フォント & 外字 ◇◇◇ (Fonts and EUDC)
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Assessment of Options for Handling Full Unicode Character Encodings in MARC21 a Study for the Library of Congress
1 Assessment of Options for Handling Full Unicode Character Encodings in MARC21 A Study for the Library of Congress Part 1: New Scripts Jack Cain Senior Consultant Trylus Computing, Toronto 1 Purpose This assessment intends to study the issues and make recommendations on the possible expansion of the character set repertoire for bibliographic records in MARC21 format. 1.1 “Encoding Scheme” vs. “Repertoire” An encoding scheme contains codes by which characters are represented in computer memory. These codes are organized according to a certain methodology called an encoding scheme. The list of all characters so encoded is referred to as the “repertoire” of characters in the given encoding schemes. For example, ASCII is one encoding scheme, perhaps the one best known to the average non-technical person in North America. “A”, “B”, & “C” are three characters in the repertoire of this encoding scheme. These three characters are assigned encodings 41, 42 & 43 in ASCII (expressed here in hexadecimal). 1.2 MARC8 "MARC8" is the term commonly used to refer both to the encoding scheme and its repertoire as used in MARC records up to 1998. The ‘8’ refers to the fact that, unlike Unicode which is a multi-byte per character code set, the MARC8 encoding scheme is principally made up of multiple one byte tables in which each character is encoded using a single 8 bit byte. (It also includes the EACC set which actually uses fixed length 3 bytes per character.) (For details on MARC8 and its specifications see: http://www.loc.gov/marc/.) MARC8 was introduced around 1968 and was initially limited to essentially Latin script only. -
5892 Cisco Category: Standards Track August 2010 ISSN: 2070-1721
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) P. Faltstrom, Ed. Request for Comments: 5892 Cisco Category: Standards Track August 2010 ISSN: 2070-1721 The Unicode Code Points and Internationalized Domain Names for Applications (IDNA) Abstract This document specifies rules for deciding whether a code point, considered in isolation or in context, is a candidate for inclusion in an Internationalized Domain Name (IDN). It is part of the specification of Internationalizing Domain Names in Applications 2008 (IDNA2008). Status of This Memo This is an Internet Standards Track document. This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has received public review and has been approved for publication by the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 5741. Information about the current status of this document, any errata, and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5892. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2010 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License. -
Numerical Notation: a Comparative History
This page intentionally left blank Numerical Notation Th is book is a cross-cultural reference volume of all attested numerical notation systems (graphic, nonphonetic systems for representing numbers), encompassing more than 100 such systems used over the past 5,500 years. Using a typology that defi es progressive, unilinear evolutionary models of change, Stephen Chrisomalis identifi es fi ve basic types of numerical notation systems, using a cultural phylo- genetic framework to show relationships between systems and to create a general theory of change in numerical systems. Numerical notation systems are prima- rily representational systems, not computational technologies. Cognitive factors that help explain how numerical systems change relate to general principles, such as conciseness and avoidance of ambiguity, which also apply to writing systems. Th e transformation and replacement of numerical notation systems relate to spe- cifi c social, economic, and technological changes, such as the development of the printing press and the expansion of the global world-system. Stephen Chrisomalis is an assistant professor of anthropology at Wayne State Uni- versity in Detroit, Michigan. He completed his Ph.D. at McGill University in Montreal, Quebec, where he studied under the late Bruce Trigger. Chrisomalis’s work has appeared in journals including Antiquity, Cambridge Archaeological Jour- nal, and Cross-Cultural Research. He is the editor of the Stop: Toutes Directions project and the author of the academic weblog Glossographia. Numerical Notation A Comparative History Stephen Chrisomalis Wayne State University CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi, Dubai, Tokyo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521878180 © Stephen Chrisomalis 2010 This publication is in copyright. -
The Writing Revolution
9781405154062_1_pre.qxd 8/8/08 4:42 PM Page iii The Writing Revolution Cuneiform to the Internet Amalia E. Gnanadesikan A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication 9781405154062_1_pre.qxd 8/8/08 4:42 PM Page iv This edition first published 2009 © 2009 Amalia E. Gnanadesikan Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February 2007. Blackwell’s publishing program has been merged with Wiley’s global Scientific, Technical, and Medical business to form Wiley-Blackwell. Registered Office John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom Editorial Offices 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services, and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell. The right of Amalia E. Gnanadesikan to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. -
3 Writing Systems
Writing Systems 43 3 Writing Systems PETER T. DANIELS Chapters on writing systems are very rare in surveys of linguistics – Trager (1974) and Mountford (1990) are the only ones that come to mind. For a cen- tury or so – since the realization that unwritten languages are as legitimate a field of study, and perhaps a more important one, than the world’s handful of literary languages – writing systems were (rightly) seen as secondary to phonological systems and (wrongly) set aside as unworthy of study or at best irrelevant to spoken language. The one exception was I. J. Gelb’s attempt (1952, reissued with additions and corrections 1963) to create a theory of writ- ing informed by the linguistics of his time. Gelb said that what he wrote was meant to be the first word, not the last word, on the subject, but no successors appeared until after his death in 1985.1 Although there have been few lin- guistic explorations of writing, a number of encyclopedic compilations have appeared, concerned largely with the historical development and diffusion of writing,2 though various popularizations, both new and old, tend to be less than accurate (Daniels 2000). Daniels and Bright (1996; The World’s Writing Systems: hereafter WWS) includes theoretical and historical materials but is primarily descriptive, providing for most contemporary and some earlier scripts information (not previously gathered together) on how they represent (the sounds of) the languages they record. This chapter begins with a historical-descriptive survey of the world’s writ- ing systems, and elements of a theory of writing follow. -
Recognition of Online Handwritten Punjabi Numerals
Recognition of online Handwritten Punjabi numerals Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the degree of Masters of Science in Mathematics and Computing Submitted by Shivali Roll No. – 300903017 Under the guidance of Dr. R. K. Sharma JULY 2011 School of Mathematics and Computer Applications Thapar University Patiala – 147004(PUNJAB) INDIA 1 CONTENTS Certificate 4 Acknowledgment 5 List of Figures 6 Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Introduction 7 1.2 History of Handwritten Character Recognition 7 1.3 Classification of Character Recognition 8 1.4 Advantages of online Handwritten over offline 9 recognition 1.5 Disadvantages of online Handwritten over offline 9 recognition 1.6 Literature Review 10 1.7 Overview 13 Chapter 2: Pre-processing and its implementation 2.1 Data Collection 15 2.1.1 How to collect data 16 2.2 Pre-processing Steps 2.2.1 Size Normalization 16 2.2.2 Bezier Interpolation 18 2.2.3 Resampling of points 20 2.2.4 Smoothing 21 Chapter 3: Recognition Process 3.1 Introduction to Suppot vector machine 23 3.2 Applications of Support vector machine 24 3.3 Recognition of Punjabi numerals 25 2 Chapter 4: Conclusion and Future Scope 4.1: Results and Discussion 31 4.2: Conclusions and Future Scope 32 Appendix 34 References 3 CERTIFICATE I hereby certify that the work which is being presented in the thesis entitled “Recognition of online handwritten Punjabi numerals” in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of degree of Master of Mathematics and Computing, School of Mathematics and Computer Applications, Thapar University, Patiala is an authentic record of my own work carried out under the supervision of Dr. -
Church Slavonic Fonts
Church Slavonic Fonts Aleksandr Andreev∗ Nikita Simmons September 6, 2020 version 2.2 (pdf file generated on September 6, 2020) Contents 1 Introduction 2 1.1 License ................................ 3 1.2 Description .............................. 3 1.3 Installation and Usage ........................ 3 1.3.1 Font Formats ........................ 4 1.4 Source Packages ........................... 4 1.5 System Requirements ........................ 4 1.5.1 Microsoft Windows ..................... 5 1.5.2 GNU/Linux ......................... 5 1.5.3 OS X ............................. 5 1.6 Private Use Area ........................... 5 2 OpenType Tenology 6 2.1 On Microsoft Windows ....................... 6 2.2 On GNU/Linux ............................ 7 2.3 OpenType Features ......................... 7 2.3.1 Combining Mark Positioning ............... 7 2.3.2 Glyph Composition and Decomposition ......... 8 2.3.3 Language-based Features ................. 8 2.3.4 Stylistic Alternatives and Stylistic Sets .......... 9 2.4 SIL Graphite Technology ...................... 9 2.5 Support of Advanced Features in LibreOffice ........... 10 ∗ Comments may be directed to [email protected]. 1 3 Fonts for Synodal Slavonic 10 3.1 Ponomar Unicode .......................... 10 3.1.1 Advanced Features of the Font .............. 13 4 Fonts for Pre-Nikonian Printed Slavonic 15 4.1 Fedorovsk Unicode ......................... 15 4.1.1 Advanced Features of the Font .............. 16 5 Fonts for Working with Ancient Manuscripts 18 5.1 Menaion Unicode .......................... 18 5.1.1 Advanced Features of the Font .............. 18 6 Fonts for Academic Work 18 6.1 Monomakh Unicode ......................... 18 6.1.1 Advanced Features of the Font .............. 22 6.2 Shafarik ............................... 24 7 Decorative Fonts 24 7.1 Indiction Unicode .......................... 24 7.2 Vertograd Unicode .......................... 25 7.3 Cathisma Unicode ......................... -
Telu L2/20-105 TO: UTC FROM
telu L2/20-105 TO: UTC FROM: Deborah Anderson, Ken Whistler, Roozbeh Pournader, Lisa Moore, Peter Constable, and Liang Hai1 SUBJECT: Recommendations to UTC #163 April-May 2020 on Script Proposals DATE: April 20, 2020 The Script Ad Hoc group met on February 21, March 20, and April 17, 2020 in order to review proposals. The following represents feedback on proposals that were available when the group met. A table of contents is provided below. page I. EUROPE Latin 1 II. AFRICA Egyptian Hieroglyphs 4 III. MIDDLE EAST Arabic 5 IV. SOUTH AND CENTRAL ASIA Ahom 11 Brahmi 11 Gurmukhi 12 Mongolian 13 Tangsa 15 Telugu 16 Wancho 19 V. SOUTHEAST ASIA, INDONESIA, AND OCEANIA Javanese 20 Western Cham 21 VI. EAST ASIA Nushu 21 VII. SYMBOLS AND NUMERICAL NOTATION SYSTEMS Kaktovik numerals 22 Quikscript 22 Unicode Symbols representing Disasters 23 VIII. PUBLIC REVIEW FEEDBACK ON SCRIPTS Gurmukhi, W. Cham, Legacy Computing, Old Chinese Iteration Marks, Devanagari 24 I. EUROPE 1. Latin 1a. Extended IPA and VoQS Document: L2/20-116 Expansion of the extIPA and VoQS – Miller and Ball 1 Also participating were Ben Yang, Craig Cornelius, Michel Suignard, Manish Goregaokar, Ned Holbrook, Andrew Glass, Marek Jeziorek, Norbert Lindenberg, Steven Loomis, Patrick Chew, Sesh Sadisivam, Markus Scherer, and Lorna Evans. 1 Comments: We reviewed this proposal for 22 characters used to represent disordered speech. This proposal includes a set of 21 IPA extension characters and one Voice Quality Symbol (VoQS). The proposal combines characters from proposals seen at the January 2020 UTC (L2/20-038 and L2/20-039), with the addition of MODIFIER LETTER SMALL FENG DIGRAPH. -
Church Slavonic Typography in the Unicode Standard
Chur Slavonic Typography in Unicode Unicode Technical Note #41 Aleksandr Andreev¹ Yuri Shardt Nikita Simmons Table of Contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1 What is Church Slavonic? ..................................... 1 1.2 e Unicode Standard ....................................... 7 1.3 Guidelines of is Technical Note ................................ 9 2 Repertoire Identification 10 2.1 Church Slavonic Leers ...................................... 10 2.2 Numerical Symbols ........................................ 19 2.3 Punctuation ............................................ 20 2.4 Diacritical Marks ......................................... 21 2.5 Combining Leers ......................................... 23 2.6 Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs ............................. 25 2.7 Ecphonetic Notation ........................................ 28 3 Implementation 29 3.1 Combining Diacritical and Enclosing Marks .......................... 29 3.2 Combining Marks in Isolation .................................. 29 3.3 Multiple Combining Marks .................................... 30 3.4 Combining Marks over Multiple Base Characters ........................ 33 3.5 Palatalization ............................................ 34 3.6 Spacing and Hyphenation ..................................... 35 3.7 Glyph Variants ........................................... 38 3.8 Ligatures .............................................. 41 4 Font Design and Development 43 4.1 Font Design and Distribution ................................... 43 4.2 Character Repertoire -
Arabic Numbers 1- 100 Chart Pdf
"> You will learn in this lesson: Arabic numbers, cardinal numbers, ordinal numbers in "> Continue Arabic numbers 1- 100 chart pdf "> "> You will learn in this lesson: Arabic numbers, cardinal numbers, ordinal numbers in Arabic. The table below shows examples of Arabic numbers. The first and the fifth columns have numbers used in some Arab countries; they’re not of Arabic origins but still used in many places especially copies of the Holy Qur’an …. Nowadays what tis’a ﺛﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ٩ thamaniya (th in thin) 9 ﺳﺒﻌﺔ ٨ sab’a 8 ﺳﺘﺔ ٧ sitta 7 ﺧﻤﺴﺔ ٦ khamsa 6 أرﺑﻌﺔ ٥ arba’a 5 ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ٤ thalatha (th as in bath) 4 إﺛﻨﺎن ٣ ithnan 3 واﺣﺪ ٢ wahid 2 ﺻﻔﺮ ١ 0 sifr 1 ٠ we call the Arabic numbers are the numbers shown on the columns 2 and 6, which are used by the Arab world as well as the rest of the world. Arabic Numbers wahed ﻋﺸﺮون ٢١ ishrun 21‘ ﺗﺴﻌﺔ ﻋﺸﺮ ٢٠ tis’a ‘ashar 20 ﺛﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﺸﺮ ١٩ thamaniya ‘ashar 19 ﺳﺒﻌﺔ ﻋﺸﺮ ١٨ sab’a ‘ashar 18 ﺳﺘﺔ ﻋﺸﺮ ١٧ sitta ‘ashar 17 ﺧﻤﺴﺔ ﻋﺸﺮ ١٦ khamsa ‘ashar 16 أرﺑﻌﺔ ﻋﺸﺮ ١٥ arba’a ‘ashar 15 ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻋﺸﺮ ١٤ thalatha ‘ashar 14 إﺛﻨﺎ ﻋﺸﺮ ١٣ ithna ‘ashar 13 إﺣﺪى ﻋﺸﺮ ١٢ ahada ‘ashar 12 ﻋﺸﺮة ١١ ashra 11‘ ﺗﺴﻌﺔ ١٠ 10 ﺗﺴﻌﺔ و tis’a wa-’ishrun ﺛﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ و ﻋﺸﺮون ٢٩ thamaniya wa-’ishrun 29 ﺳﺒﻌﺔ وﻋﺸﺮون ٢٨ sab’a wa-’ishrun 28 ﺳﺘﺔ و ﻋﺸﺮون ٢٧ sitta wa-’ishrun 27 ﺧﻤﺴﺔ و ﻋﺸﺮون ٢٦ khamsa wa-’ishrun 26 أرﺑﻌﺔ و ﻋﺸﺮون ٢٥ arba’a wa-’ishrun 25 ﺛﻼﺛﺔ و ﻋﺸﺮون ٢٤ thalatha wa-’ishrun 24 إﺛﻨﺎن وﻋﺸﺮون ٢٣ ithnane wa-’ishrun 23 واﺣﺪ و ﻋﺸﺮون ٢٢ wa-’ishrun 22 ﺛﻤﺎﻧﻮن ٨٦ thamanun ﺧﻤﺴﺔ و ﺳﺒﻌﻮن ٨٠ khamsa wa-sab’un 80 ﺳﺒﻌﻮن ٧٥ sab’un 75 أرﺑﻌﺔ و ﺳﺘﻮن ٧٠ arba'a wa-sittun 70 ﺳﺘﻮن ٦٤ -
Read Book \ Numeral Systems: Aegean Numerals, Algorism
[PDF] Numeral Systems: Aegean Numerals, Algorism, Babylonian Numerals, Bi-Quinary Coded Decimal, Bijective Numeration, Binary-Coded Decimal, Numeral Systems: Aegean Numerals, Algorism, Babylonian Numerals, Bi- Quinary Coded Decimal, Bijective Numeration, Binary-Coded Decimal, Book Review This publication is amazing. It is actually loaded with knowledge and wisdom You will like the way the blogger write this publication. (K eon A lt enwert h) NUMERA L SYSTEMS: A EGEA N NUMERA LS, A LGORISM, BA BYLONIA N NUMERA LS, BI-QUINA RY CODED DECIMA L, BIJECTIV E NUMERATION, BINA RY-CODED DECIMA L, - To read Numeral Systems: A eg ean Numerals, A lg orism, Babylonian Numerals, Bi-Quinary Coded Decimal, Bijective Numeration, Binary-Coded Decimal, PDF, remember to follow the web link beneath and save the ebook or have access to other information that are in conjuction with Numeral Systems: Aegean Numerals, Algorism, Babylonian Numerals, Bi-Quinary Coded Decimal, Bijective Numeration, Binary-Coded Decimal, ebook. » Download Numeral Systems: A eg ean Numerals, A lg orism, Babylonian Numerals, Bi-Quinary Coded Decimal, Bijective Numeration, Binary-Coded Decimal, PDF « Our website was launched using a wish to work as a full on the internet electronic library that offers access to multitude of PDF file e-book selection. You may find many kinds of e-book and other literatures from the documents data source. Distinct well-known subject areas that spread out on our catalog are famous books, solution key, exam test question and solution, information paper, training manual, quiz example, user manual, consumer guidance, service instructions, maintenance manual, and so on. All e-book all rights remain with all the authors, and downloads come ASIS. -
Greek Abcdefghijklmno
Autoclick - typing UNICODE - http://pcl.to/unicode © RedTitan™ Technology 2005 ÊËÌÍÎÏ&'Ï(ËÎ)ÎÏ*Ë+,-./01Ï234567Ï89:0Ï;<Ï=4Ï>04?;+Í&Ïê To view this document as UNICODE.TXT you need Notepad conf igured for font Arial on Windows XP Most Windows XP text utilities support Unicode using UTF - see http://pcl.to/unicode/utf .xml Many Windows XP fonts have more than 255 character glyphs defined. For example, the font Arial has 1419 glyphs defined which covers many foreign languages and a lot of technical symbols. Check your favourite font on http://pcl.to/pclt/ The question remains - How do you insert UTF encoded UNICODE into a docum ent like this text file? You can buy specialist editors and a new keyboard but if you just want to insert a small amount of ÊËÌÍÎËÏ Arabic text there has got to be an easier way! The AUTOCLICK utility from RedTitan provides an answer. Just click on the character and you too can - ABCÏDEFGHIJCÏKFLBMNÏ (type in Greek) Unicode code plane 0x03: JDOPBCQHGMIKRCLSTENUVWXYZ[Ï- Greek Unicode code plane 0x04: \]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{Ï- Russian Unicode code plane 0x05: &'()*+ - Hebrew Unicode code plane 0x06: ÊËÌÍÎËÏ -Arabic Print this document with a PCL driver and use RedTitan EscapeE to convert to PDF. Note: AutoClick supports characters in the rang e 0x0000 to 0xFFFF. i.e. two byte. Version 3 UNICODE defines 3 bytes and moves some of the original glyph ranges (e.g Chinese). The full list looks like this Unicode version 3.0 - range start codes. 0000 Basic Latin 0080 Latin-1 Supplem ent 0100 Latin Extended-A 0180 Latin