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Document Name WECC Variable Generation Planning Reference Document name WECC Variable Generation Planning Reference Book Category ( ) Regional Reliability Standard ( ) Regional Criteria ( ) Policy ( ) Guideline (x) Report or other ( ) Charter Document date May 14, 2013 Adopted/approved by Variable Generation Subcommittee Date adopted/approved May 14, 2013 Custodian (entity responsible for maintenance and upkeep) Stored/filed Physical location: Web URL: Previous name/number (if any) Status ( ) in effect ( ) usable, minor formatting/editing required ( ) modification needed ( ) superseded by _____________________ ( ) other _____________________________ ( ) obsolete/archived) WESTERN ELECTRICITY COORDINATING COUNCIL • WWW.WECC.BIZ 155 NORTH 400 WEST • SUITE 200 • SALT LAKE CITY • UTAH • 84103- 1114 • PH 801.582.0353 WECC Variable Generation Planning Reference Book A Guidebook for Including Variable Generation in the Planning Process Volume 1: Main Document Version 1 May 14, 2013 May 14, 2013 iii Project Lead Dr. Yuri V. Makarov, Chief Scientist – Power Systems, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC) Project Manager Matthew Hunsaker, Renewable Integration Manager Contributors Art Diaz-Gonzalez, Supervisory Power System Dispatcher, Western Area Power Administration (WAPA) Ross T. Guttromson, PE, MBA, Manager Energy Storage, Sandia National Laboratory Dr. Pengwei Du, Research Engineer, PNNL Dr. Pavel V. Etingov, Senior Research Engineer, PNNL Dr. Hassan Ghoudjehbaklou, Senior Transmission Planner, San Diego Gas & Electric (SDG&E) Dr. Jian Ma, PE, PMP, Research Engineer, PNNL David Tovar, Principal Electrical Systems Engineer, El Paso Electric Company Dr. Vilayanur V. Viswanathan, PNNL Dr. Bharat Vyakaranam, PNNL WECC Member Reviewers Variable Generation Subcommittee Members Antonio Alvarez, Manager IRP, Pacific Gas and Electric (PG&E) Steve Enyeart, Customer Service Engineering, Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) Yi Zhang, California Independent System Operator (ISO) PNNL Peer Reviewers and Content Advisors Dr. Krishnappa Subbarao, Senior Research Engineer Dr. Pavel V. Etingov, Senior Research Engineer Dr. Landis Kannberg, Manager, Energy Storage and Renewables Integration Dr. Ning Lu, Senior Research Engineer, previous PNNL employee Dr. Ronald Melton, Senior Staff Engineer Acknowledgements U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability WECC Variable Generation Subcommittee (VGS) Members Ravi Aggarwal, BPA Gil Bindewald, DOE Linda Brown, SDG&E Landis Kannberg, Lead Manager – Energy Storage, PNNL Carl Imhoff, Business Line Manager, PNNL Dale King, Product Line Manager, PNNL Dmitry Kosterev, BPA Mariam Mirzadeh, SDG&E Bradley Nickell, Director of Transmission Planning, WECC Robert Sparks, Manager, Grid Planning South, California ISO May 14, 2013 iv Table of Contents Figures ...................................................................................................................................... vii Tables ........................................................................................................................................ ix Executive Summary ................................................................................................................... 1 1 Guidebook Objectives .......................................................................................................... 7 1.1 The guidebook will ....................................................................................................... 7 1.2 The guidebook will NOT .............................................................................................. 7 2 Variable Renewable Generators and Their Impacts on Transmission .................................. 9 2.1 Wind generation types ................................................................................................. 9 2.1.1 Squirrel cage induction generators ................................................................... 9 2.1.2 Doubly fed (wound rotor) induction generator................................................... 9 2.1.3 Direct-drive synchronous generator ................................................................. 9 2.2 Local distribution level impacts and interconnection issues ........................................10 2.3 Brief summary of impacts and issues .........................................................................11 2.4 Types of PV systems ..................................................................................................11 2.5 Impacts of solar photovoltaic generators on power system stability and voltage performance ........................................................................................................................12 3 Transmission Planning ........................................................................................................13 3.1 Probabilistic and multi-variant transmission planning ..................................................13 3.1.1 Sources of uncertainty and variability and their models ...................................13 3.1.2 Deterministic planning versus a probabilistic planning .....................................14 3.1.3 Simulation techniques to capture the variability of VG .....................................15 3.1.4 Probabilistic reliability criteria and analyses ....................................................17 3.2 Evaluation and provision of transmission capacity for VG integration .........................22 3.2.1 Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) Order 1000 .........................22 3.3 Better utilization of transmission assets ......................................................................23 3.3.1 More accurate and adaptive characterization of the system security conditions 23 3.4 Transmission technologies .........................................................................................29 3.4.1 Ultra-high voltage AC .....................................................................................30 3.4.2 Compact AC lines ...........................................................................................33 3.4.3 Superconductor electricity pipelines ................................................................40 3.4.4 Transmission upgrades ...................................................................................42 3.5 Grid Stability ...............................................................................................................46 3.5.1 Dynamic or transient stability ..........................................................................48 3.5.2 Voltage stability ...............................................................................................52 3.5.3 Small signal stability ........................................................................................65 3.5.4 Fault-induced delayed voltage recovery ..........................................................66 3.6 Grid Controllability ......................................................................................................67 3.6.1 FACTS ............................................................................................................67 3.6.2 Phase-shifting transformers ............................................................................74 3.7 Long-term transmission planning ................................................................................74 4 Generation Planning............................................................................................................76 4.1 Tail events ..................................................................................................................76 4.2 VG capacity value .......................................................................................................76 4.2.1 Capacity value analysis methodology .............................................................76 4.2.2 The use of capacity value in planning .............................................................76 WESTERN ELECTRICITY COORDINATING COUNCIL • WWW.WECC.BIZ 155 NORTH 400 WEST • SUITE 200 • SALT LAKE CITY • UTAH • 84103- 1114 • PH 801.582.0353 May 14, 2013 v 4.2.3 Wind generation capacity value (task force on the capacity value of wind power, 2011) ..............................................................................................................77 4.2.4 Solar Generation Capacity Value ....................................................................78 4.3 Generation fleet flexibility ............................................................................................78 4.4 Operating reserves .....................................................................................................79 4.4.1 WECC Standard BAL-STD-002-1 – Operating Reserves ................................81 4.4.2 Suggested changes to WECC operating reserves standard ............................82 4.4.3 Impact of variable generation on reserves .......................................................82 4.4.4 Impact of new control performance standards on reserves .............................85 4.5 Overgeneration ...........................................................................................................86 4.5.1 CAISO analysis and practice ...........................................................................86 4.5.2 Proposed oversupply management at BPA .....................................................89 5 Modeling Using VG Specific Models ....................................................................................94
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