IJRPC 2019, 9(3), 61-77 Shrinivas K Sarje et al ISSN: 22312781 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PHARMACY AND CHEMISTRY Available online at www.ijrpc.com Review Article DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.33289/IJRPC.9.3.2019.929 A PHARMACOGNOSTIC AND PHARMACOLOGICAL REVIEW ON CANNA INDICA LINN Shrinivas K Sarje*, Kushewati Ingole, Shinde Angad, Bhutnar Priya and Nitin B Ghiware Department of Pharmacology, Nanded Pharmacy College, Nanded, Maharashtra, India. ABSTRACT Canna indica L. is a tropical herb belonging to family Cannaceae. It has been widely used in traditional medicine for the treatment of many complains. The phytochemical analysis of Canna indica showed that it contained various phytochemicals including flavonoids, carbohydrates, terpenoids, alkaloids, proteins, steroids, cardiac glycosides, oils, saponins, tannins, anthocyanin pigments, phlobatinins & many other chemical compounds. The pharmacological studies showed that Canna indica plant exerted antiviral anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant, molluscicidal, cytotoxic, hepatoprotective, analgesic immunmodulatory, hemostatic, anti-diarrheal and other effects. This article aims to provide information which is required to claim & explore its pharmacognostic& pharmacological profile. Every part of Canna has beneficial properties that can serve humanity so the whole plant can be extensively studied for further research aspects. Keywords: Canna indica, Constituents, Pharmacology, Antioxidant Activity and Hepatoprotectives. INTRODUCTION richest starch sources. It extensively used as a Healing with medicinal plant is as old as nutritive agent & has a number of valuable mankind itself. The connection between man pharmacological activities (Kessler JR. 2007). and his search for drugs in nature dates from the far past. As a result of accumulated PLANT PROFILE experience from the past generation, today, all synonyms the world’s cultures have an extensive Canna coccinea Mill, Canna edulis Ker-Gawl, knowledge of herbal medicine. The previous Canna lutea Mill, Canna achiras Gilles treatment was not based on a true scientific (VanitaKanase et al., 2018). knowledge. However, in the early nineteenth century, many sensitive ingredients were Botanical Classification (Tanaka N. 2001) isolated & introduced in the medical practice Kingdom Plantae (Al-Snafi AE. 2015). Canna indica L. Subkingdom Tracheobiont commonly known as an Indian shot, the Canna Superdivision Spermatophyta Division Magnoliophyta arises from the Greek word for a cane or reed. Class Liliopsida Canna is the only genus in the family Subclass Zingiberidae Cannaceae& 19 species of flowering plants. Order Zingiberales The species have large, eye-catching foliage & Family Cannaceae horticulturists have turned it into a large- Genus Canna Species Indica L. flowered & bright garden plant. In addition, it is a horticultural plant & is one of the world’s 61 IJRPC 2019, 9(3), 61-77 Shrinivas K Sarje et al ISSN: 22312781 Vernacular Names (Mishra S et al., 2013) settled areas, occurring in waste places & near Languages Names tikas Canna settlements (Lerman, J. C. et al., African arrowroot, Canna lily, 1971). In America wild species grow in the English Canna Indian shot, Wild canna South of the United States, South America, Hindi Sarvajjaya, SakaSiri, Devkali from Venezuela to Argentina & India. Marathi Kardal Terrestrial plants usually live in tropical Sanskrit Vankelee, Devakuli &subtropical rain forests, montane, Spanish Chupaflor premontane& gallery forests. Palustrine plants Andes Achira grow in forest edges, wetlands, marshes & French Balisier comestible Tamil Puvalaikalvalai riversides. Many taxa are nitrophilous& mostly Canna Hindi, Muzwardi, found in humid loose soils, near streams, in Arabic name &Muzfahal uncultivated public lands or on road sides. The Telugu Krishna Tamara plant prefers light (sandy), medium (loamy) & Konkani KelePhool heavy (clay) soils & requires well-drained soil. Manipuri Laphoorit Kannada Kalahu The plant prefers acid, neutral & basic Bengali Sarbajaya, Kalaboti (alkaline) soils. It cannot grow in the shade. It requires moist soil (Chate, E. (1867). (Enrique Origin J. Baranl et al., (2010). The first species of Canna introduced to Europe was Canna indica L, Which was Culture imported from the East Indies, though the Light species originated from the America. Charles Grow Canna indica in full sun to partial shade. de Ecluse, who first described & sketched It will benefit from some midday shade in hot Canna indica indicates this origin, & states that climates. it was given the name of indica (Indrayan,A.K., et al., 2011). Much later, in 1658, Pison made Moisture reference to another species which he Indian shot grows best in a moisture retentive documented under the vulgar or common soil. Water freely when in bloom. name of ‘Albara’ & ‘Pacivira’, which resided, he said, in the shaded & damp places, between Hardiness the tropics, this species is Canna angustifolia Where not hardy, Indian shot can be lifted & L.(de 1’Ecluse, Charles 1576). brought indoors for winter. When the leaves Without exception, all Canna species that have come blackened from the first good frost, cut been introduced into Europe can be traced off the stems & leaves & dig up the rhizomes back to the America, & it can be asserted with for winter storage in damp peat or sawdust. confidence that Canna is solely an American genus. If Asia & Africa provided some of the Propagation early introductions, they were only varieties Propagation of Canna can be done by seeds resulting from Canna indica & Cannaglauca or root cuttings. The seeds are small, globular, cultivars that have been grown for a long time black pellets, hard & heavy enough to sink in in India& Africa, with both species imported water. They resemble shotgun pellets giving from Central & South America. Canna is an rise to the plant’s common name of Indian American genus, as pointed out by Lamarck shot. Allow seed heads to dry on plants then (pison 1658) where he argues that “Cannas remove them & collect the seeds. Cannas are were unknown to the ancients,& that it is only grown in borders & beds, & are among the after the discovery of the New World, that they most popular flowers in tropical & subtropical made their appearance in Europe’. Since gardens. Where not hardy, rhizomes can be Cannas have very hard & durable seed planted out in spring for summer blooming, coverings,(Tanaka, N. 2001) (Lamarck, Jean- then dug in autumn for winter storage. Indian Baptiste.) it is likely that seed remains would shot also can be grown in containers. To have survived in the right condition & been propagate plants by seeds, pre-soak them for found by archaeologists in the Old World. If the 24 hours in warm water & sow them in late soils of India or Africa had produced some of winter to early spring, in a warm greenhouse them, they would have been imported before or indoors at 20 ˚c (68 F). Sow seeds 2-5 cm the 1860s into European gardens (Grootjen, C. deep in individual post. Scarifying the seeds J. et al,. 1988). can speed germination, especially if the seeds have not swollen after being soaked. The Habitat and Geographical Distribution seeds usually germinate in 3-9 weeks. Grow The Canna genus is native tropical & sub- the plants on in a greenhouse for at least their tropical regions of Southern United State & first winter. Plant them out into their permanent South to Northern Argentina & Philippines in positions in late spring or early summer, after 62 IJRPC 2019, 9(3), 61-77 Shrinivas K Sarje et al ISSN: 22312781 the last expected frosts. To propagate Canna Ecology and Pollination Biology by root cuttings, divide root clump as the plant Cannas are found scattered in transitional comes into growth in the spring. Each portion habitats, both natural & artificial. In the wild must have at least one growing point. Pot up they grow along the edges of marshes & forest the division & grow them on in the greenhouse margins, often in water up to 10 cm deep. until they are well established & then plant They also thrive in spoil banks, roadside them out in the summer in their permanent ditches & refuse sites given adequate moisture position. Avoid planting out young plants until & seasonal drought. Seeds germinate & all risk of frost has passed as the frost may produce reproductive shoots in a single damage the new growths. Water regularly growing season ( less than 4 months), during the growing season, avoid letting them generally flowering mid to late rainy season. dry out between watering & apply a Some studies indicatesthese flowers might be phosphorus-rich liquid fertilizer each month for pollinated by hawk moths. However, pollen is optimum results (Indira Priya Darsini A et al., shed before the flowers open, resulting in self- 2015). pollination. Indeed, greenhouse grown plants set seed readily, even in the absence of any likely pollinator. The coloration & floral tube of some suggest hummingbird pollination (Kubitzki, 1998). Varieties of Canna species Sr. Species of Subspecies Origin Image Ref. No Canna Northern Argentina Sanchalika Mishra, et al., 1. Canna amabilis 2013. Peru & Bolivia at an Canna altitude of 1,400- Sanchalika Mishra, et al., 2. Canna bangii bangiiKraenzl 2,700m 2013. Canna coccinea, Mill. Northern Argentina, 3. Canna coccinea Canna coccinea f. England South Tanaka, N. 2001. flaviflora America Canna compactaRosc. Brazil & northern 4. Canna compacta Canna compacta Argentina, England, Johnson’s Gardeners, 1856. subsp. Cinabina South America 63 IJRPC