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A Review-Canna the Wonder Plant

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A Review-Canna the Wonder Plant Journal of Textile Engineering & Fashion Technology Review Article Open Access A review-canna the wonder plant Introduction Plants have a unique role for the existence of all heterotrophic Volume 4 Issue 2 - 2018 organisms including human population. For sustainable development it is indispensable to stop the loss of biodiversity connected with climate Padma S Vankar, Jyoti Srivastava changes and anthropogenic activities. All of the phytochemicals can Indian Institute of Technology, India be availed from many flowering as well as non flowering plants. This property in a plant is specifically due to presence of some chemical Correspondence: Padma S Vankar, Indian Institute of entities as anthocyanins, carotenoids and flavonoids, indigoids, etc. Technology, Kanpur-208016, India, Email [email protected] As a matter of fact they are literally thousands of different compounds and metabolites in a plant known as phytochemicals and impart some Received: December 21, 2017 | Published: March 23, 2018 of the special properties of plants viz. Color, fragrance and various medicines. Among phytochemicals, anthocyanins and betalains play important roles both in plant physiology, visual attraction for pollinators and seed dispersers, but also in food mainly defining Canna (Canna edulis) as complementary starch is good food material. its aesthetic value. Since anthocyanin and betalain structures allow Canna is grown for the sole purpose of extracting starch from its tuber predicting only part of their appearance, additional chemical and as starch of Canna has largest known granules (30-100), resulting in anatomical functions are required to modulate the appearance of fast setting, its paste was also found more stable. plants and colored food. Physiological effects that the same pigments exert in plants are supposedly similar to those which they show in humans following ingestion of colored food. Therefore, anthocyanins and betalains both in fresh and also processed fruit and vegetables serve two functions: They improve the overall appearance, but also contribute to consumers’ health and well-being.1 Plants produce thousands of different compounds through the secondary metabolism pathways. Since many of these products are obtained by direct extraction from plants that are cultivated in the field or sometimes even collected in their original habitat, several factors can alter their yield. The use of plant cell cultures has overcome several inconveniences for the production of secondary metabolites. Organized cultures, and especially root cultures, can make a significant contribution to our understanding of secondary metabolism. The natural pigment belongs to various classes of natural products like polyphenols, carotenoids, indoles etc. With increasing demand and awareness, analysis procedures, by which the components are assessed, are Figure 1 Canna Flower to be developed. Most of these compounds can be analyzed by a combination of specific extraction procedures, chromatography and The chemical composition and physicochemical properties of spectrophotometry. starches isolated from three cultivars (Japanese-green, Thai-green and Thai-purple) of edible Canna rhizomes by Thitipraphunkul et al.2 (I) A flower or dye yielding part of plant can be used for this purpose. Scanning electron microscopy investigations showed that the starch Canna or Indian shot which is a native, robust perennial herb, having granules from all cultivars of Canna were oval-shaped granules with typically red flower petals which can be used for dye as well as edible smooth surfaces and were around 10–100μm in sizes. Proximate dye purpose as shown in Figure 1. Canna indica is an age-old plant, composition studies showed that the protein content in the Canna cultivated domestically, belongs to monocotyledonous Canna family samples varied between 0.069 and 0.078%, lipid between 0.014 Canaceae having red flower and have phytochemicals viz. flavonoids and 0.019% and ash between 0.25 and 0.33%. All Canna starches and anthocyanins. The color extracted from Canna flower petals can contained considerably high phosphorus (371–399ppm), followed be used as food dye. Fabric dye from Canna has already been obtained by calcium (113–154ppm) and potassium (35–61ppm). The absolute and successfully dyed on fabric. Technique of extraction of the red amylose content ranged from 19 to 25%. All three starches displayed pigment from Canna has been demonstrated, and best conditions of a B-type X-ray diffraction pattern. The viscograms of Canna starches extraction were illustrated. determined by Rapid Visco Analyzer showed that Thai-green and The other species of Canna, i.e., Canna edulis, is popularly grown Japanese-green starches paste were quite stable during cooking and in Carribbean region and tropical America. Its rhizome is tuberous and had high setback. starchy which is boiled and eaten. The tuber is also ground into flour Molecular structures of starches isolated from Japanese-green, and made into cakes. Starch of this rhizome is also commonly sold. Thai-green and Thai-purple cultivars of edible Canna (Canna edulis Nowadays starch of edible Canna (Canna edulis) is used in making Ker) were also investigated by Thitipraphunkul et al.3 (II) The absolute noodles also. There are several examples, which show that edible Submit Manuscript | http://medcraveonline.com J Textile Eng Fashion Technol. 2018;4(2):158–162. 158 © 2018 Vankar et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and build upon your work non-commercially. Copyright: A review-canna the wonder plant ©2018 Vankar et al. 159 amylose content ranged from 19 to 25%. Degrees of polymerization customer demands on the functional additives used within color (DPn) values of amylose determined by fluorescence-labeling method formulations and be “NATURAL” also. Downham and Collins has were 1590 for Thai-purple, 1620 for Japanese-green and 1650 for carried out a work to review all colors in terms of recent developments Thai-green cultivars. Mole% of branched fraction of amyloses from and regulations as well as addressing the question of the future of edible Canna starches examined by a HPLC system after β-amylolysis colors in the next millennium.6 of labeled amyloses was 13–16%. Branch chain-length distributions of Bandyopadhyay et al.7 showed antioxidant activities of beet (Beta amylopectin analyzed by HPSEC after debranching with isoamylase, vulgaris), mint (Mentha spicata L.) and ginger (Zingiber officinale is followed by fluorescence-labeling of unit chain, showed bimodal L.) alone or in combination after their fortification in sandesh (a heat distribution with the DPn range of 25-28. The amylopectin of edible desiccated product of coagulated milk protein mass) using Randox’s Canna starches contained high amounts of organic phosphorus (391- total antioxidant level determining chemicals and ultimately it was 420ppm). compared with the synthetic antioxidants like t-butyl hydroquinone Piyachomkwan et al.4 evaluated Edible Canna (Canna edulis Ker) (TBHQ), t-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole (BHA) and 2,6-di-t-butyl-p- as an alternative starch source on the basis of genetic characteristics, hydroxytoluene (BHT). Addition of beet or mint alone in sandesh agronomic traits and starch properties. Four Canna varieties indigenous showed lower antioxidant level than the addition of ginger alone. to Thailand were examined including Thai-green, Japanese-green, However, combination of beet with ginger showed highest antioxidant Thai-purple and Chinese-purple and compared with cassava (Manihot level among the natural sources and value was almost equal to TBHQ esculenta Crantz). Using the Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (200mg/kg). Besides, the suitable stage and form of addition of (RAPD) technique employing ten 10-base primers, four primers these herbs in sandesh were also investigated using the Randox’s implied that at least three types of Canna including Thai-green, antioxidant level evaluating chemical. Among the four forms of herbs Japanese-green and Thai/Chinese-purple existed and corresponded to such as paste, tray-dried powder, freeze-dried powder and solvent plant characteristics as identified by flower, stem, leaf and rhizome extracted form, addition of solvent extracted form in sandesh showed colors. Despite genetic diversification, starch properties were not highest antioxidant level than any other form. According to sensory variable. All four varieties produced 30.4–38.4 tonnes/ha of rhizomes characteristics, sandesh containing beet, ginger or combination of with starch content about 13% (wet basis). Starch yields of Canna beet with ginger or mint was more acceptable to panelist than control (4.1–4.9tonnes/ha) were comparatively lower than cassava (6.5tonnes/ sandesh. Results of the study indicate that herbal sandesh is more ha). The starches were characterized by giant granules (10–80μm), value added health food than control sandesh. and compared with cassava starch pastes had a higher peak viscosity Canna indica has its use as dye (dye extracted from its flower) and (930–1060BU for Canna starches and 815BU for cassava starch), Canna edulis as edible starch. Their property of being edible as well occurring at a higher temperature. Pastes of Canna starch were more as giving coloring material will support its prospect as an edible dye. stable and when cooled, viscosity increased to 1800BU. Gelatinized pastes of Canna starches also rapidly
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