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Document Name WECC Variable Generation Planning Reference Document name WECC Variable Generation Planning Reference Book Category ( ) Regional Reliability Standard ( ) Regional Criteria ( ) Policy ( ) Guideline (x) Report or other ( ) Charter Document date May 14, 2013 Adopted/approved by Variable Generation Subcommittee Date adopted/approved May 14, 2013 Custodian (entity responsible for maintenance and upkeep) Stored/filed Physical location: Web URL: Previous name/number (if any) Status ( ) in effect ( ) usable, minor formatting/editing required ( ) modification needed ( ) superseded by _____________________ ( ) other _____________________________ ( ) obsolete/archived) WESTERN ELECTRICITY COORDINATING COUNCIL • WWW.WECC.BIZ 155 NORTH 400 WEST • SUITE 200 • SALT LAKE CITY • UTAH • 84103- 1114 • PH 801.582.0353 May 14, 2013 2 WECC Variable Generation Planning Reference Book A Guidebook for Including Variable Generation in the Planning Process Volume 2: Appendices Version 1 May 14, 2013 WESTERN ELECTRICITY COORDINATING COUNCIL • WWW.WECC.BIZ 155 NORTH 400 WEST • SUITE 200 • SALT LAKE CITY • UTAH • 84103- 1114 • PH 801.582.0353 May 14, 2013 3 WESTERN ELECTRICITY COORDINATING COUNCIL • WWW.WECC.BIZ 155 NORTH 400 WEST • SUITE 200 • SALT LAKE CITY • UTAH • 84103- 1114 • PH 801.582.0353 May 14, 2013 4 Project Lead Dr. Yuri V. Makarov, Chief Scientist – Power Systems, (Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC) Project Manager Matthew Hunsaker, Renewable Integration Manager Contributors Art Diaz-Gonzalez, Supervisory Power System Dispatcher, Western Area Power Administration (WAPA) Ross T. Guttromson, PE, MBA, Manager Energy Storage, Sandia National Laboratory Dr. Pengwei Du, Research Engineer, PNNL Dr. Pavel V. Etingov, Senior Research Engineer, PNNL Dr. Hassan Ghoudjehbaklou, Senior Transmission Planner, San Diego Gas & Electric (SDG&E) Dr. Jian Ma, PE, PMP, Research Engineer, PNNL David Tovar, Principal Electrical Systems Engineer, El Paso Electric Company Dr. Vilayanur V. Viswanathan, PNNL Dr. Bharat Vyakaranam, PNNL WECC Member Reviewers Variable Generation Subcommittee Members Antonio Alvarez, Manager IRP, Pacific Gas and Electric (PG&E) Steve Enyeart, Customer Service Engineering, Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) Yi Zhang, California Independent System Operator (ISO) PNNL Peer Reviewers and Content Advisors Dr. Krishnappa Subbarao, Senior Research Engineer Dr. Pavel V. Etingov, Senior Research Engineer Dr. Landis Kannberg, Manager, Energy Storage and Renewables Integration Dr. Ning Lu, Senior Research Engineer, previous PNNL employee Dr. Ronald Melton, Senior Staff Engineer Acknowledgements U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability WECC Variable Generation Subcommittee (VGS) Members Ravi Aggarwal, BPA Gil Bindewald, DOE Linda Brown, SDG&E Carl Imhoff, Business Line Manager, PNNL Dale King, Product Line Manager, PNNL Dmitry Kosterev, BPA Mariam Mirzadeh, SDG&E Bradley Nickell, Director of Transmission Planning, Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC) Robert Sparks, Manager, Grid Planning South, California ISO WESTERN ELECTRICITY COORDINATING COUNCIL • WWW.WECC.BIZ 155 NORTH 400 WEST • SUITE 200 • SALT LAKE CITY • UTAH • 84103- 1114 • PH 801.582.0353 May 14, 2013 5 Table of Contents Appendix 1: Glossary ................................................................................................... 11 Appendix 2: Recent Approaches to the Probabilistic Load Flow Problems .................. 56 Appendix 3: Additional Useful Frequently-Used Probabilistic Reliability Indices .......... 60 3.1 Severity Risk Indices (SRI) ............................................................................. 60 3.2 Risk Indices ..................................................................................................... 60 Appendix 4: High-impact Low-frequency (HILF) Events ............................................... 62 Appendix 5: Examples of Wide-area Nomograms ........................................................ 65 5.1 Central Allocation Office GmbH – CAO (Central and Eastern Europe) ........... 65 5.2 Community Activity Room – CAR (EPRI) ........................................................ 67 5.3 Physical and Operational Margins – POM (V&R Energy Systems Research) 69 5.4 Wide-area Security Nomograms (PNNL) ........................................................ 70 Appendix 6: Elements of the Theory Behind Transmission Line Ratings ..................... 74 6.1 Overhead Transmission Line Conductors: Conductor Ampacity, Conductor Temperature, Sag, and Other Factors ...................................................................... 74 6.2. Conductor Ampacity, Conductor Temperature, and Sag ................................ 75 6.3. Types of dynamic rating methods ................................................................... 76 6.4. Potential implications for the power industry ................................................... 76 6.5. Potential implications for the renewable industry ............................................ 77 Appendix 7: Relative Costs per MW-km of Different Transmission Technologies ........ 79 Appendix 8: National and International Experience in UHV Transmission ................... 81 8.1 United States .................................................................................................. 81 8.2 Russia ............................................................................................................. 81 8.3 Japan .............................................................................................................. 82 8.4 Canada ........................................................................................................... 82 8.5 Italy ................................................................................................................. 82 8.6 China .............................................................................................................. 83 Appendix 9: Additional Information on HVDC Line Design Considerations .................. 86 9.1 Advantages of DC systems over AC systems ................................................. 86 9.2 Characteristics of VSC-HVDC ......................................................................... 89 9.3 Additional information on the selection of rated current in HVDC projects ...... 90 9.4 Selection of rated voltage, current, and project configuration ......................... 91 9.5 National and international HVDC projects ....................................................... 92 9.6 Atlantic Wind Connection (AWC) Project ........................................................ 93 9.7 Iowa Rock Island Clean Line ........................................................................... 93 9.8 Pittsburg-San Francisco Transbay cable ........................................................ 94 9.9 China .............................................................................................................. 94 WESTERN ELECTRICITY COORDINATING COUNCIL • WWW.WECC.BIZ 155 NORTH 400 WEST • SUITE 200 • SALT LAKE CITY • UTAH • 84103- 1114 • PH 801.582.0353 May 14, 2013 6 9.10 Neptune Regional Transmission System (RTS) .......................................... 94 9.11 European experience .................................................................................. 95 Appendix 10: Additional Information on Rewiring ......................................................... 98 Appendix 11: Types of HTLS Conductors .................................................................. 100 Appendix 12: Direct Method and Energy Functions Transient Stability Analysis ........ 103 12.1 System model and energy function ........................................................... 104 12.2 Potential energy boundary surface (PEBS) ............................................... 106 12.3 Boundary controlling unstable (BCU) ........................................................ 108 12.4 Hybrid method ........................................................................................... 109 12.5 Artificial intelligence ................................................................................... 109 Appendix 13: Blackouts Caused by Voltage Instability ............................................... 112 13.1 Summary of recommendations by WECC ................................................. 113 Appendix 14: Algorithm for Parameter Continuation Predictor-corrector Methods ..... 116 Appendix 15: Approximation Techniques for Security Regions .................................. 119 Appendix 16: Impact of Wind Power on Power System Small Signals Stability ......... 122 Appendix 17: Additional Information on FIDVR Events and Grid Planning Solutions . 125 17.1 Faster clearing of faults ............................................................................. 125 17.2 Special protection schemes (SPS) ............................................................ 125 17.3 Limiting impacted load ............................................................................... 126 17.4 Addition of reactive sources or relocation of reactive sources relative to critical load .............................................................................................................. 126 17.5 Under-voltage Load Shedding (UVLS) ...................................................... 127 17.6 Promoting energy-saving devices to reduce demand ................................ 127 17.7 Unit-level solutions ...................................................................................
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