Title: the December 7,1988 Armenia Earthquake Effects on Selected Power, Industrial and Commercial Fa Cilities
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XA9952731 Title: The December 7,1988 Armenia earthquake effects on selected power, industrial and commercial fa cilities Contributor: R.D. Campbell Date: June 1995 (preparation date: January 1991) THE DECEMBER 7, 1988 ARMENIA EARTHQUAKE EFFECTS ON SELECTED POWER, INDUSTRIAL, AND COMMERCIAL FACILITIES Prepared for: ELECTRIC POWER RESEARCH INSTITUTE 3412 Hi 11 view Avenue Palo Alto, CA 94303 Prepared by: Michael J. Griffin Leo J. Bragagnoio Peter I. Yanev January 1991 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors and the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) would like to thank the following organizations and individuals for their cooperation and assistance in the investigations of the Armenia Earthquake. Thanks are extended to the U.S. Academy of Sciences and the Soviet Academy of Sciences for their joint sponsorship of the U.S. Investigative Team, with special thanks extended to the following team members: Dr. John Filson, Dr. Armen Der Kiureghian, Dr. Fred Krimgold, Dr. Thomas O'Rourke, and Dr. Robert Sharp. Additional thanks are extended to Dr. N. N. Ambraseys of Imperial College of Science and Technology in London, Mr. Waverly Person of the U.S. Geological Survey, and Dr. Lloyd S. Cluff of Pacific Gas and Electric Company. Thanks are also extended to Mr. Michael G. Melkumian and translator Ms. Susi of the Armenian Scientific Research Institute of Civil Engineering and Architecture in Yerevan, Armenian SSR, USSR, who were instrumental in obtaining information during the second investigative effort. The authors and EPRI would also like to thank Mr. Hevhanisjan Sewada of the Soviet Academy of Sciences, Leninakan, and Mr. Ruslan Martizasian of the Institute of Geophysics, Leninakan, who most graciously accommodated our requests during the second investigative effort. 1430nb/armenack CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i i 1. INTRODUCTION 1-1 2. GEOLOGY AND SEISMOLOGY 2-1 2.1 Historical Seismicity 2-1 2.2 Geologic Setting 2-2 2.3 Faulting 2-3 2.4 Earthquake Sequence 2-4 2.5 Strong Motion Records 2-4 2.6 Conclusions 2-6 3. SOVIET BUILDING DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE 3-1 3.1 Soviet Design Code 3-1 3.2 Building Design and Performance 3-3 3.3 Reconstruction 3-6 3.4 Conclusions 3-7 4. INDUSTRIAL AND POWER FACILITIES 4-1 4.1 Introduction 4-1 4.2 Leninakan 4-2 4.3 Nalband 4-7 4.4 Spitak 4-8 4.5 Kirovakan 4-10 4.6 Razdan 4-14 4.7 Armenia Nuclear Power Plant 4-14 4.8 Conclusions 4-16 5. CONCLUSIONS 5-1 6. REFERENCES 6-1 Appendix A A-l Appendix B B-l 1430nb/ar'mencnt i i i TABLES Page 2-1 The Sequence of Seismic Events Surrounding the Main Shock of 7:41 A.M. December 7, 1988 (2) 2-7 3-1 Damage Statistics for Multi-story Residential Structures 3-9 1430nb/armencnt iv FIGURES Page 2-1 Geographical Location of the Armenia Earthquake of December 7, 1989 2-8 2-2 Armenia Earthquake of December 7, 1988 Epicentral Area 2-9 2-3 Reverse Thrust with a Right-lateral Strike-slip Component Fault Mechanism 2-10 2-4 Accelerograms for Two Horizontal Components of Motion from the Instrument at Gukasian 2-11 2-5 Response Spectra for the Two Horizontal Components of Motion Recorded by the Instrument at Gukasian 2-12 3-1 Design Acceleration Response Spectra for the Three Soviet Soil Categories 3-10 3-2 Partially Collapsed Bearing Wall Building at the Spitak Sugar Mill 3-11 3-3 Damaged Masonry Bearing Wall Building at an Electrical Substation Near Nalband 3-11 3-4 Damaged Industrial Precast-frame High-bay Structure 3-12 3-5 Collapsed Precast-frame Building 3-12 3-6 Sixteen-story Lift-slab Building in Leninakan Damaged Beyond Repair 3-13 3-7 Steel-frame Structure at the Spitak Sugar Refinery 3-14 3-8 New Leninakan Being Built to the Northwest of the Devastated City ' 3-15 4-1 Power Generation 4-19 4-2 Map of Leninakan, Armenia showing Location of City Reconstruction 4-20 1430nb/armencnt FIGURES (CONTINUED) Page 4-3 Northwest Section of Leninakan Showing City Reconstruction 4-21 4-4 Concrete Piping and Culvert Manufacturing Factory 4-22 4-5 Leninakan-1 Substation Sustained Minor Structural and Equipment Damage 4-23 4-6 Leninakan-1 Substation 4-24 4-7 Typical Interior View of the Leninakan-1 Circuit Breaker 4-25 4-8 Leninakan-1 110-kV Switchyard and 110/35-kV Oil-filled Transformer 4-26 4-9 Leninakan-1 Control Room Benchboards and Relay Panels 4-27 4-10 Leninakan-2 Control Building 4-28 4-11 Leninakan-2 Status Board 4-29 4-12 Leninakan-2 220-kV Air-blast Circuit Breakers (Foreground) and Current Transformers (Background) 4-30 4-13 Nalband Electric Substation 4-31 4-14 Nalband Electric Substation 4-32 4-15 Electrical Substation at Nalband 4-33 4-16 Severely Damaged Masonry Bearing Wall Industrial Structure with a Light Truss-supported Roof in Spitak 4-34 4-17 Spitak Sugar Refinery: Concrete-frame Building 4-35 4-18 Spitak Sugar Refinery Precast-concrete and Masonry Fascia of Steel-frame Structure 4-36 4-19 Spitak Sugar Refinery Horizontal Pumps 4-37 4-20 Spitak Sugar Refinery Piping 4-38 1430nb/armencnt vi FIGURES (CONTINUED) Page 4-21 Spitak Sugar Refinery Toppled Electrical Cabinets 4-39 4-22 Spitak Flour Mill: Collapsed Soft-story Concrete Shear Wall Structure 4-40 4-23 Spitak Flour Mill: Cast-in-place Concrete Silos Damaged (Cracking) at the Base 4-41 4-24 Kirovakan Geothermal Power Plant 4-42 4-25 Kirovakan Power Plant Turbine 2 and Turning Gear 4-43 4-26 Kirovakan Geotthermal Power Plant Typical Piping Systems 4-44 4-27 Kirovakan Power Plant Typical Motor-operated Valves and Remote Operators 4-45 4-28 Kirovakan Power Plant Turbine Bay and Overhead Bridge Crane 4-46 4-29 Undamaged 35,000 Metric Ton Oil Storage Tanks 4-47 4-30 Kirovakan Geothermal Power Plant Post-earthquake Station Batteries and Rack Installation 4-48 4-31 Kirovakan Geothermal Power Plant Control Room Suspended Ceiling 4-49 4-32 Kirovakan Geothermal Power Plant Main Control Room Benchboards and Control Panels 4-50 4-33 Kirovakan Geothermal Power Plant Relay Panels 4-51 4-34 Kirovakan Geothermal Power Plant 110-kV Switchyard 4-52 4-35 Kirovakan Geothermal Power Plant 110-kV Switchyard 4-53 4-36 Kirovakan Geothermal Power Plant Transformer 4-54 4-37 Kirovakan Geothermal Power Plant Damaged Transformers 4-55 4-38 Armenia Nuclear Plant Unit 2 Control Room 4-56 1430nb/armencnt vii Section 1 INTRODUCTION On December 7, 1988, at 11:41 A.M. local time, a powerful earthquake of body-wave surface magnitude 6.83 struck northwest Armenia, a Soviet republic with 3.5 million people. Armenia occupies approximately 30,000 square kilometers in the southern Caucasus Mountains, generally considered the boundary between Europe and Asia. The event caused catastrophic damage that resulted in tens of thousands of deaths in a 400-square-kilometer epicentral region occupied by approximately 700,000 people. Damage and several deaths also occurred in the Kars region of Turkey, 80 kilometers southwest of the earthquake's epicenter. The Soviet estimate of the deaths in the Armenia Earthquake exceeds 25,000, but unofficial estimates put this figure at 2 to 3 times this number, making it one of the worst natural disasters of this century. The great majority of deaths were caused by buildings collapsing on occupants. Approximately 20,000 people were injured; more than 30,000 were left homeless with probably as many jobless. Fifty-two percent of Leninakan, Armenia's second largest city with 290,000 people, was destroyed or heavily damaged. Moderate damage also occurred in Kirovakan, the republic's third largest city with 150,000 inhabitants. Almost all structures in the town of Spitak, located near the causative fault, were essentially destroyed, and the majority of its 30,000 residents were killed. Over 350 smaller communities were affected, 58 of these completely destroyed. Over 8 million square meters of living space (residential) was destroyed, which is equivalent to 17% of the total residential space in the Armenia Republic (14)• In terms of human and economic loss the full impact of the Armenia Earthquake will never be known. On February 20, 1989, the Soviet press reported that property losses amounted to over $16 billion. Financial losses from business interruption and closing of the Armenian nuclear plant at Oktembryan may double this figure. Perhaps the most striking aspect of this earthquake is that the worst damage and the majority of deaths resulted from the collapse of relatively modern buildings. Rarely has the importance of systematic risk identification 1430nb/armenial 1-1 and proper seismic-structural design and construction in earthquake-prone areas been more apparent. The following report on the Armenia Earthquake is based primarily on the observations from two separate reconnaissance efforts. The first effort was composed of a 19-member team of earthquake investigators sent by the United States to Armenia shortly after the event. The team, which was organized through an agreement between the United States Academy of Sciences and the Soviet Academy of Sciences, consisted of geologists, seismologists, structural engineers, search and recovery experts, and sociologists. Mr. Peter Yanev of EQE was the primary investigator for EPRI's study of electric power and industrial facility performance. The full U.S. team is identified in the appendix. This first investigation had several problems. The major problem had to do with the severity and destructiveness of the earthquake, which placed a tremendous burden on the community. The request for additional resources to support the team increased this burden.