monolingual context (Nie 2006). However, no mat- sistency (Jörgensen 2003). ter the approach used (query or document transla- Controlled vocabularies aim to facilitate the index- tion) and the linguistic resource employed for the ing process. Moreover, the use of controlled vocabu- translation (dictionary, machine translation or cor- laries offers many advantages for retrieval, browsing pora), the risks of ambiguity remain preoccupying at and interoperability. However, controlled vocabular- the time of the translation. ies also present some weaknesses: the main one is to Since the beginning of the 19th century, catalogu- represent the concepts in an artificial way. Indeed, the ing, classification and indexing processes were pri- indexing terms offered by controlled vocabularies of- marily devoted to textual documents. However, the ten have very few connections with the terms used by access to audiovisual material raises as much interest individuals in the formulation of their queries (Fur- for scholars, if not more. According to Guinchat and nas et al. 1987). Furthermore, controlled vocabularies Menou (1990), the indexing process of visual material have a tendency to become quickly outdated. Thus it poses particular problems because of its own nature constitutes another disadvantage since neologisms and mode of consultation. As we can presume, the take a long time before they are integrated in the choice of suitable index terms for image description is various controlled vocabularies. Moreover, the use of primordial, whether in a monolingual or multilingual these vocabularies remains a complex task for the ma- retrieval context. This research project proposes to jority of indexers. Finally, most controlled vocabular- examine what occurs at the retrieval stage when the ies suggested by metadata schemas and commonly image is indexed according to one or the other of the used for image indexing only exist in English. Conse- two following approaches: 1) traditional image index- quently, an indexer having little knowledge of the ing recommending the use of controlled vocabularies, English language and wishing to use these vocabular- i.e. the indexing terms are chosen from an artificial ies will face a major linguistic problem unless a trans- language whose main function is to generate formal lation mechanism is offered to facilitate their use. document representations (Hudon 2007), or 2) free The second indexing approach studied constitutes image indexing using uncontrolled vocabulary i.e. the an alternative to traditional indexing using con- indexing terms being used to describe the image do trolled vocabularies. Indeed, free indexing which, in not obey any pre-established rule. We assume that addition, does not impose any structure or manda- these two indexing approaches show common charac- tory element, generally uses uncontrolled vocabulary. teristics, but also differences which may influence re- This long-neglected form of indexing is currently trieval. This research will thus make it possible to in- becoming very trendy. As an example of free index- dicate whether one of these indexing approaches sur- ing, let us mention the indexing we encounter in passes the other, in terms of effectiveness, efficiency, photo sharing sites, like Flickr (www.flickr.com). and satisfaction of the image searchers. These sites allow massive image storage and diffu- The first indexing approach studied in this re- sion on the Web. In these systems, the users upload search project recommends the use of the controlled their own images and index them using their own vocabulary. Generally this type of indexing supposes terms. It is also possible to make these images pub- that a metadata schema lays down the structure, the lic, i.e. the images can be seen by all users or by a elements and the vocabulary to be used. A metadata group of people chosen by the system user, thus schema can be defined as a set of elements designed forming a vast and communal image database. In a to meet the needs of specific communities (Smiraglia flickr system, the user who uploads images can thus 2005). Some metadata schemas are of a general na- determine who will have access to these images by ture, while others were designed for specific needs stating certain rules of access control. In parallel, like the description of government information, geo- other users of the system have the possibility to up- spatial data, multimedia resources, etc. In addition to date the image indexing by adding other keywords the structure definition and the elements to be used, (tags) or comments to any image they have access some metadata schemas also propose which vocabu- to. These annotations assigned by the uploader or laries must be employed for indexing purposes. any other user of the flickr system constitute a form Typically, the metadata schemas suggest the use of of free indexing called collaborative tagging. More- two types of vocabularies: controlled vocabularies or over, in this type of photo sharing system, the index- 94 Knowl. Org. 34(2007)No.2 E. Menard. Study on the Influence of Vocabularies used for Image Indexing in a Multilingual Retrieval Environment

ing can be done in one language or combine several better indexing and more specifically, a vocabulary languages. However, despite its growing popularity better adapted to the real and current needs and be- and much like controlled vocabulary indexing, free haviours of the image searchers. indexing with uncontrolled vocabulary also presents Taking into account what has just preceded, sev- several gaps. For example, some ambiguities emerge eral questions are raised about image retrieval in a because the same keyword is often employed by sev- multilingual context. Thus, we can wonder whether eral individuals, but in various contexts. In the same the choice of the vocabulary used for image indexing vein, the lack of synonymic control involves the use will influence the retrieval results in a multilingual of many different keywords to describe the same context and if such is the case, what this influence is. concept. Consequently, the free indexing is often Moreover, we can speculate about which image in- considered to be of poor quality. dexing approach it is preferable to implement to fa- The use of controlled or uncontrolled vocabular- cilitate the retrieval of images in a multilingual con- ies raises a certain number of difficulties for the in- text. To our knowledge, few studies address these dexing process. These difficulties will necessarily en- questions. Nevertheless, the image indexing process, tail consequences at the time of image retrieval. In- allowing effective, efficient and satisfactory retrieval dexing with controlled or uncontrolled vocabularies in a multilingual context, remains a delicate question is a question extensively discussed in the literature. which deserves more attention. Several scholars explored the question of the best vocabulary to be used for the indexing process. The 3. Research Objectives results of many studies indicate that uncontrolled vocabularies offer an output higher than the con- This research project aims to verify the existing rela- trolled vocabulary (Savoy 2005). This point of view tions between each of these two indexing ap- was also shared by Rao Muddale (1998), while other proaches: 1) traditional image indexing recommend- scholars (Markey et al. 1980, Kamps 2004) consider ing the use of controlled vocabulary and 2) free im- that the controlled vocabularies improve the results age indexing using uncontrolled vocabulary, and precision at the time of retrieval. However, it is clear their respective performance for image retrieval, in a that many searchers recognize the advantages of ei- multilingual context. In order to achieve this goal, ther form of vocabulary according to circumstances three specific objectives were defined: (Arsenault 2006). Though it seems that the many difficulties associated with free indexing using un- 1. Identify the characteristics of each of the two ap- controlled vocabularies can only be understood via a proaches used for image indexing, in a multilin- comparative analysis with the controlled vocabulary gual context; indexing (Macgregor and McCulloch 2006). 2. Explore the existence of relations between the Two valuable elements come out from this analy- characteristics of each of the two approaches sis of the situation of image indexing and retrieval. used for image indexing and the retrieval per- Firstly, we noticed that we know very few things formance, in a multilingual context; and, about the influence of the vocabulary used for image 3. Determine the direction of the relations between indexing, at the time of retrieval in a monolingual the characteristics of each of the two approaches context, and even less in a multilingual context. Sec- used for image indexing and the retrieval per- ondly, we pointed to the great variability in the proc- formance, in a multilingual context. ess of image retrieval. Indeed, for a few years, we dis- tinguished an evolution in the manner of formulat- The achievement of these three objectives will make ing the queries used to retrieve images. This trans- it possible to empirically measure the influence of formation brings us to reconsider the way in which each of the indexing approaches in a multilingual im- the image must be indexed and to wonder whether age retrieval context. This study supposes that the the controlled vocabulary traditionally employed for two approaches of indexing show common charac- image indexing is still well adapted to this particular teristics, but also differences that can influence the type of document. Therefore, the study of the Web image retrieval. Eventually, it will be possible to ex- image searcher’s behaviours seems necessary, in or- tend this research to other linguistic environments as der to conceive better retrieval systems. In the same well as other types of images. This research thus en- way, it is as essential to sustain the study of image ables us to underline the essential elements of a well- searchers retrieval strategies in order to lay down a adapted process to collections of digital images. Knowl. Org. 34(2007)No.2 95 E. Menard. Study on the Influence of Vocabularies used for Image Indexing in a Multilingual Retrieval Environment

These collections offer unequalled informational the majority of the controlled vocabularies designed richness as they represent essential elements of the for the indexing process only exist in English. Con- collective memory and world inheritance. sequently, the inclusion of English as the second indexing language was considered mandatory. 4. Methodology The indexing process using French uncontrolled vocabulary was carried out by a French-speaking in- This research compares image retrieval within two dexer, while the indexing using English uncontrolled contexts: a monolingual context, i.e., where the lan- vocabulary was carried out by an English-speaking guage of the query (French) is the same as the index- indexer. The indexing with French and English con- ing language (French); and a multilingual context, trolled vocabulary was carried out by a bilingual in- i.e., where the language of the query (French) is dif- dexer. The Nouveau dictionnaire visuel multilingue ferent from the indexing language (English). How- was selected as the controlled vocabulary. Three rea- ever, the monolingual retrieval context is only con- sons justify this choice. Firstly, this dictionary considered here in order to establish a comparison with tains the appropriate terms for the image type con- the multilingual retrieval context. Besides, this retained in the database, i.e. ordinary images of every- search uses a quantitative approach. This category of day-life objects. Secondly, the Visuel offers a form of approach is regularly used in Information Science to standardization of the terms which allows a clear and measure and compare the retrieval performance of precise identification of the objects, while exerting a textual and visual documents. The concepts are stud- maximum control on regionalisms, archaisms, Angli- ied and tested using research hypotheses based on cisms, etc. Finally, the Visuel includes, in parallel, observable and clearly defined variables. Three data both the French and English terminologies which fa- collection methods are used: 1) the analysis of the cilitated the indexing process, while ensuring a certain vocabularies used for image indexing in order to ex- form of interlinguistic consistency. The indexing amine the multiplicity of term types applied to im- process with controlled vocabulary was completed ages (generic description, identification, and inter- using the paper dictionary and the CD-ROM version pretation) and the degree of indexing difficulty due (Le Visuel 3). An example of the controlled vocabu- to the subject and the nature of the image; 2) the lary (CD-ROM version) is presented in Figure 1. simulation of the retrieval process with a subset of Once all the images were indexed with each one of images indexed according to each indexing approach the four indexing forms, all the indexing terms of studied, and finally, 3) the questionnaire to gather in- the French controlled and uncontrolled vocabularies formation on searcher satisfaction during and after were combined, as well as the indexing terms of the the retrieval process. English controlled and uncontrolled vocabularies. A database of ordinary images including images Therefore, we obtained two more indexing forms. drawn from a commercial online catalogue was pre- The image database thus associates six indexing pared. A total of 3,950 images were downloaded in forms to each one of the 3,950 images included. Fol- the database between December 26, 2006 and Janu- lowing the indexing process, a grid analysis for the ary 10, 2007. These images represent objects drawn indexing terms was developed. The objective of this from the eight sections of the catalogue: Sports and analysis is to identify the specific characteristics of recreation, House and home, Auto, Tools, Kitchen each indexing approach being studied in this project. and bath, Electronics, Outdoor living and Apparel. An image retrieval system was also built to interact The image selection was mainly based on three spe- with the database. This system tries to reproduce the cific criteria: 1) visual quality of the image illustrat- image retrieval conditions we usually find in general ing a specific object, 2) ease of identification of the Web search engines. This retrieval system includes: 1) image by a non-specialist, and 3) maximum diversity a search interface (in French) allowing the image of the images included in the database. Each image searcher to formulate a textual query (Figure 2); 2) a was then indexed in four different ways: with con- translation mechanism of the queries from French to trolled vocabulary (French and English), and with English; 3) a mapping module for the query terms (or uncontrolled vocabulary (French and English). For the query terms translation) and the indexing terms this study, French and English were chosen for two associated with the images; and 4) a display interface reasons. On the one hand, the French language is the of the retrieval results where the user can select the language used by the sample of participants who will images judged satisfying (Figure 3). perform the retrieval tasks and on the other hand, 96 Knowl. Org. 34(2007)No.2 E. Menard. Study on the Influence of Vocabularies used for Image Indexing in a Multilingual Retrieval Environment

Figure 3. Example of the controlled vocabulary

Figure 3. Search Interface Figure 3. Display Interface

For the retrieval simulation, a subset of 30 images to the participant who tries to retrieve the image us- has been randomly selected from the image database ing a textual query (in French). All participants are and will be searched by each participant. The diver- native French speakers. Half of the images to be re- sity of the images to be retrieved was also considered trieved are mapped to one of the three French index- in order to neutralize the learning effect, and to ing forms (controlled, uncontrolled, and controlled privilege the selection of images presenting the same + uncontrolled combined), while the queries for the level of retrieval difficulty. During the retrieval task other half of the images to be retrieved are first each of the 30 images is evenly associated at random translated using the integrated machine translation with one of the 6 indexing forms (i.e., 5 images for mechanism, and then mapped to one of the three each indexing form). These 30 permutations (im- English indexing forms (controlled, uncontrolled, age/indexing form) constitute the 30 retrieval tasks and controlled+uncontrolled combined), as shown that each participant will perform during the re- in Figure 4. trieval simulation. Each image is successively shown Knowl. Org. 34(2007)No.2 97 E. Menard. Study on the Influence of Vocabularies used for Image Indexing in a Multilingual Retrieval Environment

Figure 4. Schema of the Retrieval Simulation

The retrieved images are then displayed on the inter- developed to collect the impressions of the partici- face. The participant must then select the images pants concerning the retrieval process and the ob- judged satisfying. Each image deemed satisfactory by tained results. This questionnaire is submitted to the the participant will contribute to an estimate of the participants in two stages. Initially, since we wish to retrieval success rate. The participant can also submit measure the satisfaction for each indexing approach another query or record his results. In order to re- being studied, we ask the participants to evaluate duce the learning effect, the order of the image re- their degree of satisfaction regarding the retrieval retrieval tasks is defined randomly and modified for sults they obtained after each image search task. Sec- each participant. Each of the six combinations im- ondly, a comprehensive questionnaire including open age/indexing forms is searched by a group of seven and closed questions will be presented to the partici- participants thus requiring 42 participants. The re- pants, at the end of the retrieval tasks. This ques- trieval simulation will take place in the fall of 2007. tionnaire consists of questions about: 1) their gen- The participants selection for the retrieval simulation eral perception of the retrieval tasks; 2) their regular will be done according to these 4 criteria: 1) 18 years search practices and familiarity with image retrieval; and older; 2) native French speakers; 3) undergradu- and, 3) their demographic profile. ate students of the Université de Montréal; and 4) given the nature of the task to be carried during the 5. Observations retrieval experiment, the participants should not have any professional experience in a field using im- Before starting the indexing process with controlled age retrieval. vocabulary, the indexer received as a directive to use Finally, in order to complete the data collected the indexing policy specially conceived for this re- during the retrieval simulation, a questionnaire was search project and which recommends the use of the 98 Knowl. Org. 34(2007)No.2 E. Menard. Study on the Influence of Vocabularies used for Image Indexing in a Multilingual Retrieval Environment

Nouveau dictionnaire visuel multilingue for indexing the 3,950 images of the database. The indexing proc- Identical Terminological Conceptual ess with the French and English controlled vocabular- Vocabulary Consistency Consistency Consistency ies was carried out by the same indexer. However, in % % % order to measure the level of interindexer consis- French tency, a proportion of images (7 percent of the total Controlled 73.1 78.1 89.2 Vocabulary number of images included in the database) were also English indexed by a second indexer. The interindexer consis- Controlled 73.1 78.1 89.2 tency can be defined as the capacity for several index- Vocabulary ers to analyze the same document in the same way French and to represent the same concepts by the same terms Uncontrolled 09.8 65.3 85.3 Vocabulary (Bertrand-Gastaldy 1986). The calculation of the in- English terindexer consistency level is the relation, expressed Uncontrolled 11.0 61.4 82.9 with a percentage, between the total number of terms Vocabulary commonly used (C ) by two indexers (A and B), Table 1. Interindexer Consistency Rates multiplied by two, divided by the total number of terms chosen by these two indexers, according to the The divergence between the interindexer consistency following formula: 2C ÷ (A + B) (David 2003). For rates for controlled vocabulary and uncontrolled vo- the French and English controlled vocabularies, we cabulary duplicates the conclusions of the studies obtained an interindexer consistency rate of 73.1 per- describing the use of controlled vocabulary which cent. This rate is calculated with the identical index- maintain that the interindexer consistency rate in- ing terms only, i.e. the terms commonly chosen by creases with the use of such a vocabulary, compara- the two indexers. For example, “tennis racket” and tively to the use of uncontrolled vocabulary (David “racket” are not considered as common indexing 2003). The indexing term analysis process is cur- terms. We also calculated the terminological consis- rently in progress. Once completed, this analysis will tency level. In that case, “white plate” and “plate” are enable us to characterize each indexing approach be- considered as common indexing terms since the main ing studied. It will also highlight the similarities and substantive is the same. We obtained a rate of 78.1 the differences of the two indexing approaches that percent. Finally, we calculated the conceptual consis- could influence the image retrieval in a multilingual tency level (same concept, different word for the context. The results of this analysis will be available main substantive) and we obtained 89.2 percent. in the near future. These rates are the same for both English and French The quantification of the retrieval performance of since the controlled vocabulary is bilingual. These each indexing approach being studied is based on the rates are presented in Table 1. measures usually employed to evaluate the perform- A specific policy for the free indexing using un- ance of the retrieval systems (precision and recall), as controlled vocabularies was also elaborated for this well as the usability measures recommended by the research. This policy provides that the indexer uses standard ISO 9241-11, i.e. effectiveness and effi- his own vocabulary to represent the concepts of each ciency (AFNOR 1998). The third measure, satisfac- image contained in the database, without any form tion, is quantified using the third collection method of control of the sense or the form. The English and used by this research project, the questionnaire. French indexing using uncontrolled vocabulary was Generally, effectiveness refers to the capacity to done independently by one indexer that had the re- achieve a given goal, whereas efficiency refers to the quired linguistic knowledge to achieve this task in capacity to carry out a specific task with minimal ef- the specified indexing language. Similar to the index- fort. Traditionally, several indicators are taken into ing process with controlled vocabulary and in order account for these two usability measures. For this to measure the interindexer consistency level, a research, the success rate, namely the capacity to number of images (10.0 percent of the database) was achieve partially or completely the objective of the indexed with uncontrolled vocabulary by a second retrieval task, is considered to be the principal indi- indexer. The interindexer consistency rates (identi- cator of effectiveness. Concerning efficiency, a dis- cal, terminological, and conceptual) were also calcu- tinction was made between two specific forms: (1) lated for both French and English uncontrolled vo- human efficiency measured by effectiveness divided cabularies. The results are also presented in Table 1. by human effort, i.e. the total number of queries Knowl. Org. 34(2007)No.2 99 E. Menard. Study on the Influence of Vocabularies used for Image Indexing in a Multilingual Retrieval Environment

formulated for a given retrieval task; and (2) tempo- filmmakers and librarians, all over the world. Image ral efficiency measured by effectiveness divided by collections also have many areas of application: the time in seconds spent to carry out the selection commercial, scientific, educational, and cultural. Un- of a satisfying result for a given retrieval task. For til recently, image collections were difficult to access each retrieval task, the following elements are re- due to limitations in dissemination and duplication corded directly by the retrieval system.: procedures. The advent of the Web highlighted the pressing need to develop suitable tools for the de- – Query formulation: terms employed in each query scription of digital images, since these can be found formulated to retrieve a specific image; in the majority of available resources. The expected – Retrieved images: identification number of the contributions of this research project are the follow- images selected by the participant for each re- ing: 1) at the theoretical level, this research identifies trieval task; the essential characteristics of the digital image in- – Number of queries: total number of queries for- dexing in order to facilitate its retrieval in a multilin- mulated to retrieve a specific image; gual context; 2) this research also tries to bring a – Retrieval duration: time spent, in seconds, to per- methodological contribution with an evaluation form the retrieval task, from the first to the last method of the preferable vocabulary to be used for query, for each image to be retrieved; image description; and finally, 3) this research reveals – Time devoted to each retrieved image: ratio calcu- the essential elements of a tailored process for the lated using the retrieval duration of the retrieval collections of digital images. In short, our research divided by of the number of retrieved images. underlines the pressing necessity to optimize the methods used for image processing, in order to fa- The retrieval simulation will take place in the fall of cilitate the images’ retrieval and their dissemination 2007. The results of the data recorded analysis dur- in multilingual environments. The results of this ing the retrieval simulation will be available in the study will offer preliminary information to deepen summer of 2008. our understanding of the influence of the vocabulary The main goal of the questionnaire is to collect in- used in image indexing. In turn, these results can be formation for the third usability measure recom- used to enhance access to digital collections of visual mended by the standard ISO 9241-11 (AFNOR material in multilingual environments. 1998), i.e. the satisfaction of the image searcher. The questionnaire primarily aims to quantify the satisfac- Acknowledgements tion measure. For that, three indicators are used: The author would like to thank the members of the – The degree of satisfaction regarding the results Research Committee, Mr. Clément Arsenault, Ms. obtained: measured by a scale of the participant Christine Dufour and Mr. James Turner. The author satisfaction about the obtained results for each re- would also like to acknowledge the hard work and trieval task; dedication of the retrieval system programmer, Ms. – The degree of learning facility: measured by a Geneviève Bastien, and the members of the indexing scale of the participant perception about the facil- team, Mr. Clément Arsenault, Ms. Manon Gagnon, ity with which he succeeds in achieving each re- Ms. Rita Maalouf and Ms. Chantal Ménard. A special trieval task; thanks to Mr. Philippe St-Germain who took the – The degree of tolerance to errors: measured by a time to read this article and correct my many mis- scale of the participant tolerance towards errors takes. This research is graciously supported by a during each retrieval task. grant from the Social Sciences and Humanities Re- search Council of Canada (SSHRC). The results of the questionnaire analysis will also be available in the summer of 2008. References

6. Conclusion Arsenault, Clément. 2006. L’utilisation des langages documentaires pour la recherche d’information. The need to retrieve a particular image from a collec- Documentation et bibliothèques 52: 139-48. tion is shared by several user communities including AFNOR. 1998. Exigences ergonomiques pour travail teachers, artists, journalists, scientists, historians, de bureau avec terminaux à écrans de visualisation 100 Knowl. Org. 34(2007)No.2 E. Menard. Study on the Influence of Vocabularies used for Image Indexing in a Multilingual Retrieval Environment

(TEV) – partie 11: lignes directrices relatives à eds., Advances in Information retrieval: 26th Euro- l’utilisabilité. Genève: Organisation internationale pean Conference on IR research, ECIR 2004. Ber- de normalisation. lin: Springer, pp. 283-95. Bertrand-Gastaldy, Suzanne. 1986. De quelques élé- Macgregor, George and McCulloch, Emma. 2006. ments à considérer avant de choisir un niveau Collaborative tagging as a knowledge organisation d’analyse ou un langage documentaire. Documen- and resource discovery tool. Library Review 55: tation et bibliothèques janvier-juin: 3-23. 291-300. Clough, Paul et al. 2006. Multilingual interactive ex- Markey, Karen et al. 1980. An analysis of controlled periments with Flickr. http://www.sics.se/jussi/ vocabulary and free text search statements in newtext/working_notes/ 11_cloughEtAl.pdf. online searches. Online Review 4: 225-36. Clough, Paul and Sanderson, Mark. 2003. The CLEF Nie, Jian.-Yun. 2006. Notes de cours IFT 6255 – 2003 cross language image retrieval task. Présentation sur SMART. http://www.iro. http://clef.isti.cnr.it/2003/WN_web/45.pdf. umontreal.ca/~nie/IFT6255/CLIR.html. David, Claire. 2003. Analyse cognitive de la cohérence QA International. 2003. Le Nouveau dictionnaire interindexeurs lors de l’indexation de documents. visuel multilingue. Montréal: Québec Amérique. Montréal: Université de Montréal. QA International. 2006. Le Visuel 3 multimédia Furnas, George W. et al. 1987. The vocabulary prob- (V3.5). Montréal: Québec Amérique. lem in human-system communication. Communi- Rao Muddamalle, Manikya. 1998. Natural language cations of the ACM 30: 964-71. versus controlled vocabulary in information re- Guinchat, Claire and Menou, Michel. 1990. Sciences trieval: a case study in soil mechanics. Journal of et techniques de l’information et de la documenta- the American Society for Information Science and tion. Paris: Unesco. Te c h n o l o g y 49: 881-87. Harpring, Patricia. 2002. The language of images: Savoy, Jacques. 2005. Bibliographic database access enhancing access to images by applying metadata using free-text and controlled vocabulary: an schemas and structured vocabularies. In Baca, evaluation. Information Processing & Management Murtha ed., Introduction to art image access issues, 41: 873-90. tools, standards, strategies. Los Angeles: Getty Re- Smiraglia, Richard P. 2005. Introducing metadata. search Institute, pp.20-39. Cataloging & Classification Quarterly 40: 1-15. Hudon, Michèle. 2007. Notes de cours BLT - 6055 Spink, Amanda and Jansen, Bernard J. 2004. Web Analyse et représentation documentaires 2. Mon- search: public searching of the Web. Boston: Kluwer tréal: Université de Montréal. Academic. Jörgensen, Corinne. 2003. Image Retrieval Theory Turner, James. 1998. Images en mouvement : stockage, and Research. Lanham, Md: Scarecrow. repérage, indexation. Sainte-Foy: Presses de Kamps, Jaap. 2004. Improving retrieval effectiveness l’Université du Québec. by reranking documents based on controlled vo- Yahoo! Inc. 2007. Flickr!. http://www.flickr.com/. cabulary. In McDonald, Sharon and Tait, John

Knowl. Org. 34(2007)No.2 101 ISKO News

ISKO News

Edited by Hanne Albrechtsen

Communications Editor

3rd ISKO Italy-UniMIB Meeting: Report Andrea Marchitelli discussed hybridizations of social tagging and blogging with opacs, and Jiri Pika More than 40 people attended the 3rd ISKO Italy showed UDC-based search techniques in a Swiss meeting, again organized thanks to cooperation with multilingual OPAC. Presentations, abstracts, and the University of Milano Bicocca Library, despite a photos will be progressively available from the event railway strike which impeded some planned speakers webpage (http://www.iskoi.org/doc/milano07.htm). (Luca Rosati, Federica Paradisi, Cristiana Bettella) – Claudio Gnoli. from reaching the venue. In the annual report on ISKO Italy activities and contacts, Claudio Gnoli announced that the 2010 international ISKO conference will be hosted in Rome, an organizing commit- Presentations and abstracts from the tee chaired by Fulvio Mazzocchi having just been UDC Seminar (4-5 June 2007) constituted. The morning had an international fla- vour, as it was reconnected to the trends observed The files of the presentations and abstract of talks by Mela Bosch at the ISKO Spain conference re- given at the UDC Seminar, held in The Hague on 4-5 cently held in Leon, showing an increase in the her- June 2007 are now available from http://www. meneutic approach over the heuristic one, and espe- udcc.org/seminar2007.htm. The event was entitled cially to the Leon manifesto (http://www.iskoi.org/ “Information Access for the Global community” and ilc/leon.htm). This was promoted by Rick Szostak its aim was to explore the latest developments and in his guest keynote address, concerning his pro- applications of the Universal Decimal Classification. posal of non-disciplinary classification based on The Seminar brought together UDC publishers, edi- phenomena, theories, and methods. Melissa Tiberi tors of the scheme, and UDC users, and offered an and Barbara De Santis developed on their current re- opportunity for information exchange and discussion search concerning semantics problems in equiva- of future developments. There were around seventy lence relationships, and Cristiana Bettella (whose in- participants from over thirty countries including li- troduction was read by Caterina Barazia) on her one brarians, subject specialists, editors of national edi- about humanistic knowledge, focusing on the dou- tions of the scheme, university lecturers, researchers ble role played in it by the researcher. The afternoon and LIS students. The conference programme in- was devoted to KO applications, starting with the cluded eleven invited talks on the topics of user ex- experience of two university libraries (Milan Bicocca periences and applications, innovative approaches in and Turin), with contribution of a third one in the UDC use and UDC education and training (for the discussion (Milan 1), in the use of KOSs to organize programme, talk abstracts, presentations, see: http:// digital resources and links in the university web- www.udcc.org/seminar07/programme.htm). Papers space. Two emerging, promising domains of KO ap- will be published in the forthcoming issue of Exten- plication were introduced by Paolo Franzese: se- sions and Corrections to the UDC, in November 2007. mantic indexing of institutional archives, and by the The UDC Consortium announced that this success- DesignNet team: information visualization, exem- ful seminar would be the first in the series of similar plified in an impressive solution for thesauri. Finally, events it plans to organize in the future. – Aida Slavic.

102 Knowl. Org. 34(2007)No.2 Knowledge Organization Literature

Knowledge Organization Literature Ia C. McIlwaine: Literature Editor

0 Form division 0008 06.25-29/07/06 Conference Program: 10th Jubilee Conference of the In- 02 Literature reviews ternational Federation of Classification Societies, July 25– 29, 2006, Ljubljana, Slovenia (Lang.: eng). – In: Journal of 0001 02; 981 Classification, 23(2006)2, p.337-347. Markey, K. - Twenty-five years of end-user searching, Part 1: Research findings. Part 2: Future research directions (Lang.: 0009 06.21/9/06 eng). – In: Journal of the American Society of Information Koch, T. - Report on the 5th European Networked Knowl- Science and Technology, 58(2007)8, p.1071-1081, 1122- edge Organization Systems/Services (NKOS) Workshop 1130. (Lang.: eng). – In: D-Lib Magazine, 12(2006)10, p.12. *URL http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct= 0002 02 true&db=lxh&AN=24373192&site=ehost-live Miksa, S.D. - The challenges of change: a review of cataloging and classification literature, 2003-2004 (Lang.: eng). – 07 Textbooks (whole field) In: Library Resources & Technical Services, 51(2007)1, p.51-68. 0010 07.21; 02 Macgregor, A. - (Book review of) Broughton, V.: Essential 0003 048-2 Classification. - London : Facet Publishing, 2004. - 272p. - Smith, A.G. (Book review of) - ASIST Thesaurus of in- ISBN: 1-85604-514-5 (Lang.: eng). – In: Library Review, formation science technology. 3rd ed. ; ed. by A. Redmond- 55(2006)1, P..75-76. Neal and M.M.K. Hlava (Lang.: eng). Medford, NJ: Infor- mation Today, 2005. – xiii, 255p. - In: Online Information 0011 07.23 review 30(2006) p. 596-7. Broughton, V. - Essential thesaurus construction (Lang.: eng). - London, Facet Publishing, 2006. – (Lang.: eng). - v, 06 Conference Reports and Proceedings 296pp. Reviews by: 0004 06.17-19/3/05 Davies, S. (0012) - In: Library review, 56 (2007)3, p.245- Beare, G. - (Book review of) Indexing: engage, enlighten, en- 246. rich: Proceedings from the ANZSI Conference, Melbourne, Salmond, R.(0013) – In: Australian Academic & Research Australia, 17-19 March 2005.; ed. K. Gillen. ANSZI, 2005. Libraries, 37(2006)3, p.240. - 149pp (Lang.: eng). – In: The Indexer, 25(2006)1, p.63. 1 Theoretical Foundations and general Problems 0005 06.10/05 Onohwakpor, J.E. - Annual conference of the Cataloguing, 11 Order and Knowledge Organization Classification and Indexing Section of the Nigerian Library Association (Lang.: eng). – In: Library Hi Tech News, 0014 11 24(2007)3, p.6-8. Zins, C. - Classification schemes of Information Science: twenty-eight scholars map the field (Lang.: eng). – In: Jour- 0006 06.3-4.11/05 nal of the American Society of Information Science and MacGlashan, M. - Colloque International: Indici, Index, Technology, 58(2007)5, p.654-672. Indexation, Lille, 3-4 November, 2005 (Lang.: eng). – In : The Indexer, 25(2006)1 p.45-46. 0015 111 Andersen, J., Skouvig, L. - Knowledge organization: a so- 0007 06.07/06 ciohistorical analysis and critique (Lang.: eng). – In: Library Greenberg, J., Severiens, T. - Metadata tools for digital re- Quarterly, 76(2006)3, p.300-322. source repositories: JCDL 2006 Workshop Report (Lang. :eng). – In: D-Lib Magazine, 12(2006)7/8, p.7. 0016 111 *URL http://www.dlib.org/dlib/july06/greenberg/ Mazzocchi, F., Gnoli, C. - Il Vaisesika e le categorie di 07greenberg.html Ranganathan [The Vaisheshika and Ranganathan's categories] (Lang.: it). - In: AIDA informazioni. 24 (2006)3-4, p 17-28. Knowl. Org. 34(2007)No.2 103 Knowledge Organization Literature

Full text and English abstract online at http://www. 0025 19 aidainformazioni.it/pub/mazzocchi-gnoli342006.html Tyckoson, D. A. - Top ten innovations in library history (Lang.: eng). – In: Against the Grain, 18(Dec 2006-Jan 0017 111 2007)6, p.42-43. Ridi, R. - Pensare è classificare [To think is to classify] (Lang.: it). - ISKO Italia. Documenti. 0026 199 *URL: http://www.iskoi.org/doc/pensare.htm Shuyong, J. - Into the source and history of Chinese culture: knowledge classification in Ancient China (Lang.: eng). – 0018 111 In: The Cultural Record, 42(2007)1, p. 1-20. Ridi, R. - Filosofare è classificare, classificare è filosofare [To philosophize is to classify, to classify is to philosophize] 2 Classification Systems and Thesauri, Structure (Lang.: it).- Classificare le scienze umane: il caso filosofia, and Construction Seminario Università di Padova. Dipartimento di Filosofia, Padova, 2 febbraio 2007) - ISKO Italia. Documenti. 21 General Problems of Classification Systems and *URL: : 2007- Thesauri

0019 111 0027 21 Tudhope, D., Nielsen, M. L. - Introduction to knowledge Fonseca, F. - The double role of ontologies in information organization systems and services (Lang.: eng). - In: New science research descriptors (Lang.: eng). - In: Journal of the Review of Hypermedia and Multimedia, 12(2006)1, p.3-9. American Society of Information Science and Technology, 58(2007)6, p.786-793. 0020 112 Kawamura, K. - Typology of interdisciplinarity and classifi- 0028 218; 43 catory structures (Lang.: jap). – In: Technical Processing Landry, P. - The use of the Dewey Decimal Classification and Documentation Forum Series, 16(2007)4, p.8-16. (DDC) for the organization of national bibliographies in Switzerland, Germany and Austria (Lang.: eng). - In: In- 0021 119 ternational Cataloguing and Bibliographic Control, Hansson, J. - Knowledge organization from an institutional 35(2006)3, p.59-62. point of view: implications for theoretical & practical development (Lang: eng). – In: Progressive Librarian, Summer 22 Structure and elements of CS & T 2006 no. 27, p.31-43. 0029 225 13 Mathematics in Knowledge Organization Crystal, A. - Facets are fundamental: rethinking information architecture frameworks (Lang.: eng). – In: Technical Com- 0022 131 munication, 54(2007)1, p.16-26. Dominich, S., Kiezer, T. - A measure theoretic approach to information retrieval (Lang.: eng). – In: Journal of the 0030 226 American Society of Information Science and Technology, Neelameghan, I.A., Raghavan, K.S. Semantics of relation- 58(2007)8, p.1108-1122. ships in Knowledge Organization: update 1(Lang.: eng). – In: Information studies, 12 (2006)2, p.15-122. 19 History of Knowledge Organization 0031 226; 78 0023 19 Gil-Leiva, I., Alonso-Arroyo, A. - Keywords given by au- Gnoli, C. - Organizzazione della conoscenza [1]: un neolo- thors of scientific articles in database descriptors (Lang.: eng). gismo quasi centenario [KO: an almost centenary neolo- – In: Journal of the American Society of Information Sci- gism] (Lang.: it). – In: AIDA informazioni, 24(2006) 1-2, ence and Technology, 58(2007)8, p.1175-1187. p 81-84. Full text online at http://www.aidainformazioni.it/pub/ 23 Construction of Classification Systems and Thesauri gnoli122006.html ] 0032 232 0024 19 British Standard. Structured vocabularies for information re- Gnoli, C.- Organizzazione della conoscenza [2]: L'alfabeto e trieval – Guide. Part 1: Definitions, symbols and abbrevia- la sindrome di Sariette [KO: the alphabet and Sariette tions. Part 2: Thesauri (BS8723-1 & 2: 2005) (Lang.: eng). syndrome](Lang.: it). AIDA informazioni, 24 (2006)3-4. p Reviews by: 111-116. Barlow, C.(0033) - In: The Indexer, 25(2006)1, p.61-62. Full text online at http://www.aidainformazioni.it/pub/ McIlwaine, I.C. (0034) - In: International Cataloguing and gnoli342006.html ] Bibliographic Control, 35(2006)3, p.65-66.

104 Knowl. Org. 34(2007)No.2 Knowledge Organization Literature

0035 235 0044 344 Losee, R.M. - Decisions in thesaurus construction and use Yoon, Y., Lee, G. G. - Efficient implementation of associative (Lang.: eng). - In: Information Processing & Management, classifiers for document classification (Lang.: eng). – In: In- 43(2007)4, p.958-968 formation Processing & Management, 43(2007)2, p.393- 405. 24 Relationships 0045 348 0036 241 Cui, H., Heidorn, P.B. - The reusability of induced knowl- Neelameghan, A. - Ontological categories and semantic rela- edge for the automatic semantic markup of taxonomic de- tionships (semantic relationships in knowledge organization - scriptions (Lang.: eng). – In: Journal of the American Soci- update 2) (Lang.: eng). –In: Information Studies, ety for Information Science and Technology, 58(2007)1, 13(2007)1. p.61-64. p.133-149.

0037 281;43 0046 348 Gilchrist, A. – (Book review of) High-level subject access Hung, C-M., Chien, L-F. - Web-based text classification in tools and techniques in internet cataloguing; ed. J.R. Ahron- the absence of manually labeled training documents (Lang.: heim. Binghamton, NY: Haworth Information Press, 2002. eng). - In: Journal of the American Society for Informa- 115p. (Lang.: eng). – In: Library Review, 55(2006)3, tion Science and Technology, 58(2007)1, p.88-96. p.228-229. 37 Reclassification 3 Classing and Indexing (Methodology) 0047 371 31 Theory of Classing and Indexing (Methodology) Weaver, M., Stanning, M. – Reclassification project at St Martin’s College: a case study (Lang.: eng). – In: Library 0038 312 Review, 56(2007)1, p. 61-72. Milne, C. - Taxonomy development: assessing the merits of contextual classification (Lang.: eng). - In: Records Man- 39 Evaluation of classing and Indexing agement Journal, 17(2007)1, p.7-16. 0048 396 32 Subject Analysis Bhojaraju, G., Urs, S. - Knowledge organisation systems in digital libraries: a comparative study (Lang.: eng). – In: In- 0039 322 formation Studies, 12(2006)4, p.229-257. Analyti, A., Theodorakis, M., Spyratos, N., Constantopou- los, P. - Contextualization as an independent abstraction 4 On Universal Classification Systems and mechanism for conceptual modeling (Lang.: eng). - In: In- Thesauri formation Systems, 32(2007)1, p.24-60. 42 On the Universal Decimal Classification 0040 324 Argamon, S., Whitelaw, C., Chase, P., Raj Hota, S., Garg, 0049 42 N., Levitan, S. - Stylistic text classification using functional McIlwaine, I.C. - The Universal Decimal Classification: a lexical features (Lang.: eng). - In: Journal of the American guide to its use. Rev. ed. (Lang.: eng). - The Hague: UDC Society of Information Science and Technology, Consortium, 2007. – vi, 278p. 58(2007)6, p.802-822. 43 On the Dewey Decimal Classification 34 Classing and Indexing 0050 43 0041 342 Ahmad, P. - Dewey for Windows: an overview and guide for Kim, H., Lee, H., Seo, J. - A reliable FAQ retrieval system beginners (Lang.: eng). –In: Pakistan Library & informa- using a query log classification technique based on latent se- tion Science Journal, 34 (4) p. 15-32. mantic analysis (Lang.: eng). - In: Information Processing & Management, 43(2007)2, p.420-430. 0051 43;07 Bowman, J.H. - Essential Dewey (Lang.: eng). London, 0042 344 Facet Publishing, 2005. - vi, 150p. Hedden, H. - Software for HTML indexing: a comparative Reviews by: review (Lang.: eng). - In: The Indexer, 25(2006)1, p.32-37. Donohue, N. (0052) -In: Public Libraries, 45(2006)4, p.68 Mugridge, R.L. (0053) – In: Library Collections, Acquisi- 0043 344 tions and Technical Services, 29 (2005)4, p.447. Paradis, F., Nie, J.-Y. - Contextual feature selection for text O’Donnell, M. (0054) – In: Technical Services Quarterly, classification (Lang.: eng). – In: Information Processing & 23(2006)4, p.101-102. Management, 43(2007)2, p.344-352. Knowl. Org. 34(2007)No.2 105 Knowledge Organization Literature

0055 43 –In: International Cataloguing and Bibliographic Control, Hopkins, S. - Decimating Dewey: introducing a bookshop 35(2006)2, p.33-35. arrangement for shelving the nonfiction collection (Lang.: eng). - In: Australasian Public Libraries and Information 0066 483 Services, 20(2007)1, p.8-13. Dolbec, D. – Le répertoire de vedettes-matière: outil du XXIe siècle [RVM: 21st century tool] (Lang.: fr). – In: 0056 43 Documentation et bibliothèques, 52(2006)2, p.99-108. Scott, M.L. - Dewey decimal classification, 22nd edition: a study manual and number building guide (Lang.: 0067 484 eng).Westport, CT: Libraries Unlimited, 2005. - 348p. Hicks, S. - Indexing archives for access (Lang.: eng). – In: Reviews by: The Indexer, 24(2005)4, p. 200-202. Broughton, V. (0057) – In: Library and Information Up- date, 5(2006)1/2, p.59 0068 489 March,V.S. (0058) - In: Technical Services Quarterly, Hannabuss, S. – (Book review of) A to zoo: subject access to 23(2006)4, p.100-101. children’s books; ed. by C.W. Lima, J.A. Lima. Westport, CN Taglienti, P. (0059) - In: Library Collections, Acquisitions, & London: Libraries Unlimited, 2006. xii, 1962p. (Lang.: & Technical Services, 30(2006)3-4, p.251. eng). – In: Library Review, 56(2007)3, p.259-261.

44 On the Library of Congress Classification 6 On Special Subjects Classifications and Thesauri

0060 44 64 On C S & T in Biological, Veterinary Science, Chandler, A., Leblanc, J. Exploring the potential of a virtual Agriculture, Food Sciences, Ecology undergraduate library based on the hierarchical interface to LC Classification (Lang.: eng). – In: Library Resources and 0069 646; 752.3 Technical Services, 50(2006)3, p.157-165. Lauser, B., Sini, M.- From AGROVOC to the Agricultural Ontology Service/concept server: an OWL model for creating 0061 44; 983 ontologies in the agricultural domain (Lang.: eng). – In: In- Ferris, A.M. - If you buy it, will they use it? A case study in ternational conference on Dublin Core and metadata ap- the use of Classification Web (Lang.: eng). – In: Library Re- plications; Metadata for knowledge and learning: DC- sources and Technical Services, 50(2006)2, p. 129-137. 2006, Manzanillo, Mexico, 2006; ed. by M. Dekker, L. Feria. Colima, Universidad de Colima, 2006, p.76-88. 0062 44 Mansour, Y., al-Shawabikah, Y.A.I. - Library of Congress 0070 646 classification: catalogers’ perceptions of the new subclass KBP Liang, A., Salokhe, G., Sini, M., Keizer, J. - To wa r d s a n i n - (Lang.: eng). - In: Library Review, 56(2007)2, p.117-126. frastructure for semantic applications: methodologies for semantic integration of heterogeneous resources (Lang.: eng). – 448 On the Library of Congress Subject Headings In: Cataloging & Classification Quarterly, 43(2007) 3/4, p.73-84. 0063 448 Harper, C. A. - Encoding Library of Congress subject head- 65 On CS & T in Human Biology, Medicine, Psychology ings in SKOS: authority control for the semantic web (Lang.: eng). - In: International conference on Dublin Core and 0071 651 metadata applications; Metadata for knowledge and learn- De Vorsey, J., & others. - The development of a local thesau- ing: DC-2006, Manzanillo, Mexico, 2006; ed. by M. Dek- rus to improve access to the anthropological collections of the ker, L. Feria. Colima, Universidad de Colima, 2006, p.89. American Museum of Natural History [computer file] (Lang.: eng). – In: D-Lib Magazine 12(4) 2006, 46 On the Colon Classification *URL http://www.dlib.org/dlib/april06/devorsey/ 04devorsey.html 0064 46 McMenemy, D. - Ranganathan’s relevance in the 21st century 0072 651/4 (Lang.: eng). - In: Library Review, 56(2007)2, p.97-101. Michel, P. & others. - Comparison of Medical Subject Headings and standard terminology regarding performance of 48 On other Universal Classification Systems and diagnostic tests (Lang.: eng). - In: Journal of the Medical Thesauri Library Association, 94(2006)2, p.221-223.

0065 483 0073 651/4 Bélair, J-A., Bourdon, F., Mingam, M. - Le répertoire de ve- Sladek, R., & others. - Development of a subject search filter dettes-matière et RAMEAU: deux languages d’indexation en to find information relative to palliative care in the general français: un luxe nécessaire [RVM and RAMEAU: two medical literature (Lang.: eng). – In: Journal of the Medical French indexing languages: a necessary luxury] (Lang.: fr). Library Association, 94(2006)4, p. 394-401. 106 Knowl. Org. 34(2007)No.2 Knowledge Organization Literature

0074 651/4 new semiotic machines] (Lang.: port). - In: Ciência da In- Womak, K.R. – Conformity for conformity’s sake? The formação, 35(2006)1, p.31-38. choice of a classification and a subject heading system in academic health science libraries (Lang.: eng). – In: Classifica- 72 Semantics tion and Cataloging Quarterly, 42(2006)1, p.93-115. 0083 721 67 On Classification Systems and Thesauri in Hjorland, B. - Semantics and Knowledge Organization Economy, Management Science, Mechanical (Lang.: eng). - In: Annual Review of Information Science Engineering, Building, Transport and Technology, 41(2007) p.367-406.

0075 677.2 73 Automatic Language Processing Del Olmo, J.M. - Matrix: a double functional business classification scheme (Lang.: eng). – In: Records Management 0084 733 Journal, 16(2006)3, p.159-168. Ciravegna, F., Petrelli, D. - Annotating document content: a knowledge-management perspective (Lang.: eng). – In: The 0076 677.4 Indexer, 25(2006)1, p. 23-27. Ward, M. – A taxaurus of engineering terms (set of subject headings covering the disciplines of mechanical engineering 0085 733 and associated subject areas) (Lang.: eng). - In: Managing De Sylva, L. – Thésaurus et systèmes des langages documen- Information, 13(2006)2, p.42-48. taires pour le recherche d’information [Thesauri and docu- menation languages for information seeking] (Lang.: fr). – 69 On CS & T in Language, Literature, Music, Arts, In: Documentation et Bibliothèques, 52(2006)2, p.149- Philosophy, Religion 156.

0077 692; 651/4 0086 733 Dali, K., Dilevko, J. - Towards improved collections in Navarretta, C., Pedersen, B.S., Hansen, D.H. Language medical humanities: fiction in academic health libraries technology in knowledge-organization systems (Lang.: eng). (Lang.: eng). – In: Journal of Academic Librarianship, – In: New Review of Hypermedia & Multimedia, 32(2006)3, p. 259-273. 12(2006)1, p.29-49.

0078 699.3 0087 733 Spilker, J-D. – Towards an international Music Thesaurus Tudhope, D., Nielsen, M.L. - Introduction to knowledge or- (Lang.: eng). – In: Fontes Artis Musicae, 52(2005)1, p.29- ganization systems and services (Lang.: eng). –In: New Re- 44. view of Hypermedia & Multimedia, 12(2006)1, p.3-9.

7 Knowledge Representation by Language and 0088 734 Terminology Estudio comparative de softwares de construção de tesauros [Comparative study of software for thesaurus construc- 71 General Problems of Natural Language in Relation tion] (Lang.: por). – In: Perspectivas em Ciência da In- to Knowledge Organization formação, 11(2006)1, p. 68-81.

0079 711 0089 735 Nakamoto, H. - Linguistic expression of knowledge (Lang.: Melucci, M., Orio, M. - Design, implementation, and evalu- jap). - In: Technical Processing and Documentation Forum ation of a methodology for automatic stemmer generation de- Series, 16(2007)4, p.18-25. scriptors (Lang.: eng). – In: Journal of the American Socie- ty of Information Science and Technology, 58(2007)5, 0080 711 p.673-686. Navarretta, C., Pedersen, B. S., Hansen, D. H. - p- Language technology in knowledge-organization systems 0090 735 (Lang.: eng). – In: New Review of Hypermedia and Mul- Vechtomova, O., Wang, Y. – A study of the effect of term timedia, 12(2006)1, p.29-49. proximity on query expansion (Lang.: eng). – In: Journal of information science, 32(2006)4, p.324-333. 0081 712 Schabes, Y. – Search and retrieval using natural language 75 On-Line Retrieval Systems and Technologies technology (Lang.: eng). – In: AIIM E-Doc Magazine, 20(2006)6, p. 18-20. 0091 751 Arsenault, C. - L’utilisation des langages documentaires 0082 714 pour la recherche d’information [The use of documentary Monteiro, S. – O ciberespaço e os mecanismos de busca: no- languages for information-seeking] (Lang.: fr). – In: vas máquinas semióticas [Cyberspace and search devices: Documentation et Bibliothèques 52(2006)2, p.139-148. Knowl. Org. 34(2007)No.2 107 Knowledge Organization Literature

0092 751 0102 752.3 Blackburn, B. - Taxonomy design types (Lang.: eng). – In: Unwalla, M. - Web indexing: extending the functionality of AIIM E-Doc Magazine, 20(2006)3, p. 14,16. the HTML indexer (Lang.: eng). – In: The Indexer, 25(2006)2, p.128-130. 0093 751 Cheng, R., Kalashnikov, D. V., Prabhakar, S. - Evaluation of 0103 752.3 probabilistic queries over imprecise data in constantly- Weiss, M., Esfandiari, B., Luo, Y. - Towards a classification evolving environments (Lang.: eng). - In: Information Sys- of web service feature interactions (Lang.: eng). - In: Com- tems, 32(2007)1, p.104-130. puter Networks, 51(2007)2, p.359-381.

0094 751 0104 753 Tennis, J. - Versioning Concept Schemes for Persistent Re- Ben-David, A. - What's wrong with hit ratio? (Lang.: eng). - trieval (Lang: eng). – In: Bulletin of the American Society In: IEEE Intelligent Systems, 21(2006)6, p.68-70. for Information Science & Technology; 32(2006)5, p.13- 16. 0105 753 Hawking, D., Zobel, J. - Does topic metadata help with Web 0095 752 search? (Lang.: eng). – In: Journal of the American Society De Jager, K. - Opening the library catalogue up to the Web: a of Information Science and Technology, 58(2007)5, p.613- view from South Africa (Lang.: eng). - In: Information De- 628. velopment, 23(2007)1, p.48-54 0106 754 0096 752 Bar-Ilan, J., Keenoy, K., Yaari, E., Levene M. - User rank- Joint, N. - URLs in the OPAC: comparative reflections on ings of search engine results (Lang.: eng). – In: Journal of US vs UK practice (Lang.: eng). - In: Library Review, the American Society of Information Science and Technol- 56(2007)3, p.182-193. ogy, 58(2007)9, p.1252-1266.

0097 752 0107 754 Markey, K. - The online library catalog: Paradise Lost and Fujino, A., Ueda, N., Saito, K. - A hybrid genera- Paradise Regained? (Lang.: eng). - In: D-Lib Magazine, tive/discriminative approach to text classification with addi- 13(2007)1/2. tional information (Lang.: eng). – In: Information Process- *URL: http://dlib.ukoln.ac.uk/dlib/january07/markey/ ing & Management, 43(2007)2, p.379-392. 01markey.html 0108 754 0098 752.3; 89.zh Lu, W., Kan, M.-Y. - Supervised categorization of Chau, M., Fang, X., Yang, C.C. - Web searching in Chinese: JavaScriptTM using program analysis features (Lang.: eng). A study of a search engine in Hong Kong descriptors (Lang.: – In: Information Processing & Management, 43(2007)2, eng). – In: Journal of the American Society of Information p.431-444. Science and Technology, 58(2007)7, p.1044-1054. 0109 755 0099 752.3 McCulloch, E. – Collaborative tagging as a knowledge or- Gnoli, C., Marino, V. Rosati, L. - Organizzare la conoscenza ganization and resource discovery tool (Lang.: eng). – In: : dalle biblioteche all'architettura dell'informazione per il Web Library Review, 55(2006)5, p.291-301. (Lang.: it). [Knowledge organization: from libraries to architecture of information for the Web] - Milan : Hops- 0110 756 Tecniche nuove : 2006. 211 p. Nasir Uddin, Mohammad, Mezbah-ul-Islam, Muhammad, An extended version of the glossary is online at http:// Gausul Haque, Kazi Mostak. - Information description and www.iskoi.org/doc/glossario.htm discovery method using classification structures in web (Lang.: eng). – In: Malaysian Journal of Library & Infor- 0100 752.3 mation Science, 11(2006)2, p.1-20. Isaac, A., Schlobach, S. - OWL: Web Ontology Language [OWL: Web Ontology Language.] (Lang.: dut). - In: In- 0111 756 formatie Professional, 10(2006)12, p.30-33. Tudhope, D., Binding, C. - Toward terminology services: experiences with a pilot web service thesaurus browser (Lang.: 0101 752.3 eng). – In: Bulletin of the American Society for Informati- Sinn-Cheng Lin, Ying-Chieh Chen, Chung-Yen Yu. - Ap- on Science & Technology; Jun/32(2006)5, p.6-9. plication of Wiki collaboration system for value adding and knowledge aggregation in a digital archive project 0112 757 (Lang.:chin). – In: Journal of Educational Media & Library Dudek, D., Mastora, A., Landoni, M. - Is Google the an- Sciences, 43(2006)3, p.285-307. swer? A study into the usability of search engines (Lang.: eng). – In: Library Review, 56(2007)3, p.224-233. 108 Knowl. Org. 34(2007)No.2 Knowledge Organization Literature

0113 757 8 Applied Classing and Indexing Law, D. – (Book review of) Libraries and Google; ed. by W. Miller, R.M. Pellen. Binghamton, NY & London: Haworth 83 Titled classing and Indexing. Derived Indexing Information Press, 2005. 240p. Pub. Simultaneously as: - Internet Reference Services Quarterly 10(2003)2/3. (Lang.: 0123 835 eng). – Library Review, 56(2007)4, p. 242-243. Matusiak, K.K. – To wa r d s user-centred indexing in digital image collections (Lang.: eng). – In: OCLC Systems and 0114 757 Services, 22(2006)4, p.283-299. Hollandsworth, B. L., Foy, J. - Griffin search: how West- minster College implemented WebFeat (Lang.: eng). – In: 0124 835 Library Hi Tech, 25(2007)2, p.211-219. Suster, M. – Folksonomy (Lang.: eng). – In: AIIM E-Doc Magazine, 20(2006)6, p. 31-38. 0115 757 Jansen, B. J., Spink, A., Koshman, S. - Web searcher interac- 84 Primary Literature Classification and Indexing tion with the Dogpile.com metasearch engine analysis (Lang.: eng). – In: Journal of the American Society of Information 0125 842 Science and Technology, 58(2007)5, p.744-755. Foglia, P. - Patentability search strategies and the reformed IPC: a patent office perspective. (Lang.: eng). – In: World 0116 757 Patent Information, 29(2007)1, p.33-53. Kousha, K., Thelwall, M. - Google Scholar citations and Google Web/URL citations: a multi-discipline exploratory 0126 842 analysis (Lang.: eng). – In: Journal of the American Society Li , Y., Shawe-Taylor, J. - Advanced learning algorithms for of Information Science and Technology, 58(2007)7, cross-language patent retrieval and classification (Lang.: p.1055-1065. eng). – In: Information Processing & Management, 43 (2007)5, p.1183-1199. 0117 757 Lee, K.C., Chung, N. - Cognitive map-based web site de- 0127 842 sign: empirical analysis approach (Lang.: eng). – In: Online Tseng, Y.-H., Lin, C.-J., Lin, Y.-I. - Text mining techniques Information Review, 30(2006)2, p.139-153. for patent analysis (Lang.: eng). – In: Information Process- ing & Management; 43(2007)5, p.1216-1247. 0118 757 Liu, Y., Salvendy, G. - Design and evaluation of visualiza- 0128 848 tion support to facilitate decision trees classification (Lang.: Moeller, R. - Improving regulatory compliance using effective eng). – In: International Journal of Human-Computer content protection Controls (Lang.: eng). – In: Managing Studies, 65(2007)2, p.95-110. Information, 14(2007)2, p.4-6.

0119 757 85 (Back of the) Book Classification and Indexing Lupovici, C. – Web crawling: the Bibliothèque nationale de France’s experience (Lang.: eng). – In: International Cata- 0129 851 loguing and Bibliographic Control, 35(2006)4, p.82-83. Bosschieter, P. - Back-of- the-book indexing in the Nether- lands today – (Lang.: eng). - In: The Indexer, 25(2006)2, 0120 757 p.86-88. Norris, B.J. – Google: its impact on the library (Lang.: eng). – In: Library Hi Tech News, 23(2006)9, p. 9-11. 0130 851 Lennie, F.S.. – (Book review of) Indexing specialties: schol- 0121 757 arly books; ed. M. Towery & E.L. Zafran. Information Today Pons-Porrata, A., Berlanga-Llavori, R., Ruiz-Schulcloper, J. & American Soc. of Indexers, 2005. 122p. (Lang.: eng). - In: - Topic discovery based on text mining techniques (Lang.: The Indexer, 25(2006)1, p.62-63. eng). – In: Information Processing & Management, 43(2007)3, p.752-768. 0131 851 Lennie, F.S. - (Book review of) Index it right! Advice from 79 Problems of Multilingual and Cross-Language experts, Vol. 1; ed. E.L. Zafran. Information Today & Systems and Translation American Soc. of Indexers, 2005. 176 p. (Lang.: eng). – In: The Indexer, 25(2006)1, p.62-63. 0122 791; 448 Landry. P. – Multilinguisme et langages documentaries: le 0132 851 projet MACS en contexte européen [Multilingualism and Schmidmaier, D. - Book indexes: experiences and expecta- documentary languages: the MACS project in the Euro- tions in the German Democratic Republic (Lang.: eng). – In: pean context] (Lang.: fr). – In: Documentation et biblio- The Indexer, 25(2006)2, p.83-85 thèques, 52(2006), p. 121-192. Knowl. Org. 34(2007)No.2 109 Knowledge Organization Literature

0133 851 ing photographic region templates (Lang.: eng). – In: Infor- Sylvester, J. – (Book review of) Solamito, A. - How to index mation Processing & Management, 43(2007) 2, p.503-514. a book. IndX Ltd, 2005. (Lang.: eng). - 64p. – In: The In- dexer, 25(2006)1, p.61 0146 875 Iyer, H., Lewis C. D. - Prioritization strategies for video 86 Secondary Literature Classification and Indexing storyboard keyframes articles (Lang.: eng). – In: Journal of the American Society of Information Science and Technol- 0134 864 ogy, 58(2007)6, p.802 – 822. Egghe, L. - Probabilities for encountering genius, basic, ordinary or insignificant papers based on the cumulative nth ci- 0147 877 tation distribution (Lang.: eng). – In: Scientometrics, Weber, L., Schomberg, J. - Access plus security: compact disc 70(2007)1, p.167-181. classification and packaging at Minnesota State University, Mankato (Lang.: eng). – In: Music Reference Services 0135 864 Quarterly, 9(2007)2, p.49-54. Egghe, L., Rousseau, R., Rousseau, S. - TOP-curves (Lang.: eng). – In: Journal of the American Society for Informa- 0148 879;07 tion Science and Technology, 58(2007)6, p.777 - 785. Mitchell, A.M., Surratt, B.E. - Cataloguing and organizing digital resources (Lang.: eng).. London: Facet Publishing, 0136 864 2005. - 236pp. Egghe, L. Untangling Herdan's law and Heaps' law: Reviews by: Bouchet, L-L. (0149) – In: Australian Library mathematical and informetric arguments curves (Lang.: Journal, 55 (2006)2, p.175-176. eng). – In: Journal of the American Society for Informa- Bowman, J.H. (0150) – In: Education for Information, 24 tion Science and Technology, 58(2007)5, p.702-709. (2006)1, p.75-77. Eden, B.L. (0151) - In: Technology Electronic Reviews, 0137 864 13(2006)2. Haridasan, S. – Citation analysis of scholarly communication *URL: http://www.lita.org/ala/lita/litapublications/ter/ in the journal ‘Knowledge Organization’ (Lang.: eng). – In: tertechnology.htm Library Review, 56(2007)4, p.299-310. Johncocks, B. (0152) – In: The Indexer, 24(2005)4, Shen Yuezeng (0153) – In: Technical services quarterly, 0138 864 23(2006)4 p.106-108. Shibata, N., Kajikawa, Y., Matsushima, K. - Topological Strader, C.R. (0154) – In: Libraries, Collections, Acquisi- analysis of citation networks to discover the future core arti- tions and Technical Services, 30(2006)1/2, p.131-132.Yeates, cles (Lang.: eng). – In: Journal of the American Society of R. (0155) – In: Program, 40(2006)1, p. 100-102. Information Science and Technology, 58(2007)6, p.872 – 882. 88 Classification and Indexing in Subject Fields

87 Classification and Indexing of Non-Book Materials 0156 88-5 Marzal, M. A., Calzada-Prado, J., Ruiz, M. J. C., Cervero, 0139 871 A. C. - Development of a controlled vocabulary for learning Caldera-Serrano, J. – Terminological control of ‘anonymous objects' functional description in an educational repository groups’ for catalogues of audiovisual television documents vocabulary (Lang.: eng). - In: International conference on (Lang.: eng). – In: Journal of Librarianship and Informa- Dublin Core and metadata applications; Metadata for tion Science, 38(2006)3, p.187-196. knowledge and learning: DC-2006, Manzanillo, Mexico, 2006; ed. by M. Dekker, L. Feria. Colima, Universidad de 0140 871 Colima, 2006, p.253. Rafferty, P., Hidderley, R. - Indexing multimedia and crea- tive works: the problems of meaning and interpretation 9 Knowledge Organization Environment (Lang.: eng). Aldershot: Ashgate, 2005. 224pp. Reviews by: 91 Professional and Organisational Problems in General Barker, P. (0141) – In: The Electronic Library, 24(2006)4, and in Institutions p.569-570. Batley, S. (0142) – In: Journal of Library & Information 0157 912 Science, 38(2006)2, 130-131. Calhoun, K. - Being a librarian: metadata and metadata spe- Faulkner, H. (0143) – In: The Indexer, 24(2005) 4, p. 242. cialists in the twenty-first century (Lang.: eng). – In: Library Sill, L. A. (0144) – In: Libraries, Collections, Acquisitions Hi Tech, 25(2007)2, p.174 – 187. and Technical Services, 29(2005)4, p. 448-449. 0158 917 0145 872 King, W. R. - The Critical role of information processing in Yang, S., Kim, S. K., Seo, K. S., Ro, Y. M., Kim, Ji-Yeon, creating an effective knowledge organization (Lang.: eng). - Seo, Y. S. - Semantic categorization of digital home photo us- In: Journal of Database Management, 17(2006)1, p.1-15. 110 Knowl. Org. 34(2007)No.2 Knowledge Organization Literature

0159 918 Reviews by: Bartolo, L. M., Lowe, C. S., Glotzer, S. C., Iacovella, C. - Bouchet, M-L. (0175) – In: Australian Library Journal, Development of a wiki-based, expert community-driven 55(2006)2, p.185-186. nanosystem vocabulary (Lang.: eng). - In: International Bradley, P. (0176) – In: Program, 40(2006)4, p.105-106. conference on Dublin Core and metadata applications; Lindsay, M. (0177) - In: Library Review, 56(2007)4, p.330- Metadata for knowledge and learning: DC-2006, Man- 331. zanillo, Mexico, 2006; ed. by M. Dekker, L. Feria. Colima, Smith, A.G. (0178) – In: Online Information Review, Universidad de Colima, 2006, p.211-214. 30(2006)5, p.595-596.

0160 918 0179 918 Brunner, L., Schulz, K.U., Weigel, F. - Organizing thematic, Robertson, R.J. – Metadata: comparative review (Lang.: geographic, and temporal knowledge in a well-founded navi- eng). - In Library Review, 55(2006)6, p. 384-387. gation space: logical and algorithmic foundations for EFGT Provides reviews of Hillman, D.A., Westbrooks, E.L. nets (Lang.: eng). - In: International Journal of Web Ser- Metadata in practice. Chicago, IL: A.L.A., 2004. 304p.; vices Research, 3(2006)4, p.1-31. Haynes, D. Metadata for information management and retrieval. London: Facet Publishing, 2004. 200p; Caplan, P. 0161 918 Metadata: fundamentals for librarians. Chicago, IL: Landesman, B. – (Book review of) Haynes, D. Metadata for A.L.A., 2003. 224p. information management and retrieval. London: Facet Pub- lishing, 2004. - 200p. (Lang.: eng). – In: Serials Review, 0180 918 32(2006)1, p. 49-51. Morelli, J. - Hybrid filing schemes: the use of metadata sign- posts in functional file plans. (Lang.: eng). – In: Records 0162 918 Management Journal, 17(2007)1, p.17-31. Samples, J. - (Book review of) Haynes, D. Metadata for information management and retrieval. London, Facet Pub- 0181 918 lishing, 2004. – 200p. (Lang. eng). – In: Library Resources Nilsson, M., Johnston, P., Naeve, A., Powell, A. - To wa r d s and Technical Services, 50(2006)3, p. 219-221. an interoperability framework for metadata standards (Lang.: eng). - In: International conference on Dublin 0163 918 Core and metadata applications; Metadata for knowledge Metadata: a cataloger’s primer; ed. R. Smiraglia. Bingham- and learning: DC-2006, Manzanillo, Mexico, 2006; ed. by ton, NY, Haworth Information Press, 2005. - 282p. Pub. M. Dekker, L. Feria. Colima, Universidad de Colima, 2006, simultaneously as: - Cataloguing and Classification Quar- p.13-23. terly 40(2005)3/4 (Lang.: eng). Reviews by: 0182 918 Brunt, R. (0164) – In: Program, 40(2006)4, p.397-400 Pattuelli, M. C., Norberg, L. R. - Identity matters: con- Intner, S.S. (0165) – In: Technicalities, 26(2006)2, p.19-21. structing social identities through ontology-based metadata Ketcham, S. (1066) - In: Library Journal, 131(2006)9, (Lang.: eng). - In: International conference on Dublin p.136. Core and metadata applications; Metadata for knowledge Matthews, G. (0167) – In: Journal of Academic Librarian- and learning: DC-2006, Manzanillo, Mexico, 2006; ed. by ship, 32(2006)5 p.545. M. Dekker, L. Feria. Colima, Universidad de Colima, 2006, Quam, E. (0168) – In: Library Resources and Technical p.215. Services, 50(2006)4, p. 299-300. Quintana, I. del C. (0169) - In: College and Research Li- 92 Persons and Institutions In Knowledge Organization braries, 67(2006)4, p. 388-389. Robertson, R.J. (0170) – In: Library Review, 55(2006)7, p. 0183 924 462-463. McCallum, S. - Remembering Henriette Avram (Lang.: eng). – In: International Cataloguing and Bibliographic 0171 918 Control, 35(2006)3, p.51. Metadata and its impact on libraries; ed. by Intner, S.S., Lazinger, S.S., Weihs, J. Westport, CO & London: Librar- 93 Organization of classification and Indexing on ies Unlimited, 2006. - 272pp. (Lang.: eng). a National and International Level Reviews by: Robertson, R.J. (0172) – In: Library Review, 56(2007)3, 0184 93 p.255-256. Subba Rao, S. - Indigenous knowledge organization: an In- Sylvia, M. (0173) - In: Library Journal, 131(2006)9, p.136. dian scenario (Lang.: eng). – In: International Journal of Information Management, 26(2006)3, p.224-233. 0174 918 The library and information professional’s internet compan- ion; ed. A. Poulter, D. Hiom, D. McMenemy. (Lang.: eng). London: Facet Publishing, 2005. Knowl. Org. 34(2007)No.2 111 Knowledge Organization Literature

94 Bibliographic Control. Bibliographic Records 0196 944 Morozumi, A., Nagamori, M., Nevile, L., Sugimoto, S. - 0185 942; 752 Using FRBR for the selection and adaptation of accessible re- Cho, J. - A study on the application method of the Functional sources standards (Lang.: eng). - In: International confer- Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR) to the ence on Dublin Core and metadata applications; Metadata Online Public Access Catalog (OPAC) in Korean libraries for knowledge and learning: DC-2006,: Mexico, 2006; ed. (Lang.: eng). – In: Library Collections, Acquisitions and by M. Dekker, L. Feria. Colima, Universidad de Colima, Technical Services, 20(2006)3-4, p.202-213. 2006, p.183-194.

0186 942 0197 944 Fox, R. - Cataloguing for the masses (Lang.: eng). - In: Taniguchi, S. - A system for supporting evidence recording in OCLC Systems and Services, 22(2006)3, p.166-173. bibliographic records; Parts I & II: What is valuable evidence for catalogers? (Lang.: eng). – In: Journal of the American 0187 942 Society for Information Science and Technology, 57 Medeiros, N. – Good enough is good enough: cataloguing les- (2006)9, p.1249-1262; 58(2007)6, p.823-841. sons from the University of California Libraries (Lang.: eng). - In: OCLC Systems and Services, 22(2006)3, p.155-159. 0198 944 Weng, C., Mi, J. – Towards accessibility to digital cultural 0188 942 materials: an FRBRized approach (Lang.: eng). – In: Omekwu, C.O., John-Okeke, R., Egberongbe, H.S. – OCLC Systems and Services, 22(2006)3, p.217-233. Shared catalogues and cataloguing tools: information and communication technology as catalyst (Lang.: eng). - In: Li- 0199 945 brary Hi Tech News, 24(2007)3, p.19-25. Carvalho, J. – An XML representation of the UNIMARC manual: a working prototype (Lang.: eng). – In: Interna- 0189 943 tional Cataloguing and Bibliographic Control, 35(2006)1, Yakel, E., Shaw, S., Reynolds, P. - Creating the next genera- p.17-23. tion of archival finding aids (Lang.: eng). - In: D-Lib Maga- zine, 13 (2007)5/6. 0200 945 *URL: http://dlib.ukoln.ac.uk/dlib/may07/yakel/ McCallum, S. – MARC/XML sampler (Lang.: eng). – In: 05yakel.html International Cataloguing and Bibliographic Control, 35(2006)1, p.4-6. 0190 944 Beall, J. – Some reservations about FRBR (Lang.: eng). – In: 0201 945 Library Hi Tech News, 23(2006)2, p.15-16. Skvortsov, V., Pashkova, A., Zhlobinskaya, O. UNIMARC XML Slim scheme: living in a new environment (Lang.: 0191 944; 211 eng). – In: International Cataloguing and Bibliographic Cantara, L. – Encoding controlled vocabularies for the Se- Control, 35(2006)1, p.11-16. mantic Web using SKOS Core (Lang.: eng). – In: OCLC Systems and Services, 22(2006)2, p.111-115. 0202 945 Taylor, M., Dickmess, A. – Delivering MARC/XML records 0192 944 from the Library of Congress catalogue using the open proto- Miles, A.J., Perez-Aguera, J. - SKOS: Simple Knowledge cols SRW/U and Z39/50 (Lang.: eng). – In: International Organisation for the Web (Lang.: eng). – In: Cataloging & Cataloguing and Bibliographic Control, 35(2006)1, p.7-10. Classification Quarterly, 43(2007)3/4, p.69-83. 0203 946 0193 944 Coyle, K., Hillmann, D. - Resource Description and Access Sanchez-Alonso, S., Garcia-Barriocanal, E.- Making use of (RDA): cataloging rules for the 20th century (Lang.: eng). - upper ontologies to foster interoperability between upper In: D-Lib Magazine, 13 (2007)1/2. SKOS concept schemes (Lang.: eng). – In: Online Informa- *URL: http://dlib.ukoln.ac.uk/dlib/january07/coyle/ tion Review 30(2006)3, p. 263-277. 01coyle.html

0194 944 0204 946 Frumkin, J. - The death and rebirth of the metadata records – Moore, J.R. - RDA: new cataloguing rules, coming soon to a rethinking library search (Lang.: eng). – In: OCLC Systems library near you (Lang.: eng). - In: Library Hi Tech News, and Services, 22(2006)3, p.164-165. 23(2006)9, p.12-17.

0195 944 0205 946 Mohammed, K.A.F. – The impact of metadata in web re- Medeiros, N. - Metadata in a global world (Lang.: eng). – sources (Lang.: eng). – In: Online Information Review, In: OCLC Systems and Services , 22(2006)2, p.89-91. 30(2006)2, p.155-168.

112 Knowl. Org. 34(2007)No.2 Knowledge Organization Literature

0206 947 0213 952 Frias-Martinez, E., Chen, S.Y., Liu, X. - Automatic cogni- Coates, S. - UC Berkeley extension course: learning to index tive style identification of digital library users for personaliza- at a distance (Lang.: eng). - In: The Indexer, 24(2005)4, tion (Lang.: eng). – In: Journal of the American Society for p.186-188. Information Science and Technology, 58(2007)2, p.237- 251. 0214 952 Obajemu, A.S., Ibegwam, A. - A survey of librarians’ atti- 0207 949 tudes to training Programmes on ICT Application to Cata- Ottoson, P-G. - Authority file information in archives loguing and Classification Workshops in Nigeria (Lang.: (Lang.: eng). – In: International Cataloguing and Biblio- eng). – In: African Journal of Library, Archives and Infor- graphic Control, 35(2006)1, p.7-10. mation Science, 16(2006)1, p.19-28.

0208 949 0215 953 Patton, G.E. - FRAR: extending FRBR concepts to authority Morgan, J., Bawden, D. - Teaching knowledge organization: data (Lang.: eng). – In: International Cataloguing and Bib- educator, employer and professional association perspectives liographic Control, 35(2006)2, p.41-45. (Lang.: eng). – In: Journal of Information Science, 32(2006)2, p.108-115. 0209 949 Pulis, N.V. – ‘First time use’ (FTU) name headings, author- 98 User Studies ity control and NACO (Lang.: eng). – In: Library Man- agement, 27(2006)8, p.562-575. 0216 981 Kellar, M., Watters, M., Shepherd, M. - A field study charac- 0210 949 terizing Web-based information-seeking tasks perspective Zeng, M.L. – Sharing and use of subject authority data (Lang.: eng). – In: Journal of the American Society of In- (Lang.: eng). – In: International Cataloguing and Biblio- formation Science and Technology, 58(2007)8, p.999-1018. graphic Control, 35(2006)3, p.52-54. 0217 981 95 Education and Training in Knowledge Organization Si, L., Xu, L., Chen, H. - Knowledge organization systems and interfaces of digital libraries in China (Lang.: eng). - In: 0211 951 Lecture Notes in Computer Science, (2006)4256, p.259- Currier, S., MacNeill, S., Corley, L., Campbell, L., 268. Beetham, H. - Vocabularies for describing pedagogical approach in e-learning: a scoping study (Lang.: eng). - In: 0218 981 International conference on Dublin Core and metadata Xu, Y. - The dynamics of interactive information retrieval applications; Metadata for knowledge and learning: DC- behavior, Part I: An activity theory perspective; Part 2: An 2006, Manzanillo, Mexico, 2006; ed. by M. Dekker, L. empirical study from the activity theory perspective (Lang.: Feria. Colima, Universidad de Colima, 2006, p.149-161. eng). – In: Journal of the American Society of Information Science and Technology, 58(2007)8, p.958-970, 987-998. 0212 952 Bagheri, M. - Indexing training in Iran (Lang.: eng). - In: The Indexer, 25(2006)2, p. 105-108.

Knowl. Org. 34(2007)No.2 113 Personal Author Index 34(2007)

Personal Author Index

Ahmad, P. 0050 Ciravegna, F. 0084 Hawking, D. 0105 Levene M. 0106 Morelli, J. 0180 Alonso-Arroyo, A. Coates, S. 0213 Hedden, H. 0042 Levitan, S. 0040 Morgan, J. 0215 0031 Constantopoulos, P. Heidorn, P.B. 0045 Lewis, C. D. 0146 Morozumi, A. 0196 Analyti, A. 0039 0039 Hicks, S. 0067 Li , Y. 0126 Mugridge, R.L. 0053 Andersen, J. 0015 Corley, L. 0211 Hidderley, R. 0140 Liang, A. 0070 Naeve, A. 0181 Argamon, S. 0040 Coyle, K. 0203 Hillmann, D. 0203 Lin, C.-J. 0127 Nagamori, M. 0196 Arsenault, C. 0091 Crystal, A. 0029 Hiom, D. 0174 Lin, Y.-I. 0127 Nakamoto, H. 0079 Bagheri, M. 0212 Cui, H. 0045 Hjorland, B. 0083 Lindsay, M. 0177 Nasir Uddin, Bar-Ilan, J. 0106 Currier, S. 0211 Hollandsworth, B. L. Liu, X. 0206 Mohammad. 0110 Barker, P. 0141 Dali, K. 0077 0114 Liu, Y. 0118 Navarretta, C. 0080, Barlow, C. 0033 Davies, S. 0012 Hopkins, S. 0055 Losee, R.M. 0035 0086 Bartolo, L. M. 0159 De Jager, K. 0095 Hung, C-M. 0046 Lowe, C. S. 0159 Neelameghan, I.A. Batley, S. 0142 De Sylva, L. 0085 Iacovella, C. 0159 Lu, W. 0108 0030, 0036 Bawden, D. 0215 De Vorsey, J. 0071 Ibegwam, A. 0214 Lupovici, C. 0119 Nevile, L. 0196 Beall, J. 0190 Del Olmo, J.M. Intner, S.S. 0165, Luo, Y. 0103 Nie, J.-Y. 0043 Beare, G. 0004 0075 0171 McCallum, S. 0183, Nielsen, M. L. 0019, Beetham, H. 0211 Dickmess, A. 0202 Isaac, A. 0100 0200 0087 Bélair, J-A. 0065 Dilevko, J. 0077 Iyer, H. 0146 McCulloch, E. 0109 Nilsson, M. 0181 Ben-David, A. 0104 Dolbec, D. 0066 Jansen, B. J. 0115 MacGlashan, M. Norberg, L. R. 0182 Berlanga-Llavori, R. Dominich, S. 0022 John-Okeke, R. 0006 Norris, B.J. 0120 0121 Donohue, N. 0052 0188 Macgregor, A. 0010 Obajemu, A.S 0214 Bhojaraju, G. 0048 Dudek, D. 0112 Johncocks, B. 0153 McIlwaine, I.C. O’Donnell, M. 0054 Binding, C. 0111 Eden, B.L. 0151 Johnston, P. 0181 0034, 0049 Omekwu, C.O. 0188 Blackburn, B. 0092 Egberongbe, H.S. Joint, N. 0096 McMenemy, D. Onohwakpor, J.E. Bosschieter, P. 0129 0188 Kajikawa, Y. 0138 0064, 0174 0005 Bouchet, M-L. 0149, Egghe, L. 0134, Kalashnikov, D. V. MacNeill, S., 0211 Orio, M. 0089 0175 0135, 0136 0093 Mansour, Y. 0062 Ottoson, P-G. 0207 Bourdon, F. 0065 Esfandiari, B. 0103 Kan, M.-Y. 0108 March, V.S. 0058 Paradis, F. 0043 Bowman, J.H. 0050, Fang, X. 0098 Kawamura, K. 0020 Marino, V. 0099 Pashkova, A. 0201 0151 Faulkner, H. 0143 Kazi Mostak 0110 Markey, K. 0001, Patton, G.E. 0208 Bradley, P. 0176 Ferris, A.M. 0061 Keenoy, K. 0106 0097 Pattuelli, M. C. 0182 Broughton, V. 0011, Foglia, P. 0125 Keizer, J. 0070 Marzal, M. A. 0156 Pedersen, B. S. 0086 0057 Fonseca, F. 0027 Kellar, M. 0216 Mastora, A. 0112 Perez-Aguera, J. Brunner, L. 0160 Fox, R. 0186 Ketcham, S. 0166 Matsushima, K. 0138 0192 Brunt, R. 0164 Foy, J. 0114 Kiezer, T. 0022 Matthews, G. 0167 Petrelli, D. 0084 Caldera-Serrano, J. Frias-Martinez, E. Kim, H. 0041 Matusiak, K.K. 0123 Pons-Porrata, A. 0139 0206 Kim, Ji-Yeon. 0145 Mazzocchi, F 0016 0121 Calhoun, K. 0157 Frumkin, J. 0194 Kim, S. K. 0145 Medeiros, N. 0187, Poulter, A. 0174 Calzada-Prado, J. Fujino, A. 0107 King, W. R. 0158 0205 Powell, A. 0181 0156 Garcia-Barriocanal, Koch, T. 0009 Melucci, M. 0089 Prabhakar, S. 0093 Campbell, L. 0211 E. 0193 Koshman, S. 0115 Mezbah-ul-Islam, Pulis, N.V. 0209 Cantara, L. 0191 Garg, N. 0040 Kousha, K. 0116 Muhammad. 0110 Quam, E. 0168 Carvalho, J. 0199 Gausul Haque 0110 Landesman, B. 0161 Mi, J. 0198 Quintana, I. del C. Cervero, A. C. 0156 Gil-Leiva, I. 0031 Landoni, M. 0112 Michel, P. 0072 0169 Chandler, A. 0060 Gilchrist, A. 0037 Landry, P. 0028, 0122 Miksa, S.D. 0002 Rafferty, P. 0140 Chase, P. 0040 Glotzer, S. C. 0159 Lauser, B. 0069 Miles, A.J. 0192 Raghavan, K.S. 0030 Chau, M. 0098 Gnoli, C. 0016, Law, D. 0113 Milne, C. 0038 Raj Hota, S. 0040 Chen, H. 0217 0023, 0024, 0099 Lazinger, S.S. 0171 Mingam, M. 0065 Reynolds, P. 0189 Chen, S.Y. 0206 Greenberg, J. 0007 Leblanc, J. 0060 Mitchell, A.M. 0148 Ridi, R. 0017, 0018 Cheng, R. 0093 Hannabuss, S. 0068 Lee, G. G. 0044 Moeller, R. 0128 Ro, Y. M. 0145 Chien, L-F. 0046 Hansen, D. H. 0086 Lee, H. 0041 Mohammed, K.A.F. Robertson, R.J. Cho, J. 0185 Hansson, J. 0021 Lee, K.C. 0117 0195 0170, 0172, 0179 Chung, N. 0117 Haridasan, S. 0137 Lennie, F.S. 0130, Monteiro, S. 0082 Rosati, L. 0099 Chung-Yen Yu 0101 Harper, C. A. 0063 0131 Moore, J.R. 0204 Rousseau, R. 0135 114 Knowl. Org. 34(2007)No.2 Personal Author Index 34(2007)

Rousseau, S. 0135 Seo, Y. S. 0145 Smith, A.G. 0003, Tseng, Y.-H. 0127 Womak, K.R. 0074 Ruiz, M. J. C. 0156 Severiens, T. 0007 0178 Tudhope, D. 0019, Xu, L. 0217 Ruiz-Schulcloper, J. Shaw, S. 0189 Spilker, J-D. 0078 0087, 0111 Xu, Y. 0218 0121 al-Shawabikah, Y.A.I. Spink, A. 0115 Tyckoson, D. A. Yaari, E. 0106 Saito, K. 0107 0062 Spyratos, N. 0039 0025 Yakel, E. 0189 Salmond, R. 0013 Shawe-Taylor, J. Stanning, M. 0047 Ueda, N. 0107 Yang, C.C. 0098 Salokhe, G. 0070 0126 Strader, C.R. 0154 Unwalla, M. 0102 Yang, S. 0145 Salvendy, G. 0118 Shen Yuezeng 0153 Subba Rao 0184 Urs, S. 0048 Yeates, R. 0155 Samples, J. 0162 Shepherd, M. 0216 Sugimoto, S. 0196 Vechtomova, O. Ying-Chieh Chen Sanchez-Alonso, S. Shibata, N. 0138 Surratt, B.E. 0148 0090 0101 0193 Shuyong, J. 0026 Suster, M. 0124 Wang, Y. 0090 Yoon, Y. 0044 Schabes, Y. 0081 Si, L. 0217 Sylvester, J. 0133 Ward, M. 0076 Zeng, M.L. 0210 Schmidmaier, D. Sill, L. A. 0144 Sylvia, M. 0173 Watters, M. 0216 Zhlobinskaya, O. 0132 Sini, M. 0069, 0070 Taglienti, P. 0059 Weaver, M. 0047 0201 Schlobach, S. 0100 Sinn-Cheng Lin Taniguchi, S. 0197 Weber, L. 0147 Zins, C. 0014 Schomberg, J. 0147 0101 Taylor, M. 0202 Weihs, J. 0171 Zobel, J. 0105 Schulz, K.U. 0160 Skouvig, L. 0015 Tennis, J. 0094 Weigel, F. 0160 Scott, M.L. 0056 Skvortsov, V. 0201 Thelwall, M. 0116 Weiss, M. 0103 Seo, J. 0041 Sladek, R. 0073 Theodorakis, M. Weng, C. 0198 Seo, K. S. 0145 Smiraglia, R. 0163 0039 Whitelaw, C. 0040