DOCSLIB.ORG

Antioxidant Production in Dunaliella

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Antioxidant Production in Dunaliella applied sciences Review Antioxidant Production in Dunaliella Uttam Kumer Roy 1,2,*, Birthe Vejby Nielsen 2 and John James Milledge 2 1 School of Architecture, Building and Civil Engineering, Loughborough University, Epinal Way, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK 2 Algae Biotechnology Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK; [email protected] (B.V.N.); [email protected] (J.J.M.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Microalgae have become an attractive natural source of a diverse range of biomolecules, including enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants; nevertheless, economically sustainable pro- duction of such compounds from microalgae biomass is still challenging. The main hurdles are: (a) increasing microalgae yield; (b) achieving optimal cultivation conditions; (c) energy-efficient and cost- effective downstream processing (extraction and purification); (d) optimal storage of post-processed antioxidant molecules. This review provides a detailed overview of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants in the cellular metabolism of the commercially important microalgae Dunaliella, indus- trial applications of antioxidant enzymes, strategies to enhanced antioxidant accumulation in cells, and the opportunities and limitations of current technologies for antioxidant enzymes production from microalgae biomass as an alternative to common microbial sources. Keywords: Dunaliella; antioxidant enzymes; cultivation conditions; post-harvest processing 1. Introduction Citation: Roy, U.K.; Nielsen, B.V.; Microalgae are singled celled micro-bio-factories capable of producing a wide variety Milledge, J.J. Antioxidant Production of high-value compounds (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, carotenoids, phycobiliproteins, in Dunaliella. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 3959. phenolic, polyunsaturated fatty acids and antioxidants) used in the pharmaceutical, nu- https://doi.org/10.3390/app11093959 traceutical, cosmetic, and food processing industries [1–10]. Microalgal biomass can be added directly as a nutrient enhancer in animal feeds; as an enhancer for improving the Academic Editor: Ioannis G. Roussis quality of food; and as a stabiliser for maintaining the colour and flavour of food prod- ucts [3,11–14]. The global microalgae market has gradually expanded, and worldwide Received: 7 April 2021 sales are expected to exceed US $3.2 billion by the end of 2030 [15]. Recent studies have Accepted: 24 April 2021 Published: 27 April 2021 demonstrated the potential of microalgae to produce antioxidant molecules [16–19]. The antioxidant capacity and antioxidant activity of small molecules (β-carotene, astaxanthin, Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral and phenolic compounds) have also been explored extensively [10,20,21]. Nevertheless, with regard to jurisdictional claims in antioxidant enzymes have received little attention. published maps and institutional affil- The green halotolerant microalgae Dunaliella can grow in a wide range of salt con- iations. centrations, from 0.05 M to 5.5 M NaCl [22,23]. Currently, 28 species of Dunaliella have been identified, of which 23 species live in saline environments, and 5 are rare species that inhabit freshwater [22]. Commercially, Dunaliella is cultivated in several countries, such as Australia, China, Israel, and India, with pilot-scale projects in Chile, Spain, Iran and Portugal [24–26] and considered one of the best sources of β carotene. Dunaliella has also Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. been suggested as a sustainable source for industrial bioprocessing for the production of This article is an open access article protein [27], biodiesel [4,28,29], colouring agent [30], and antioxidants [31]. distributed under the terms and Currently, antioxidant enzymes are sourced from microbial and animal sources [32,33]. conditions of the Creative Commons Though there is no commercial production of antioxidant enzymes from Dunaliella, several Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// reports have shown that Dunaliella can increase its levels of enzymatic (mainly catalase, creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ peroxidase and superoxide dismutase) and non-enzymatic (carotenoids, phenolic, ascor- 4.0/). bate and glutathione) antioxidants to mitigate stress induced by exogenous abiotic fac- Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 3959. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11093959 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 24 Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 3959 2 of 24 phenolic, ascorbate and glutathione) antioxidants to mitigate stress induced by exogenous abiotic factors [31,34–39]. Its high adaptability to exogenous stressors (oxidative and os- mosis)tors [31 and,34 –the39] .lack Its highof a adaptabilityrigid cell wall to [40] exogenous could make stressors Dunaliella (oxidative an ideal and osmosis) natural source and the forlack antioxidant of a rigid cellproduction. wall [40] Dunaliella could make canDunaliella efficientlyan and ideal sustainably natural source produce for antioxidant large vol- umesproduction. of biomassDunaliella withoutcan comp efficientlyeting for and cultivable sustainably land produce and fresh large water volumes [25]. of biomass without competing for cultivable land and fresh water [25]. 2. Antioxidants 2. Antioxidants Extensive research on the effect of ROS in humans has demonstrated a substantial link betweenExtensive free research radicals on and the more effect than of ROS sixty in humansdifferent has health demonstrated conditions, a including substantial age- link ing,between cancer, free diabetes, radicals andAlzheimer’s more than disease, sixty different strokes, healthheart conditions,attacks and including atherosclerosis ageing, [41,42]cancer,. C diabetes,onsumption Alzheimer’s of higher disease,levels of strokes,dietary antioxidant heart attacks enzymes, and atherosclerosis as well as antioxi- [41,42]. dantConsumption molecules- ofenriched higher food levels or ofan dietarytioxidant antioxidant supplements, enzymes, has been as found well asto antioxidantreduce the riskmolecules-enriched of free radical-related food orhealth antioxidant issues [41] supplements,. has been found to reduce the risk of free radical-related health issues [41]. 2.1. Classification of Antioxidants 2.1. Classification of Antioxidants Antioxidants (enzymatic or non-enzymatic) are classified depending on their mode Antioxidants (enzymatic or non-enzymatic) are classified depending on their mode of activity as primary antioxidants (hydrogen or electrons donors) or secondary antioxi- of activity as primary antioxidants (hydrogen or electrons donors) or secondary antioxi- dants (oxygen scavengers or chelating agents) [43,44]. Antioxidants can also be grouped dants (oxygen scavengers or chelating agents) [43,44]. Antioxidants can also be grouped according to size, solubility, mode of action or structure, Figure 1. Abundant enzymatic according to size, solubility, mode of action or structure, Figure1. Abundant enzymatic antioxidantsantioxidants in in microalgae microalgae are are superoxide superoxide dismutase dismutase (SOD), (SOD), catalase catalase (CAT), (CAT), ascorbate ascorbate pe- roxidaseperoxidase (APX), (APX), glutathione glutathione peroxidase peroxidase (GPX), (GPX), glutathione glutathione reductase reductase (GR), (GR), glutathione glutathione transferasetransferase (GST). (GST). Non Non-enzymatic-enzymatic antioxidants antioxidants con consistsist of of compounds compounds such such as as Vitamin Vitamin C C (ascorbate),(ascorbate), glutathione, glutathione, carotenoid, carotenoid, phenolic phenolic compounds, compounds, proline, proline, glycine, glycine, polyamine, polyamine, PUFA,PUFA, and and some some metals metals (Cu, (Cu, Zu) Zu) [45 [45––47]47].. Most Most enzymatic enzymatic antioxidants antioxidants and and some some non non-- enzymaticenzymatic antioxidants antioxidants (glutathione, (glutathione, ascorbate) ascorbate) are are hydrophilic hydrophilic and and mainly mainly present present in the in cellularthe cellular fluids fluids (cytosol (cytosol or cytoplasmic or cytoplasmic matrix), matrix), whereas whereas the hydrophobic the hydrophobic antioxidants antioxidants (ca- rotenoid,(carotenoid, tocopherol) tocopherol) are areprimary primary located located in the in thecell cellmembranes membranes [48] [.48 ]. FigureFigure 1 1.. ClassificationClassification of of antioxidants antioxidants [41,44,48 [41,44,48––50]50.]. 2.2. Antioxidant Enzymes 2.2. Antioxidant Enzymes Antioxidant enzymes prevent or delay the oxidation of other molecules by neutralising reactiveAntioxidant oxygen speciesenzymes (ROS) prevent [48]. or These delay enzymes the oxidation eliminate of other ROS molecules by reducing by neutralis- the energy ingof freereactive radicals oxygen or by species donating (ROS) electrons [48]. toThese free radicalsenzymes [42 eliminate], and as such,ROS constituteby reducing the the first level of defence in the cells antioxidant network. Some molecules are not involved directly in the scavenging of free radicals but rather enhance other antioxidant molecules’ activity Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 3959 3 of 24 and may also be classified as antioxidants [41]. The majority of antioxidant enzymes are metalloenzymes and contain a metal ion in their catalytic site [45]. 2.3. Commercial Applications of Antioxidant Enzymes Antioxidants, or antioxidant-enriched extracts, are commercially used to prevent oxidative processes and to maintain the flavor, texture,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Identification of Early Salinity Stress-Responsive Proteins In
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences Article Identification of Early Salinity Stress-Responsive Proteins in Dunaliella salina by isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ)-Based Quantitative Proteomic Analysis Yuan Wang 1,2,†, Yuting Cong 2,†, Yonghua Wang 3, Zihu Guo 4, Jinrong Yue 2, Zhenyu Xing 2, Xiangnan Gao 2 and Xiaojie Chai 2,* 1 Key Laboratory of Hydrobiology in Liaoning Province’s Universities, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116021, China; [email protected] 2 College of fisheries and life science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116021, China; [email protected] (Y.C.); [email protected] (J.Y.); [email protected] (Z.X.); [email protected] (X.G.) 3 Bioinformatics Center, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; [email protected] 4 College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710069, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] † These authors contribute equally to the work. Received: 22 November 2018; Accepted: 16 January 2019; Published: 30 January 2019 Abstract: Salt stress is one of the most serious abiotic factors that inhibit plant growth. Dunaliella salina has been recognized as a model organism for stress response research due to its high capacity to tolerate extreme salt stress. A proteomic approach based on isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) was used to analyze the proteome of D. salina during early response to salt stress and identify the differentially abundant proteins (DAPs). A total of 141 DAPs were identified in salt-treated samples, including 75 upregulated and 66 downregulated DAPs after 3 and 24 h of salt stress.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenetic Study of Some Strains of Dunaliella
    American Journal of Environmental Science 9 (4): 317-321, 2013 ISSN: 1553-345X ©2013 Science Publication doi:10.3844/ajessp.2013.317.321 Published Online 9 (4) 2013 (http://www.thescipub.com/ajes.toc) Phylogenetic Study of Some Strains of Dunaliella 1Duc Tran, 1Trung Vo, 3Sixto Portilla, 2Clifford Louime, 1Nguyen Doan, 1Truc Mai, 1Dat Tran and 1Trang Ho 1School of Biotechnology, International University, Thu Duc Dist., VNU, Vietnam 2Florida A and M University, College of Engineering Sciences, Technology and Agriculture, FAMU Bio Energy Group, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA 3Center for Estuarine, Environmental and Coastal Oceans Monitoring, Dowling College, 150 Idle Hour Blvd, Oakdale, New York 11769, USA Received 2013-07-13, Revised 2013-08-02; Accepted 2013-08-03 ABSTRACT Dunaliella strains were isolated from a key site for salt production in Vietnam (Vinh Hao, Binh Thuan province). The strains were identified based on Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) markers. The phylogenetic tree revealed these strains belong to the clades of Dunaliella salina and Dunaliella viridis . Results of this study confirm the ubiquitous nature of Dunaliella and suggest that strains of Dunaliella salina might be acquired locally worldwide for the production of beta-carotene. The identification of these species infers the presence of other Dunaliella species ( Dunaliella tertiolecta , Dunaliella primolecta , Dunaliella parva ), but further investigation would be required to confirm their presence in Vietnam. We anticipate the physiological and biochemical characteristics of these local species will be compared with imported strains in a future effort. This will facilitate selection of strains with the best potential for exploitation in the food, aquaculture and biofuel industries.
    [Show full text]
  • A Mini Review-Effect of Dunaliella Salina on Growth and Health of Shrimps
    International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies 2020; 8(5): 317-319 E-ISSN: 2347-5129 P-ISSN: 2394-0506 (ICV-Poland) Impact Value: 5.62 A mini review-effect of Dunaliella salina on growth and (GIF) Impact Factor: 0.549 IJFAS 2020; 8(5): 317-319 health of shrimps © 2020 IJFAS www.fisheriesjournal.com Received: 08-07-2020 Dian Yuni Pratiwi Accepted: 14-08-2020 Dian Yuni Pratiwi Abstract Lecturer of Faculty, Department Dunaliella salina is a unicellular green algae that can be used as a natural food for shrimp. This of Fisheries and Marine Science, microalgae provides various nutrients such as protein, carbohydrates, lipids, pigments and others. Several Universitas Padjadjaran, studies have shown that Dunaliella salina can increase the growth performance of shrimps. Not only that, Indonesia Dunaliella salina also grant various health effects. High β-carotene and phenol in Dunaliella salina can increase immune system. This review was examined the optimum growth condition for Dunaliellla salina, nutrition contained in Dunaliella salina, and effect of Dunaliella salina for growth and health of shrimps such as Fenneropenaeus indicus, Penaeus monodon, and Litopenaeus vannamei. This review recommendation for Dunaliella salina as a potential feed for other. Keywords: Dunaliella salina, Fenneropenaeus indicus, Penaeus monodon, Litopenaeus vannamei, growth, health 1. Introduction Shrimp is one of popular seafood in the world community. The United States, China, Europe, and Japan are the major consuming regions, while Indonesia, China, India, Vietnam are major producing regions. In 2019, the global shrimp market size reached a volume of 5.10 Million [1] Tons . Popular types of shrimp for consumption are Litopenaeus vannamei, Penaeus monodon [1] and Fenneropenaeus indicus [2].
    [Show full text]
  • The Ecology of Dunaliella in High-Salt Environments Aharon Oren
    Oren Journal of Biological Research-Thessaloniki (2014) 21:23 DOI 10.1186/s40709-014-0023-y REVIEW Open Access The ecology of Dunaliella in high-salt environments Aharon Oren Abstract Halophilic representatives of the genus Dunaliella, notably D. salina and D. viridis, are found worldwide in salt lakes and saltern evaporation and crystallizer ponds at salt concentrations up to NaCl saturation. Thanks to the biotechnological exploitation of D. salina for β-carotene production we have a profound knowledge of the physiology and biochemistry of the alga. However, relatively little is known about the ecology of the members of the genus Dunaliella in hypersaline environments, in spite of the fact that Dunaliella is often the main or even the sole primary producer present, so that the entire ecosystem depends on carbon fixed by this alga. This review paper summarizes our knowledge about the occurrence and the activities of different Dunaliella species in natural salt lakes (Great Salt Lake, the Dead Sea and others), in saltern ponds and in other salty habitats where members of the genus have been found. Keywords: Dunaliella, Hypersaline, Halophilic, Great Salt Lake, Dead Sea, Salterns Introduction salt adaptation. A number of books and review papers When the Romanian botanist Emanoil C. Teodoresco have therefore been devoted to the genus [5-7]. How- (Teodorescu) (1866–1949) described the habitat of the ever, the ecological aspects of the biology of Dunaliella new genus of halophilic unicellular algae Dunaliella,it are generally neglected. A recent monograph did not was known from salterns and salt lakes around the devote a single chapter to ecological aspects, and con- Mediterranean and the Black Sea [1-3].
    [Show full text]
  • Glycerol Is an Osmoprotectant in Two Antarctic Chlamydomonas Species from an Ice-Covered Saline Lake and Is Synthesized by an Unusual Bidomain Enzyme
    ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 20 August 2020 doi: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01259 Glycerol Is an Osmoprotectant in Two Antarctic Chlamydomonas Species From an Ice-Covered Saline Lake and Is Synthesized by an Unusual Bidomain Enzyme † James A. Raymond 1*, Rachael Morgan-Kiss 2 and Sarah Stahl-Rommel 2 1 School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States, 2 Department of Microbiology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, United States Glycerol, a compatible solute, has previously been found to act as an osmoprotectant in Edited by: some marine Chlamydomonas species and several species of Dunaliella from hypersaline Linda Nedbalova´ , Charles University, Czechia ponds. Recently, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Dunaliella salina were shown to make Reviewed by: glycerol with an unusual bidomain enzyme, which appears to be unique to algae, that Aharon Oren, contains a phosphoserine phosphatase and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Here Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel David Dewez, we report that two psychrophilic species of Chlamydomonas (C. spp. UWO241 and ICE- Universite´ du Que´ bec à Montre´ al, MDV) from Lake Bonney, Antarctica also produce high levels of glycerol to survive in the Canada lake’s saline waters. Glycerol concentration increased linearly with salinity and at 1.3 M *Correspondence: NaCl, exceeded 400 mM in C. sp. UWO241, the more salt-tolerant strain. We also show James A. Raymond [email protected] that both species expressed several isoforms of the bidomain enzyme. An analysis of one †Present address: of the isoforms of C. sp. UWO241 showed that it was strongly upregulated by NaCl and is Sarah Stahl-Rommel thus the likely source of glycerol.
    [Show full text]
  • The Symbiotic Green Algae, Oophila (Chlamydomonadales
    University of Connecticut OpenCommons@UConn Master's Theses University of Connecticut Graduate School 12-16-2016 The yS mbiotic Green Algae, Oophila (Chlamydomonadales, Chlorophyceae): A Heterotrophic Growth Study and Taxonomic History Nikolaus Schultz University of Connecticut - Storrs, [email protected] Recommended Citation Schultz, Nikolaus, "The yS mbiotic Green Algae, Oophila (Chlamydomonadales, Chlorophyceae): A Heterotrophic Growth Study and Taxonomic History" (2016). Master's Theses. 1035. https://opencommons.uconn.edu/gs_theses/1035 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the University of Connecticut Graduate School at OpenCommons@UConn. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of OpenCommons@UConn. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Symbiotic Green Algae, Oophila (Chlamydomonadales, Chlorophyceae): A Heterotrophic Growth Study and Taxonomic History Nikolaus Eduard Schultz B.A., Trinity College, 2014 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science at the University of Connecticut 2016 Copyright by Nikolaus Eduard Schultz 2016 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis was made possible through the guidance, teachings and support of numerous individuals in my life. First and foremost, Louise Lewis deserves recognition for her tremendous efforts in making this work possible. She has performed pioneering work on this algal system and is one of the preeminent phycologists of our time. She has spent hundreds of hours of her time mentoring and teaching me invaluable skills. For this and so much more, I am very appreciative and humbled to have worked with her. Thank you Louise! To my committee members, Kurt Schwenk and David Wagner, thank you for your mentorship and guidance.
    [Show full text]
  • MICROBIOLOGICAL and ECOPHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION of GREEN ALGAE Dunaliella Sp
    MICROBIOLOGICAL AND ECOPHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF GREEN ALGAE Dunaliella sp. FOR IMPROVEMENT OF CAROTENOID PRODUCTION Muhammad Zainuri 1) Hermin Pancasakti Kusumaningrum*2 ), and Endang Kusdiyantini 2), 1) Laboratory of Biological Oceanography, Department of marine Sciences, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Diponegoro University 2) Microbiogenetics Laboratory, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Diponegoro University, Jl. Prof. Soedarto, UNDIP, Tembalang, Semarang. 50275. e-mail : [email protected] Abstract An isolate of green algae Dunaliella sp. from BBAP Jepara is usually used as a source for carotenoid supplement for marine animal cultivation in the local area. In order to improve carotenoid production especially detection of biosynthetic pathway from the organisms investigated in this study, the main purpose of this study is characterizing Dunaliella sp. based on it’s microbiological and ecophysiological characters. The research was done by characterize the growth, the cell and colonies microbiologically, total pigment production, and also characterize all of the ecophysiological factors affecting the algal growth and survival. The results of this research showed that Dunaliella sp. posseses typical characteristic of green eucaryote alga, in their growth and ecological condition. The extreme characters which was toleration ability to high salinity environment of was used to conclude Dunaliella sp. as Dunaliella salina. Key words : algae, Dunaliella sp. , microbiological, ecophysiological, characterization Introduction serve as precursors of many hormones Green algae are simple (Vershinin, 1999 in Lee and Schmidt- photosynthetic eukaryotes which are Dannert, 2002). Carotenoids are used responsible for up to 50% of the planet's commercially as food colorants, animal atmospheric carbon fixation. The recent feed supplements and, more recently, as discoveries of health related beneficial nutraceuticals for cosmetic and properties attributed to algal carotenoids pharmaceutical purposes.
    [Show full text]
  • "Phycology". In: Encyclopedia of Life Science
    Phycology Introductory article Ralph A Lewin, University of California, La Jolla, California, USA Article Contents Michael A Borowitzka, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia . General Features . Uses The study of algae is generally called ‘phycology’, from the Greek word phykos meaning . Noxious Algae ‘seaweed’. Just what algae are is difficult to define, because they belong to many different . Classification and unrelated classes including both prokaryotic and eukaryotic representatives. Broadly . Evolution speaking, the algae comprise all, mainly aquatic, plants that can use light energy to fix carbon from atmospheric CO2 and evolve oxygen, but which are not specialized land doi: 10.1038/npg.els.0004234 plants like mosses, ferns, coniferous trees and flowering plants. This is a negative definition, but it serves its purpose. General Features Algae range in size from microscopic unicells less than 1 mm several species are also of economic importance. Some in diameter to kelps as long as 60 m. They can be found in kinds are consumed as food by humans. These include almost all aqueous or moist habitats; in marine and fresh- the red alga Porphyra (also known as nori or laver), an water environments they are the main photosynthetic or- important ingredient of Japanese foods such as sushi. ganisms. They are also common in soils, salt lakes and hot Other algae commonly eaten in the Orient are the brown springs, and some can grow in snow and on rocks and the algae Laminaria and Undaria and the green algae Caulerpa bark of trees. Most algae normally require light, but some and Monostroma. The new science of molecular biology species can also grow in the dark if a suitable organic carbon has depended largely on the use of algal polysaccharides, source is available for nutrition.
    [Show full text]
  • Competitive Exclusion of Cyanobacterial Species in the Great Salt Lake
    Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive Theses and Dissertations 2008-07-10 Competitive Exclusion of Cyanobacterial Species in the Great Salt Lake Hillary Christine Roney Brigham Young University - Provo Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd Part of the Animal Sciences Commons BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Roney, Hillary Christine, "Competitive Exclusion of Cyanobacterial Species in the Great Salt Lake" (2008). Theses and Dissertations. 1826. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/1826 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Competitive Exclusion of Cyanobacterial Species in the Great Salt Lake by Hillary C. Roney A thesis submitted to the faculty of Brigham Young University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences Brigham Young University August 2008 Copyright © 2008 Hillary C. Roney All Rights Reserved BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY GRADUATE COMMITTEE APPROVAL of a thesis submitted by Hillary C. Roney This thesis has been read by each member of the following graduate committee and by majority vote has been found to be satisfactory. Date Gary M. Booth, Chair Date Donald P. Breakwell Date John Gardner Date Bruce Schaalje BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY As chair of the candidate‟s graduate committee, I have read the thesis of Hillary C. Roney in its final form and have found that (1) its format, citations, and bibliographical style are consistent and acceptable and fulfill university and department style requirements; (2) its illustrative materials including figures, tables, and charts are in place; and (3) the final manuscript is satisfactory to the graduate committee and is ready for submission to the university library.
    [Show full text]
  • 2016 National Algal Biofuels Technology Review
    National Algal Biofuels Technology Review Bioenergy Technologies Office June 2016 National Algal Biofuels Technology Review U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Bioenergy Technologies Office June 2016 Review Editors: Amanda Barry,1,5 Alexis Wolfe,2 Christine English,3,5 Colleen Ruddick,4 and Devinn Lambert5 2010 National Algal Biofuels Technology Roadmap: eere.energy.gov/bioenergy/pdfs/algal_biofuels_roadmap.pdf A complete list of roadmap and review contributors is available in the appendix. Suggested Citation for this Review: DOE (U.S. Department of Energy). 2016. National Algal Biofuels Technology Review. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Bioenergy Technologies Office. Visit bioenergy.energy.gov for more information. 1 Los Alamos National Laboratory 2 Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education 3 National Renewable Energy Laboratory 4 BCS, Incorporated 5 Bioenergy Technologies Office This report is being disseminated by the U.S. Department of Energy. As such, the document was prepared in compliance with Section 515 of the Treasury and General Government Appropriations Act for Fiscal Year 2001 (Public Law No. 106-554) and information quality guidelines issued by the Department of Energy. Further, this report could be “influential scientific information” as that term is defined in the Office of Management and Budget’s Information Quality Bulletin for Peer Review (Bulletin). This report has been peer reviewed pursuant to section II.2 of the Bulletin. Cover photo courtesy of Qualitas Health, Inc. BIOENERGY TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE Preface Thank you for your interest in the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Bioenergy Technologies Office’s (BETO’s) National Algal Biofuels Technology Review.
    [Show full text]
  • Accumulation of Lipid in Dunaliella Salina Under Nutrient Starvation Condition
    American Journal of Food and Nutrition, 2017, Vol. 5, No. 2, 58-61 Available online at http://pubs.sciepub.com/ajfn/5/2/2 ©Science and Education Publishing DOI:10.12691/ajfn-5-2-2 Accumulation of lipid in Dunaliella salina under Nutrient Starvation Condition Truc Mai1,2,*, Phuc Nguyen3, Trung Vo3,*, Hieu Huynh3, Son Tran3, Tran Nim3, Dat Tran3, Hung Nguyen3, Phung Bui3 1Department of Molecular Biology, New Mexico State University, New Mexico, USA 2Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, New Mexico, USA 3Department of Biochemistry and Toxicology, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Viet Nam *Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract The effect of nutrient starvation on lipid accumulation of Dunaliella salina A9 was studied. In nutrient starvation, cell colour changed from green to yellow (or orange) and cell growth reached stationary phase after 9 days of the culture. The study showed that under nutrient stress, decreased in cell growth is accompanied by carotenoid biosynthesis and lipid content of Dunaliella salina. The results of this study can be used to increase carotenoid and lipid production in microalgae for functional food and biofuel in the future. Keywords: Dunaliell salina A9, Dunaliella bardawil and Sulfo-phospho-vanillin reagent Cite This Article: Truc Mai, Phuc Nguyen, Trung Vo, Hieu Huynh, Son Tran, Tran Nim, Dat Tran, Hung Nguyen, and Phung Bui, “Accumulation of lipid in Dunaliella salina under Nutrient Starvation Condition.” American Journal of Food and Nutrition, vol. 5, no. 2 (2017): 58-61. doi: 10.12691/ajfn-5-2-2. of β-carotene is suppressed when lipid metabolism pathway is inhibited [30].
    [Show full text]
  • Producing Natural Mixed Carotenoids from Dunaliella Salina
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by International Institute for Science, Technology and Education (IISTE): E-Journals Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online) Vol.5, No.10, 2015 Producing Natural Mixed Carotenoids from Dunaliella salina Sabah I. Al-Muhteseb Al-Balqa Applied University, Zarka University College,Department of Allied Health, P.O. Box (313), Jordan Sadeq Emeish Al-Balqa Applied University, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Department of chemical engineering, P.O. Box (15008). 11134, Marka, Amman-Jordan. [email protected]; [email protected] Abstract The aim of this work was to cultivate the micro algae Dunaliella salina isolated from the Dead Sea by using a certain media. The cell number was found to be 6 million cells per ml after two weeks of cultivation. The micro algae was harvested and centrifuged, after that it was extracted using ethanol as a solvent. UV- spectrophotometry analysis was carried out for beta carotene and other carotenoids . The analysis showed the presence of different carotenoids, mainly beta carotene and a mixture of different compounds like astaxanthin, which can be considered as an added value.It is evident that this process should find its way for commercialization through a pilot plant at the first step, then by an industrial plant after verifying the results of the pilot plant. Keywords: Dunaliella salina , Beta Carotene, Cultivation, Cell counting, Astaxanthin, Extraction. 1. Introduction The microalgae which were found in the Dead Sea were 22 different types.
    [Show full text]