DOCSLIB.ORG

<I>Dunaliella Salina</I>

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
<I>Dunaliella Salina</I> BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, 47(1): 244-252, 1990 COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION OF (3-CAROTENE BY DUNALIELLA SALINA IN OPEN PONDS Lesley J. Borowitzka and Michael A. Borowitzka ABSTRACT The halophilic green unicellular alga Dunaliella salina is an important commercial source of }3-carotene. The algal culture process used in Western Australia is described and compared with the process used at other sites, and the advantages and disadvantages of these processes are reviewed. Harvesting" extraction and formulation are also discussed. jJ-Carotene is a C40 carotenoid found in all green plants where it is localized in the chloroplast. Its main commercial use is in the food industry where it is used as a coloring agent in margarine, baked goods and other food products (KHiui, 1982). {3-Carotene has also been shown to be a good scavenger of free radicals and other reactive species (Krinsky, 1979) and appears to have a role as a pro- tective agent against cancer. In recent years, much clinical evidence has accu- mulated on this potential cancer protective activity of jJ-carotene (Ibrahim et a1., 1977; Mathews-Roth, 1982; Schwartz et a1., 1986) and, as further evidence ac- cumulates, this should develop into an additional major application of jJ-carotene. At present, most of the commercially available jJ-carotene (all-trans jJ-carotene) is produced by synthetic means (Isler, 1979) and sells for about $AUS 600·kg-1 (=$U.S. 500). In recent years, however, there has developed an increasing market demand for natural jJ-carotene. The green volvocalean alga Dunaliella salina Teodoresco has the highest cell content of jJ-carotene of any organism, with concentrations of up to 14% of dry weight having been reported (Mil'ko, 1963; Aasen et al., 1969). Massyuk (1966) first proposed that this alga might be a suitable natural source of jJ-carotene and over several years carried out trials on Dunaliella culture in the Ukraine (Massyuk and Abdulla, 1969). In the 1970's work on jJ-carotene production using D. salina commenced in several other parts of the world, and in 1986 commercial pro- duction commenced in Australia, the USA and in Israel (Borowitzka and Boro- witzka, 1988a). In this paper we describe several aspects of the commercial jJ-carotene production process using D. salina and point out some of the critical steps in this process. DUNALIELLA CuLTURE PROCESS Dunaliella salina is the most salt-tolerant eukaryotic alga known and can grow in media saturated (> 30% w/v) with NaCl (Borowitzka and Brown, 1979). D. salina is also very tolerant of high temperatures and high photon flux densities (Borowitzka and Borowitzka, 1988a). Development of mass culture conditions has required the optimization of growth conditions so as to produce the maximum amount of jJ-carotene per unit time and culture volume. This has been complicated by the fact that the conditions leading to maximum cell growth are different from those leading to maximum accumulation of ,a-carotene in the cell. For example, D. salina has an optimum salinity for growth of about 18-21 % NaCl, whereas the maximum jJ-carotene content is reached at a salinity of> 27% NaCl (Borowitzka et al., 1984). Similarly, 244 BOROWITZKA AND BOROWITZKA: BETA CAROTENE PRODUCTION 245 l1-caroteneaccumulation is highest under nitrogen-limiting conditions where growth is reduced. Based on these and other observations, early workers proposed a two-stage process for growth (Chen and Chi, 1981), consisting of a growth stage at about 18% NaCl and with sufficient nitrogen to attain the maximum biomass, followed by a carotenoid-accumulating stage at a salinity of about 27% NaCI and N-limiting conditions (Borowitzka et al., 1986). However, early field studies and economic analyses soon showed that such a process was not feasible for several reasons: (1) At the lower salnities, predation by protozoa, especially by Cladotricha sigmoidea and Heteroamoeba sp. often led to a rapid decimation of the algal biomass in the ponds (Post et al., 1983; Borowitzka et al., 1986); (2) At the lower salinities the non-carotenogenic Dunaliella species, D. viridis Teodoresco, which always co- occurs with D. salina in open-air ponds, could outgrow D. salina (Borowitzka et al., 1986; Moulton et al., 1987b); and (3) The two-step process is labor intensive and requires a greater pond area and is thus too expensive. As a result of these considerations, a semi-continuous process, operating at an intermediate salinity was finally chosen (Borowitzka et al., 1986; Moulton et al., 1987a). The salinity was optimized for maximum l1-carotene production per unit time in the pond. Nutrient concentrations were also optimized. The major nutrients added to ponds are nitrogen, phosphate and a chelated form of iron. Depending on the brine used, trace elements may also have to be added (Ben Amotz et al., 1982; Ben Amotz and Avron, 1983; Borowitzka and Borowitzka, 1988a, 1988b). The Ca:Mg and Cl-:S04 - ratio of the brines used in culture may also affect growth and carotenogenesis (Ben Amotz and Avron, 1983) and must be considered when selecting the source of brines for growth. Another consideration for commercial mass culture is pond design. For ex- ample, Israeli and U.S. operations use variants of the paddle-wheel "raceway" ponds of the design originally developed by Oswald (1988), whereas the Australian operations use large unstirred ponds (Borowitzka and Borowitzka, 1988a). The large unstirred ponds (unstirred other than by wind mixing) used by Western Biotechnology Ltd. at their production plant at Hutt Lagoon, Western Australia, have a lower algal biomass than would be achieved if raceway-type ponds were used; however, this lower biomass is offset by the greatly reduced cost of pond construction and maintenance. The "natural" ponds used in Australia also have another advantage over the lined ponds used elsewhere. Plastic lined ponds almost always have problems with the build-up of gas bubbles under the plastic liner and these must be overcome by effectively "sterilizing" the soil under the liner. Un- lined earthen ponds do not have this problem, although turbidity may be greater. In all cases pond depth is maintained at about 20 em for maximum light pene- tration. A final consideration for open air production of D. salina is the siting of the production facility. Since open air ponds are subjected to the vagaries of the weather, the plant location must have a suitable climate. An optimum site, such as Hutt Lagoon in Western Australia, has a long, hot, dry summer and is situated at or near a suitable source of brines. The location should also be remote from possible pOllution produced by industrial or agricultural activities (i.e., pesticides or heavy metals) as the final product produced will be used in human food. The land should also be fairly flat to minimize pond construction costs. Large open-air ponds have a number offeatures which differ from those of well- mixed large-scale cultures in closed systems because of (a) the importance of climate (wind, rain, temperature), (b) contamination, (c) the heterogeneous dis- tribution of organisms in the pond, and (d) differences in scale-up (Borowitzka et 246 BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, VOL. 47, NO. I, 1990 a 4 E -0 8 -~ Q. -Q) 12 0 16 20 ____________ 1 I I I I I I·J 0.1 1 10 100 16 20 28 Cell Number(x 104 cells. ml-1) Salinity (% brix) Figure 1. Distribution of Dunaliella salina (.) and D. viridis (0) with depth in a 100 m2 pond at Hutt Lagoon following rain. The salinity profile is shown at the right. al., 1984; 1986; Borowitzka and Borowitzka, 1988a; Moulton et al., 1987). We have found that scale-up oflarge open-air ponds must proceed in a series of steps, each representing a factor of 10 increase, to be able to cope with changes in both biological and engineering parameters. At Hutt Lagoon the initial outdoor experiments were carried out in plastic ponds of several hundred liters capacity to test the effects of local climatic con- ditions on cultures. These were then scaled-up to earth-walled ponds constructed on the lake bed ofHutt Lagoon, having an area of 100 m2 (approx. 20,000 liter). Smaller ponds were abandoned (1) due to the high wall area to pond volume ratio which resulted in high rates ofleakage; (2) a tendency to lose pond holding capacity due to erosion of the banks; (3) loss of algae due to windrowing of the cells; and, (3) reduced salinity, erosion of the banks and increased turbidity resulting from rainwater runoff. All of these disadvantages were reduced in larger ponds. Scale-up at Hutt Lagoon progressed from the 100 m2 ponds to 250 m2 (50,000 liters) and 600 m2 (120,000 liters). These ponds were used to explore the effects of nutrient addition, pond depth, salinity and climate on growth and caroteno- genesis. Several different pond management regimes were tested. Before the final production plant was designed, further experiments were carried out in 0.5-ha ponds (i.e., 1I1Oth the size of the proposed production ponds) to provide data for accurate economic analysis of the process. Scale-up from these to the 5-ha production-ponds then proceeded smoothly. It is difficult to sample large open-air ponds at all stages (experimental, pilot and production) of pond management. In large ponds there is some patchiness in the distribution of D. salina due to the natural taxes of the algae (Moulton et al., 1987b; Wangersky and Maass, 1988). Also, differential heating of the surface BOROWITZKA AND BOROWITZKA: BETA CAROTENE PRODUCTION 247 layers of the pond, stratification of lower salinity water on the pond surface after rainfall, and variable mixing due to wind and convection results in heterogeneous algal distribution.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Identification of Early Salinity Stress-Responsive Proteins In
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences Article Identification of Early Salinity Stress-Responsive Proteins in Dunaliella salina by isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ)-Based Quantitative Proteomic Analysis Yuan Wang 1,2,†, Yuting Cong 2,†, Yonghua Wang 3, Zihu Guo 4, Jinrong Yue 2, Zhenyu Xing 2, Xiangnan Gao 2 and Xiaojie Chai 2,* 1 Key Laboratory of Hydrobiology in Liaoning Province’s Universities, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116021, China; [email protected] 2 College of fisheries and life science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116021, China; [email protected] (Y.C.); [email protected] (J.Y.); [email protected] (Z.X.); [email protected] (X.G.) 3 Bioinformatics Center, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; [email protected] 4 College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710069, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] † These authors contribute equally to the work. Received: 22 November 2018; Accepted: 16 January 2019; Published: 30 January 2019 Abstract: Salt stress is one of the most serious abiotic factors that inhibit plant growth. Dunaliella salina has been recognized as a model organism for stress response research due to its high capacity to tolerate extreme salt stress. A proteomic approach based on isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) was used to analyze the proteome of D. salina during early response to salt stress and identify the differentially abundant proteins (DAPs). A total of 141 DAPs were identified in salt-treated samples, including 75 upregulated and 66 downregulated DAPs after 3 and 24 h of salt stress.
    [Show full text]
  • A Mini Review-Effect of Dunaliella Salina on Growth and Health of Shrimps
    International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies 2020; 8(5): 317-319 E-ISSN: 2347-5129 P-ISSN: 2394-0506 (ICV-Poland) Impact Value: 5.62 A mini review-effect of Dunaliella salina on growth and (GIF) Impact Factor: 0.549 IJFAS 2020; 8(5): 317-319 health of shrimps © 2020 IJFAS www.fisheriesjournal.com Received: 08-07-2020 Dian Yuni Pratiwi Accepted: 14-08-2020 Dian Yuni Pratiwi Abstract Lecturer of Faculty, Department Dunaliella salina is a unicellular green algae that can be used as a natural food for shrimp. This of Fisheries and Marine Science, microalgae provides various nutrients such as protein, carbohydrates, lipids, pigments and others. Several Universitas Padjadjaran, studies have shown that Dunaliella salina can increase the growth performance of shrimps. Not only that, Indonesia Dunaliella salina also grant various health effects. High β-carotene and phenol in Dunaliella salina can increase immune system. This review was examined the optimum growth condition for Dunaliellla salina, nutrition contained in Dunaliella salina, and effect of Dunaliella salina for growth and health of shrimps such as Fenneropenaeus indicus, Penaeus monodon, and Litopenaeus vannamei. This review recommendation for Dunaliella salina as a potential feed for other. Keywords: Dunaliella salina, Fenneropenaeus indicus, Penaeus monodon, Litopenaeus vannamei, growth, health 1. Introduction Shrimp is one of popular seafood in the world community. The United States, China, Europe, and Japan are the major consuming regions, while Indonesia, China, India, Vietnam are major producing regions. In 2019, the global shrimp market size reached a volume of 5.10 Million [1] Tons . Popular types of shrimp for consumption are Litopenaeus vannamei, Penaeus monodon [1] and Fenneropenaeus indicus [2].
    [Show full text]
  • The Ecology of Dunaliella in High-Salt Environments Aharon Oren
    Oren Journal of Biological Research-Thessaloniki (2014) 21:23 DOI 10.1186/s40709-014-0023-y REVIEW Open Access The ecology of Dunaliella in high-salt environments Aharon Oren Abstract Halophilic representatives of the genus Dunaliella, notably D. salina and D. viridis, are found worldwide in salt lakes and saltern evaporation and crystallizer ponds at salt concentrations up to NaCl saturation. Thanks to the biotechnological exploitation of D. salina for β-carotene production we have a profound knowledge of the physiology and biochemistry of the alga. However, relatively little is known about the ecology of the members of the genus Dunaliella in hypersaline environments, in spite of the fact that Dunaliella is often the main or even the sole primary producer present, so that the entire ecosystem depends on carbon fixed by this alga. This review paper summarizes our knowledge about the occurrence and the activities of different Dunaliella species in natural salt lakes (Great Salt Lake, the Dead Sea and others), in saltern ponds and in other salty habitats where members of the genus have been found. Keywords: Dunaliella, Hypersaline, Halophilic, Great Salt Lake, Dead Sea, Salterns Introduction salt adaptation. A number of books and review papers When the Romanian botanist Emanoil C. Teodoresco have therefore been devoted to the genus [5-7]. How- (Teodorescu) (1866–1949) described the habitat of the ever, the ecological aspects of the biology of Dunaliella new genus of halophilic unicellular algae Dunaliella,it are generally neglected. A recent monograph did not was known from salterns and salt lakes around the devote a single chapter to ecological aspects, and con- Mediterranean and the Black Sea [1-3].
    [Show full text]
  • MICROBIOLOGICAL and ECOPHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION of GREEN ALGAE Dunaliella Sp
    MICROBIOLOGICAL AND ECOPHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF GREEN ALGAE Dunaliella sp. FOR IMPROVEMENT OF CAROTENOID PRODUCTION Muhammad Zainuri 1) Hermin Pancasakti Kusumaningrum*2 ), and Endang Kusdiyantini 2), 1) Laboratory of Biological Oceanography, Department of marine Sciences, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Diponegoro University 2) Microbiogenetics Laboratory, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Diponegoro University, Jl. Prof. Soedarto, UNDIP, Tembalang, Semarang. 50275. e-mail : [email protected] Abstract An isolate of green algae Dunaliella sp. from BBAP Jepara is usually used as a source for carotenoid supplement for marine animal cultivation in the local area. In order to improve carotenoid production especially detection of biosynthetic pathway from the organisms investigated in this study, the main purpose of this study is characterizing Dunaliella sp. based on it’s microbiological and ecophysiological characters. The research was done by characterize the growth, the cell and colonies microbiologically, total pigment production, and also characterize all of the ecophysiological factors affecting the algal growth and survival. The results of this research showed that Dunaliella sp. posseses typical characteristic of green eucaryote alga, in their growth and ecological condition. The extreme characters which was toleration ability to high salinity environment of was used to conclude Dunaliella sp. as Dunaliella salina. Key words : algae, Dunaliella sp. , microbiological, ecophysiological, characterization Introduction serve as precursors of many hormones Green algae are simple (Vershinin, 1999 in Lee and Schmidt- photosynthetic eukaryotes which are Dannert, 2002). Carotenoids are used responsible for up to 50% of the planet's commercially as food colorants, animal atmospheric carbon fixation. The recent feed supplements and, more recently, as discoveries of health related beneficial nutraceuticals for cosmetic and properties attributed to algal carotenoids pharmaceutical purposes.
    [Show full text]
  • Accumulation of Lipid in Dunaliella Salina Under Nutrient Starvation Condition
    American Journal of Food and Nutrition, 2017, Vol. 5, No. 2, 58-61 Available online at http://pubs.sciepub.com/ajfn/5/2/2 ©Science and Education Publishing DOI:10.12691/ajfn-5-2-2 Accumulation of lipid in Dunaliella salina under Nutrient Starvation Condition Truc Mai1,2,*, Phuc Nguyen3, Trung Vo3,*, Hieu Huynh3, Son Tran3, Tran Nim3, Dat Tran3, Hung Nguyen3, Phung Bui3 1Department of Molecular Biology, New Mexico State University, New Mexico, USA 2Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, New Mexico, USA 3Department of Biochemistry and Toxicology, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Viet Nam *Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract The effect of nutrient starvation on lipid accumulation of Dunaliella salina A9 was studied. In nutrient starvation, cell colour changed from green to yellow (or orange) and cell growth reached stationary phase after 9 days of the culture. The study showed that under nutrient stress, decreased in cell growth is accompanied by carotenoid biosynthesis and lipid content of Dunaliella salina. The results of this study can be used to increase carotenoid and lipid production in microalgae for functional food and biofuel in the future. Keywords: Dunaliell salina A9, Dunaliella bardawil and Sulfo-phospho-vanillin reagent Cite This Article: Truc Mai, Phuc Nguyen, Trung Vo, Hieu Huynh, Son Tran, Tran Nim, Dat Tran, Hung Nguyen, and Phung Bui, “Accumulation of lipid in Dunaliella salina under Nutrient Starvation Condition.” American Journal of Food and Nutrition, vol. 5, no. 2 (2017): 58-61. doi: 10.12691/ajfn-5-2-2. of β-carotene is suppressed when lipid metabolism pathway is inhibited [30].
    [Show full text]
  • Producing Natural Mixed Carotenoids from Dunaliella Salina
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by International Institute for Science, Technology and Education (IISTE): E-Journals Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online) Vol.5, No.10, 2015 Producing Natural Mixed Carotenoids from Dunaliella salina Sabah I. Al-Muhteseb Al-Balqa Applied University, Zarka University College,Department of Allied Health, P.O. Box (313), Jordan Sadeq Emeish Al-Balqa Applied University, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Department of chemical engineering, P.O. Box (15008). 11134, Marka, Amman-Jordan. [email protected]; [email protected] Abstract The aim of this work was to cultivate the micro algae Dunaliella salina isolated from the Dead Sea by using a certain media. The cell number was found to be 6 million cells per ml after two weeks of cultivation. The micro algae was harvested and centrifuged, after that it was extracted using ethanol as a solvent. UV- spectrophotometry analysis was carried out for beta carotene and other carotenoids . The analysis showed the presence of different carotenoids, mainly beta carotene and a mixture of different compounds like astaxanthin, which can be considered as an added value.It is evident that this process should find its way for commercialization through a pilot plant at the first step, then by an industrial plant after verifying the results of the pilot plant. Keywords: Dunaliella salina , Beta Carotene, Cultivation, Cell counting, Astaxanthin, Extraction. 1. Introduction The microalgae which were found in the Dead Sea were 22 different types.
    [Show full text]
  • Saltern Evaporation Ponds As Model Systems for the Study of Primary Production Processes Under Hypersaline Conditions
    Vol. 56: 193–204, 2009 AQUATIC MICROBIAL ECOLOGY Printed September 2009 doi: 10.3354/ame01297 Aquat Microb Ecol Published online June 30, 2009 Contribution to AME Special 2 ‘Progress and perspectives in aquatic primary productivity’ OPENPEN ACCESSCCESS REVIEW Saltern evaporation ponds as model systems for the study of primary production processes under hypersaline conditions Aharon Oren Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Institute of Life Sciences, and the Moshe Shilo Minerva Center for Marine Biogeochemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel ABSTRACT: Multi-pond solar salterns, which are used worldwide for salt production along tropical and subtropical coastal areas, present an environment with increasing salt concentrations, from sea- water to NaCl saturation. Characteristic salt-adapted microbial communities are found along the salinity gradient. In ponds of intermediate salinity (100 to 250 g l–1), most of the primary production occurs in benthic microbial mats dominated by different types of unicellular and filamentous Cyanobacteria (Aphanothece, Microcoleus, Phormidium and others), sometimes in association with diatoms. In crystallizer ponds, the unicellular green alga Dunaliella is the sole primary producer that lives in association with dense communities of heterotrophic halophilic Archaea that color the brines red. This basic pattern is common to all saltern systems, in spite of local variations in climate and nutrient availability. Photosynthetic activities of benthic cyanobacterial mats in the evaporation ponds and of endoevaporitic microbial communities within the gypsum crust that precipitates at intermediate salinities have been extensively studied in salterns at different locations, using oxygen microelectrodes and other techniques adapted to the study of benthic communities. These environ- ments are generally highly productive, although most of the oxygen produced during daytime by the Cyanobacteria is recycled within the mats rather than exchanged with the overlying water and the atmosphere.
    [Show full text]
  • Salinity Stress Responses and Adaptation Mechanisms in Eukaryotic Green Microalgae
    cells Review Salinity Stress Responses and Adaptation Mechanisms in Eukaryotic Green Microalgae Prateek Shetty 1, Margaret Mukami Gitau 1 and Gergely Maróti 1,2,* 1 Institute of Plant Biology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Biological Research Centre, 6726 Szeged, Hungary; [email protected] (P.S.); [email protected] (M.M.G.) 2 Faculty of Water Sciences, National University of Public Service, 6500 Baja, Hungary * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +36-308-270455 Received: 1 October 2019; Accepted: 12 December 2019; Published: 17 December 2019 Abstract: High salinity is a challenging environmental stress for organisms to overcome. Unicellular photosynthetic microalgae are especially vulnerable as they have to grapple not only with ionic imbalance and osmotic stress but also with the generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) interfering with photosynthesis. This review attempts to compare and contrast mechanisms that algae, particularly the eukaryotic Chlamydomonas microalgae, exhibit in order to immediately respond to harsh conditions caused by high salinity. The review also collates adaptation mechanisms of freshwater algae strains under persistent high salt conditions. Understanding both short-term and long-term algal responses to high salinity is integral to further fundamental research in algal biology and biotechnology. Keywords: high salt stress; green algae; adaptation; transcriptome; salinity; Chlamydomonas 1. Introduction Algae refer to a broad group of micro- and macroorganisms capable of oxygenic photosynthesis, yet show striking differences compared to land plants. The traditional and common definition of algae includes prokaryotic cyanobacteria and eukaryotic algae belonging to highly different phylogenetic clades. Eukaryotic microalgae are polyphyletic in origin and have an extensive ecological niche and evolutionary history.
    [Show full text]
  • Antioxidant Production in Dunaliella
    applied sciences Review Antioxidant Production in Dunaliella Uttam Kumer Roy 1,2,*, Birthe Vejby Nielsen 2 and John James Milledge 2 1 School of Architecture, Building and Civil Engineering, Loughborough University, Epinal Way, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK 2 Algae Biotechnology Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK; [email protected] (B.V.N.); [email protected] (J.J.M.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Microalgae have become an attractive natural source of a diverse range of biomolecules, including enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants; nevertheless, economically sustainable pro- duction of such compounds from microalgae biomass is still challenging. The main hurdles are: (a) increasing microalgae yield; (b) achieving optimal cultivation conditions; (c) energy-efficient and cost- effective downstream processing (extraction and purification); (d) optimal storage of post-processed antioxidant molecules. This review provides a detailed overview of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants in the cellular metabolism of the commercially important microalgae Dunaliella, indus- trial applications of antioxidant enzymes, strategies to enhanced antioxidant accumulation in cells, and the opportunities and limitations of current technologies for antioxidant enzymes production from microalgae biomass as an alternative to common microbial sources. Keywords: Dunaliella; antioxidant enzymes; cultivation conditions; post-harvest processing 1. Introduction Citation: Roy, U.K.; Nielsen, B.V.; Microalgae are singled celled micro-bio-factories capable of producing a wide variety Milledge, J.J. Antioxidant Production of high-value compounds (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, carotenoids, phycobiliproteins, in Dunaliella. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 3959. phenolic, polyunsaturated fatty acids and antioxidants) used in the pharmaceutical, nu- https://doi.org/10.3390/app11093959 traceutical, cosmetic, and food processing industries [1–10].
    [Show full text]
  • Genomic Adaptations of the Green Alga Dunaliella Salina to Life Under High Salinity
    Genomic adaptations of the green alga Dunaliella salina to life under high salinity. Jürgen E.W. Polle1,2,3* Sara Calhoun3 Zaid McKie-Krisberg1,4 Simon Prochnik3,5 Peter Neofotis6 Won C. Yim7 Leyla T. Hathwaik7 Jerry Jenkins3,8 Henrik Molina9 Jakob Bunkenborg10 Igor GrigorieV3,11 Kerrie Barry3 Jeremy Schmutz3,8 EonSeon Jin12 John C. Cushman7 Jon K. Magnusson13 1Department of Biology, Brooklyn College of the City UniVersity of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA 2The Graduate Center of the City UniVersity of New York, New York, NY 10016 USA 3U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA 4Current address: Department of Information SerVices and Technology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences UniVersity, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA 5Current address: MBP Titan LLC, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA 6Current address: U.S. Department of Energy – Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State UniVersity, East Lansing, MI, 48824 USA 7UniVersity of NeVada, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Reno, NeVada, USA 8HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, HuntsVille, Alabama, USA 9The Proteomics Resource Center, The Rockefeller UniVersity, New York, New York, USA 10Alphalyse A/S, Odense, Denmark 11Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, UniVersity of California - Berkeley, 111 Koshland Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA 12Department of Life Science, Hanyang UniVersity, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea 13Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA * Corresponding author: Dr. Jürgen E.W. Polle, [email protected] 1 Abstract Life in high salinity enVironments poses challenges to cells in a Variety of ways: maintenance of ion homeostasis and nutrient acquisition, often while concomitantly enduring saturating irradiances.
    [Show full text]
  • Esperance Pink Lake Feasibility Study Technical Report of Major Findings
    2020 Esperance Pink Lake Feasibility Study Technical report of major findings By Tilo Massenbauer Prepared for the Shire of Esperance 6/18/2020 ESPER-855161 Esperance Pink Lake Feasibility Study Massenbauer T 2020416 1 Acknowledgements The Author thanks and acknowledges the following contributions to this document: • Cover Artwork: Tjaltjraak Mooraak, Walkabout at Kepa Kurl by Donna Beach (Ninnon) Donna Beach (Ninnon), artist and direct descendant of the Bullenbuk people of Esperance. Copywrite of the artwork is with the Department of Biodiversity Conservation and Activities (DBCA) © • Esperance Museum Archivists Jen Ford for providing access to Pink Lake Archive Information. • Peter Lister WA Salt Supplies for providing recorded information regarding annual salt harvest information • DBCA for providing access to wetland data, and permission to use Ninnon’s artwork. • John Curnow, Production Manager BASF Australia at Hutt Lagoon for insights and analysis on D. salina • John Simons, Senior Research Scientist, Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development for the provision of the Pink Lake Hydrological study and Geographic Variation of Salt Precipitation over Western Australia papers. • Community photos of Pink Lake provided by Patricia Birch (front cover, 1985), Steven Ellen, Kylie Ryan, John Lizamore, C. Green, and Wayne Foote. • Dan Paris, Bauhaus Films for providing professional drone captured images of Lake Warden during the March 2020 D. salina colouration bloom. • Collaborating partners John Lizamore and Selvarajah Marimuthu for technical support documentation, updated data during the 2020 summer period and editing input to this report. Photo courtesy of Dan Paris, March 2020 – Esperance, Lake Warden D. salina bloom Disclaimer • While the material in this document has been created with all due care, the Author does not warrant or represent that the material is free from errors or omission, or that it is exhaustive.
    [Show full text]
  • The Dunaliella Salina Organelle Genomes: Large Sequences, Inflated with Intronic and Intergenic DNA BMC Plant Biology 2010, 10:83
    Smith et al. BMC Plant Biology 2010, 10:83 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2229/10/83 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access TheResearch Dunaliella article salina organelle genomes: large sequences, inflated with intronic and intergenic DNA David Roy Smith*1, Robert W Lee1, John C Cushman2, Jon K Magnuson3, Duc Tran4 and Jürgen EW Polle4 Abstract Background: Dunaliella salina Teodoresco, a unicellular, halophilic green alga belonging to the Chlorophyceae, is among the most industrially important microalgae. This is because D. salina can produce massive amounts of β- carotene, which can be collected for commercial purposes, and because of its potential as a feedstock for biofuels production. Although the biochemistry and physiology of D. salina have been studied in great detail, virtually nothing is known about the genomes it carries, especially those within its mitochondrion and plastid. This study presents the complete mitochondrial and plastid genome sequences of D. salina and compares them with those of the model green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Volvox carteri. Results: The D. salina organelle genomes are large, circular-mapping molecules with ~60% noncoding DNA, placing them among the most inflated organelle DNAs sampled from the Chlorophyta. In fact, the D. salina plastid genome, at 269 kb, is the largest complete plastid DNA (ptDNA) sequence currently deposited in GenBank, and both the mitochondrial and plastid genomes have unprecedentedly high intron densities for organelle DNA: ~1.5 and ~0.4 introns per gene, respectively. Moreover, what appear to be the relics of genes, introns, and intronic open reading frames are found scattered throughout the intergenic ptDNA regions -- a trait without parallel in other characterized organelle genomes and one that gives insight into the mechanisms and modes of expansion of the D.
    [Show full text]