SOVIET DECISIONMAKING for CHERNOBYL : an ANALYSIS of SYSTEM PERFORMANCE and POLICY CHANG E By
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New Empirical Relationships Among Magnitude, Rupture Length, Rupture Width, Rupture Area, and Surface Displacement
Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Vol. 84, No. 4, pp. 974-1002, August 1994 New Empirical Relationships among Magnitude, Rupture Length, Rupture Width, Rupture Area, and Surface Displacement by Donald L. Wells and Kevin J. Coppersmith Abstract Source parameters for historical earthquakes worldwide are com piled to develop a series of empirical relationships among moment magnitude (M), surface rupture length, subsurface rupture length, downdip rupture width, rupture area, and maximum and average displacement per event. The resulting data base is a significant update of previous compilations and includes the ad ditional source parameters of seismic moment, moment magnitude, subsurface rupture length, downdip rupture width, and average surface displacement. Each source parameter is classified as reliable or unreliable, based on our evaluation of the accuracy of individual values. Only the reliable source parameters are used in the final analyses. In comparing source parameters, we note the fol lowing trends: (1) Generally, the length of rupture at the surface is equal to 75% of the subsurface rupture length; however, the ratio of surface rupture length to subsurface rupture length increases with magnitude; (2) the average surface dis placement per event is about one-half the maximum surface displacement per event; and (3) the average subsurface displacement on the fault plane is less than the maximum surface displacement but more than the average surface dis placement. Thus, for most earthquakes in this data base, slip on the fault plane at seismogenic depths is manifested by similar displacements at the surface. Log-linear regressions between earthquake magnitude and surface rupture length, subsurface rupture length, and rupture area are especially well correlated, show ing standard deviations of 0.25 to 0.35 magnitude units. -
Computers and Economic Democracy
Rev.econ.inst. vol.1 no.se Bogotá 2008 COMPUTERS AND ECONOMIC DEMOCRACY Computadores y democracia económica Allin Cottrell; Paul Cockshott Ph.D. in Economics, professor of Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, USA, [[email protected]]. Ph.D. in Computer Science, researcher of the Glasgow University, Glasgow, United Kingdom, [[email protected]].. The collapse of previously existing socialism was due to causes embedded in its economic mechanism, which are not inherent in all possible socialisms. The article argues that Marxist economic theory, in conjunction with information technology, provides the basis on which a viable socialist economic program can be advanced, and that the development of computer technology and the Internet makes economic planning possible. In addition, it argues that the socialist movement has never developed a correct constitutional program, and that modern technology opens up opportunities for democracy. Finally, it reviews the Austrian arguments against the possibility of socialist calculation in the light of modern computational capacity and the constraints of the Kyoto Protocol. [Keywords: socialist planning, economic calculation, environmental constraints; JEL: P21, P27, P28] El colapso del socialismo anteriormente existente obedeció a causas integradas en su mecanismo económico, que no son inherentes a todos los socialismos posibles. El artículo muestra que la teoría económica marxista, junto con la informática, proporciona el fundamento para adelantar un programa económico socialista viable y que el desarrollo de la informática y de Internet hace posible la planificación económica. Además, argumenta que el movimiento socialista nunca desarrolló un programa constitucional correcto y que la tecnología moderna abre nuevas oportunidades para la democracia. -
General Assembly Distr.: General 27 September 2019
United Nations A/74/461 General Assembly Distr.: General 27 September 2019 Original: English . Seventy-fourth session Agenda item 71 (d) Strengthening of the coordination of humanitarian and disaster relief assistance of the United Nations, including special economic assistance: strengthening of international cooperation and coordination of efforts to study, mitigate and minimize the consequences of the Chernobyl disaster Persistent legacy of the Chernobyl disaster Report of the Secretary-General Summary The present report is submitted in accordance with General Assembly resolution 71/125 on the persistent legacy of the Chernobyl disaster and provides an update on the progress made in the implementation of all aspects of the resolution. The report provides an overview of the recovery and development activities undertaken by the agencies, funds and programmes of the United Nations system and other international actors to address the consequences of the Chernobyl disaster. The United Nations system remains committed to promoting the principle of leaving no one behind and ensuring that the governmental efforts to support the affected regions are aimed at achieving the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Sustainable Development Goals. 19-16688 (E) 041019 151019 *1916688* A/74/461 I. General situation 1. Since the Chernobyl nuclear plant accident on 26 April 1986, the United Nations, along with the Governments of Belarus, the Russian Federation and Ukraine, has been leading the recovery and development efforts to support the affected regions. While extensive humanitarian work was conducted immediately after the accident, additional recovery and rehabilitation activities were conducted in the following years to secure the area, limit the exposure of the population, provide medical follow-up to those affected and study the health consequences of the incident. -
Present and Future Environmental Impact of the Chernobyl Accident
IAEA-TECDOC-1240 Present and future environmental impact of the Chernobyl accident Study monitored by an International Advisory Committee under the project management of the Institut de protection et de sûreté nucléaire (IPSN), France August 2001 The originating Section of this publication in the IAEA was: Waste Safety Section International Atomic Energy Agency Wagramer Strasse 5 P.O. Box 100 A-1400 Vienna, Austria PRESENT AND FUTURE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THE CHERNOBYL ACCIDENT IAEA, VIENNA, 2001 IAEA-TECDOC-1240 ISSN 1011–4289 © IAEA, 2001 Printed by the IAEA in Austria August 2001 FOREWORD The environmental impact of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident has been extensively investigated by scientists in the countries affected and by international organizations. Assessment of the environmental contamination and the resulting radiation exposure of the population was an important part of the International Chernobyl Project in 1990–1991. This project was designed to assess the measures that the then USSR Government had taken to enable people to live safely in contaminated areas, and to evaluate the measures taken to safeguard human health there. It was organized by the IAEA under the auspices of an International Advisory Committee with the participation of the Commission of the European Communities (CEC), the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the International Labour Organisation (ILO), the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR), the World Health Organization (WHO) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). The IAEA has also been engaged in further studies in this area through projects such as the one on validation of environmental model predictions (VAMP) and through its technical co-operation programme. -
Evaluating the International Search and Rescue Response to Earthquake Disasters
Original research BMJ Glob Health: first published as 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002398 on 16 December 2020. Downloaded from Search without rescue? Evaluating the international search and rescue response to earthquake disasters 1 2,3 Anna Rom , Ilan Kelman To cite: Rom A, Kelman I. ABSTRACT Key questions Search without rescue? Earthquakes around the world are unnecessarily lethal Evaluating the international and destructive, adversely affecting the health and well- search and rescue response What is already known? being of affected populations. Most immediate deaths and to earthquake disasters. ► The most common cause of earthquake- related injuries are caused by building collapse, making search BMJ Global Health casualties is building collapse, making early search and rescue (SAR) an early priority. In this review, we 2020;5:e002398. doi:10.1136/ and rescue a priority. bmjgh-2020-002398 assess the SAR response to earthquake disasters. First, ► There is often a lot of media and public interest in we review the evidence for the majority of individuals international search and rescue operations following being rescued locally, often by relatives and neighbours. Handling editor Eduardo earthquake disasters. Gómez We then summarise evidence for successful live rescues ► The majority of search and rescue is carried out lo- by international SAR (ISAR) teams, along with the costs, ► Additional material is cally in the immediate aftermath of earthquakes. published online only. To view ethics and other considerations of deployment. Finally, we please visit the journal online propose an alternative approach to postdisaster ISAR, with What are the new findings? (http:// dx. doi. org/ 10. 1136/ the goal of reducing overall morbidity and mortality. -
The Ukrainian Weekly 1990
ublished by the Ukrainian National Association inc., a fraternal non-profit association rainian Weekly vol. LVIII No. 12 THE UKRAINIAN WEEKLY SUNDAY, MARCH 25,1990 50 cents 1 million in Ukraine Democratic Bloc scores impressive victories in run-offs suffer in aftermath of Chernobyl by Dr. David Mar pies in mid-February, the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR held an impor– tant meeting on the ecological situation in Ukraine. That the focus of this meeting was largely devoted to the effects of Chornobyl was hardly sur– prising given some of the recent revela– tions about the long-term effects of that disaster. Also, it followed closely upon the publication of a "Complex Program for the Liquidation of the Consequences of the Accident of Chornobyl Nuclear Power Plant in the Ukrainian SSR"one week earlier. At the Supreme Soviet meeting, there were comments from both the propo– nents of nuclear power and the op– ponents, with the latter constituting a clear majority. While much bitterness was exhibited, along with calls for retribution against certain individuals, there were at the same time several positive suggestions that reflected a Flags of various nationalities wave at pre-election rally in Kiev, more open debate on this topic. Preliminary results further impressive victories in the Ukrainian Helsinki Union and other The tone of the Supreme Soviet Sunday, March 18, run-off elections, independent groups) are reported to meeting was set by a remarkably candid give 25 percent to DB reported Radio Liberty's Ukrainian have won 15 out of the 21 contested speech by Yuriy Spizhenko, the Ukrai– in Ukrainian Parliament desk on Monday, March 19. -
The Blind Leading the Blind
WORKING PAPER #60 The Blind Leading the Blind: Soviet Advisors, Counter-Insurgency and Nation-Building in Afghanistan By Artemy Kalinovsky, January 2010 COLD War INTernaTionaL HISTorY ProjecT Working Paper No. 60 The Blind Leading the Blind: Soviet Advisors, Counter-Insurgency and Nation-Building in Afghanistan By Artemy Kalinovsky THE COLD WAR INTERNATIONAL HISTORY PROJECT WORKING PAPER SERIES Christian F. Ostermann and Mircea Munteanu Series Editors This paper is one of a series of Working Papers published by the Cold War International History Project of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington, D.C. Established in 1991 by a grant from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, the Cold War International History Project (CWIHP) disseminates new information and perspectives on the history of the Cold War as it emerges from previously inaccessible sources on “the other side” of the post-World War II superpower rivalry. The project supports the full and prompt release of historical materials by governments on all sides of the Cold War, and seeks to accelerate the process of integrating new sources, materials and perspectives from the former “Communist bloc” with the historiography of the Cold War which has been written over the past few decades largely by Western scholars reliant on Western archival sources. It also seeks to transcend barriers of language, geography, and regional specialization to create new links among scholars interested in Cold War history. Among the activities undertaken by the project to promote this aim are a periodic BULLETIN to disseminate new findings, views, and activities pertaining to Cold War history; a fellowship program for young historians from the former Communist bloc to conduct archival research and study Cold War history in the United States; international scholarly meetings, conferences, and seminars; and publications. -
Television and Politics in the Soviet Union by Ellen Mickiewicz TELEVISION and AMERICA's CHILDREN a Crisis of Neglect by Edward L
SPLIT SIGNALS COMMUNICATION AND SOCIETY edited by George Gerbner and Marsha Seifert IMAGE ETHICS The Moral Rights of Subjects in Photographs, Film, and Television Edited by Larry Gross, John Stuart Katz, and Jay Ruby CENSORSHIP The Knot That Binds Power and Knowledge By Sue Curry Jansen SPLIT SIGNALS Television and Politics in the Soviet Union By Ellen Mickiewicz TELEVISION AND AMERICA'S CHILDREN A Crisis of Neglect By Edward L. Palmer SPLIT SIGNALS Television and Politics in the Soviet Union ELLEN MICKIEWICZ New York Oxford OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 1988 Oxford University Press Oxford New York Toronto Delhi Bombay Calcutta Madras Karachi Petaling Jaya Singapore Hong Kong Tokyo Nairobi Dar es Salaam Cape Town Melbourne Auckland and associated companies in Berlin Ibadan Copyright © 1988 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Published by Oxford University Press, Inc., 200 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior permission of Oxford University Press. Mickiewicz, Ellen Propper. Split signals : television and politics in the Soviet Union / Ellen Mickiewicz. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 0-19-505463-6 1. Television broadcasting of news—Soviet Union. 2. Television broadcasting—Social aspects—Soviet Union. 3. Television broadcasting—Political aspects—Soviet Union. 4. Soviet Union— Politics and government—1982- I. Title. PN5277.T4M53 1988 302.2'345'0947—dc!9 88-4200 CIP 1098 7654321 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper Preface In television terminology, broadcast signals are split when they are divided and sent to two or more locations simultaneously. -
Divided Strategies and Political Crisis in a Soviet Enterprise
SOVIET STUDIES, Vol. 44, NO. 3, 1992, 37 1-402 Between Perestroika and Privatisation: Divided Strategies and Political Crisis in a Soviet Enterprise MICHAEL BURAWOY & KATHRYN HENDLEY INTHE CLASSIC STUDIES of the Soviet enterprise, the failures of central planning are attributed not to some traditional or 'non-economic' logic but to the enterprise's rational pursuit of its own interests.' Thus, enterprises bargain for loose plan targets by hiding resources, by not overfulfilling plans and by exaggerated underfulfilment of difficult targets. Enterprise performance is evaluated according to plan indicators which, if followed, lead to wasteful use of resources and the production of goods no one wants-heavy machinery, thin glass or large nak2So, the classic studies conclude, within a planned economy it is impossible to create an incentive system that stimulates the production of what is needed. The more recent literature on enterprises in the reformed economies of Eastern Europe, particularly the Hungarian economy, argues that pathologies persist when physical planning gives way to fiscal planning. Janos Kornai argues that soft budget constraints inevitably follow from state ownership of the means of production, and therefore enterprises seek to increase their bargaining power with the state by expanding as rapidly as p~ssible.~This results in a distribution of investment resources which is unrelated to enterprise efficiency or profitability. In a more elaborate bargaining model, Tamas Bauer shows how enterprises entice government sponsorship of new investment schemes by underestimating the costs of new project^.^ Once hooked, the government can be subjected to considerable pressure to continue financing the new project even as costs escalate. -
A Stakeholder Analysis of the Soviet Second Economy by CHOI, Jae
A Stakeholder Analysis of the Soviet Second Economy By CHOI, Jae-hyoung THESIS Submitted to KDI School of Public Policy and Management in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF PUBLIC POLICY 2015 A Stakeholder Analysis of the Soviet Second Economy By CHOI, Jae-hyoung THESIS Submitted to KDI School of Public Policy and Management in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF PUBLIC POLICY 2015 Professor Chang-Yong Choi A Stakeholder Analysis of the Soviet Second Economy By CHOI, Jae-hyoung THESIS Submitted to KDI School of Public Policy and Management in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF PUBLIC POLICY Committee in charge: Professor Chang Yong CHOI, Supervisor Professor Jung Ho YOO Professor June Soo LEE Approval as of April, 2015 Abstract This research aims to demonstrate, through a stakeholder analysis, that the institutionalization of the second economy in the Soviet Union was a natural byproduct of the interaction among three major stakeholders of Soviet society: the state, the bureaucracy, and the people. The three stakeholders responded to the incentive structure of the socialist economic system, interacting with each other in order to enhance their own interests. This research argues that their interaction was the internal necessity or dynamics that formed this informal market mechanism and elevated it to a characteristic feature of Soviet society. i Table of Contents Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... -
Title: the December 7,1988 Armenia Earthquake Effects on Selected Power, Industrial and Commercial Fa Cilities
XA9952731 Title: The December 7,1988 Armenia earthquake effects on selected power, industrial and commercial fa cilities Contributor: R.D. Campbell Date: June 1995 (preparation date: January 1991) THE DECEMBER 7, 1988 ARMENIA EARTHQUAKE EFFECTS ON SELECTED POWER, INDUSTRIAL, AND COMMERCIAL FACILITIES Prepared for: ELECTRIC POWER RESEARCH INSTITUTE 3412 Hi 11 view Avenue Palo Alto, CA 94303 Prepared by: Michael J. Griffin Leo J. Bragagnoio Peter I. Yanev January 1991 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors and the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) would like to thank the following organizations and individuals for their cooperation and assistance in the investigations of the Armenia Earthquake. Thanks are extended to the U.S. Academy of Sciences and the Soviet Academy of Sciences for their joint sponsorship of the U.S. Investigative Team, with special thanks extended to the following team members: Dr. John Filson, Dr. Armen Der Kiureghian, Dr. Fred Krimgold, Dr. Thomas O'Rourke, and Dr. Robert Sharp. Additional thanks are extended to Dr. N. N. Ambraseys of Imperial College of Science and Technology in London, Mr. Waverly Person of the U.S. Geological Survey, and Dr. Lloyd S. Cluff of Pacific Gas and Electric Company. Thanks are also extended to Mr. Michael G. Melkumian and translator Ms. Susi of the Armenian Scientific Research Institute of Civil Engineering and Architecture in Yerevan, Armenian SSR, USSR, who were instrumental in obtaining information during the second investigative effort. The authors and EPRI would also like to thank Mr. Hevhanisjan Sewada of the Soviet Academy of Sciences, Leninakan, and Mr. Ruslan Martizasian of the Institute of Geophysics, Leninakan, who most graciously accommodated our requests during the second investigative effort. -
Annual Report 2014
Annual Report 2014 Annual Report 2014 National Bank of Ukraine National Bank of Ukraine 1 Annual Report 2014 Dear ladies and gentlemen, The year 2014, which was full of dramatic events in all areas of the country’s social and economic life, is now history. Old, unresolved economic problems, such as persistent budget and balance of payments deficits, weak fiscal policy, an ailing energy sector that has gone unreformed for years and a steep decline in the health of banks in the wake of significant deposit outflows - all were evident at the very start of the year. That, together with external aggression, posed great challenges for the National Bank in all of the priority lines of its activity - monetary policy, banking regulation and supervision, providing support for banks, cash circulation and financial infrastructure. This created the need for radical and multidimensional action. Monetary policy required fundamental changes on a top priority basis. In this light, the National Bank made a painful but an absolutely necessary decision to adopt a flexible exchange rate regime as early as the start of the year. A market-based exchange rate prevents economic shocks and is beneficial for the balance of payments current account. In spite of that, in the reporting year, the country was hit by two waves of devaluation resulting from the unwillingness to take the unpopular step to stop maintaining a stable hryvnia exchange rate by artificial means in previous more favorable years, delayed reforms in other economy sectors, as well as an ongoing military conflict. The National Bank had to impose certain restrictions, raise the refinancing rate, and use other monetary policy tools in order to ease high inflation and devaluation pressure.