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The Foreign Service Journal, March 1922 (American Consular Bulletin)

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The Foreign Service Journal, March 1922 (American Consular Bulletin) AMERICAN GRAPE SHIPPING AT ALMERIA Photograph furnished by Vice Consul Percy G. Kemp, showing 350,000 barrels of grapes, half of them consigned to the United States, awaiting shipment on the docks at Almeria, Spain $4.00 A YEAR 35 CENTS A COPY The American Qonsular Association OFFICERS WILBUR J. CARR Director of the Consular Service Honorary President HERBERT C. HENGSTLER. .. .Chief of the Consular Bureau Honorary Vice President Consul General CHARLES C. EBERHARDT President Consul General STUART J. FULLER Vice President Consul DONALD D. SHEPARD Secretary-Treasurer Consul TRACY LAY Chairman Consul HARRY A. MCBRIDE Vice Chairman COMMITTEES EXECUTIVE Consul General NATHANIEL B. STEWART Chairman Consul General DEWITT C. POOLE Consul General ROGER C. TREDWELL Consul General NELSON T. JOHNSON Consul TRACY LAY RECEPTION Consul General ROGER C. TREDWELL Chairman Consul FREDERICK SIMPICH Consul EDWIN L. NEVILLE Consul FRANK C. LEE BULLETIN STAFF Consul General DEWITT C. POOLE Editor Consul FREDERICK SIMPICH Editor Consul HARRY A. MCBRIDE Business Manager Consul HAMILTON C. CLAIBORNE Treasurer The American Consular Association is an unofficial and voluntary association embracing most of the members of the Consular Service of the United States. It was formed for the purpose of fostering esprit de corps among the members of the Consular Service, to strengthen Service spirit, and to establish a center around which might be grouped the united efforts of its members for the improve¬ ment of the Service. RANSDELL INCORPORATED, PRINTERS. WASHINGTON LLET1N PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE AMERICAN CONSULAR ASSOCIATION VOL. IV, No. 3 WASHINGTON, D. C. MARCH, 1922 “M. I. D.” And How It Works By Major Marlborough Churchill, General Staff, United States Army NO private corporation can ever successfully gradually come to play its part in this govern¬ conduct business unless its managing direc¬ mental cooperation. For this reason, a brief de¬ tors are in the possession of correct infor¬ scription of its past history, its growth, its organ¬ mation. In a similar way the business of our ization and its functions may be of interest to its Government cannot be carried on without waste, colleagues in the Consular Service. delay and loss of prestige unless governmental de¬ A BLIND PRIZE-FIGHTER cisions are predicated upon facts and not upon An army without an efficient intelligence service theories. To obtain this essential information is like a prize-fighter without ears or eyes. How¬ accurately and promptly and to prepare it in ever, in spite of this well-accepted axiom, our neg¬ usable form, every federal governmental agency must collaborate and cooperate with every other. lect of military intelligence in the years which The officers of all executive departments must immediately preceded the Great War was well- nigh incredible. The service evolved during the realize that no one single department, unaided by Civil War soon dropped back to nothing and re¬ the others, will ever he able to obtain a compre¬ hensive view or complete understanding of any mained at zero until 1885. In that year a simple broad or complicated question. In the interlock¬ inquiry from the Secretary of War as to the ing system of governmental information each de¬ strength of a foreign army brought forth the fact partment must play its part, and all must work that not a single officer in the War Department together. was charged with the collection, evaluation and dissemination of military information. Before the Great War, to a regrettable extent, This incident led to the creation of a Military- the State Department, the War Department, the Information Division in the office of the Adjutant Navy Department, the Department of Commerce General. In 1903, the General Staff was organized and the Department of Justice occupied adjoining by Secretary Root; and the information service water-tight compartments. The Great War broke of the Adjutant General’s office was transferred down the bulkheads joining those compartments, to it. But, on account of the small number of especially in the matter of obtaining and inter¬ General Staff officers and also because of the re¬ changing information. Today they are all work¬ grettable lack of appreciation of the importance ing together; and the cooperation is becoming bet¬ of intelligence in time of peace, it was never ter every day. properly organized or supported. In 1908, due Since 1917, the Military Intelligence Division to a faulty reorganization of the General Staff, it of the War Department General Staff, known dropped into insignificance. As a result, we went within the War Department as G-2, or the Second into a war with Germany with a Military Intelli¬ Division of the, General Staff, but commonly re¬ gence Service consisting of two officers and two ferred to outside the Department as M. 1. D., has clerks in Washington and a few Military Attaches [55] AMERICAN rONSHLAR BULLETIN and military observers in foreign countries. The Operations and Training Division (G-3), and the officers in foreign countries were left almost with¬ fourth, or Supply Division (G-4). On these four out supervision, direction or support and often divisions, General Pershing has wisely superim¬ “carried on” with help of their own personal posed a fifth, or War Plans Division, to handle funds. The appropriations for the fiscal year major policies and to become a General Head¬ 1917 reached the ridiculous figure of $11,000! quarters in time of war, which can be transferred This state of affairs left our Army blind. to the field without disrupting the War Depart¬ ment General Staff. WHAT PERSHING STARTED WITH The functions assigned to the Military Intelli¬ Even when General Pershing landed in Europe gence Division, or G-2, by General Orders No. in May, 1917, he had but three intelligence offi¬ 41, 1921, are as follows: cers, who were faced with the task of furnishing The Military Intelligence Division is him with information concerning the enemy and charged, in general, with those duties of the of groping through the baffling complications of War Department General Staff which relate European intrigue. From these tiny beginnings there were quickly to the collection, evaluation, and dissemina¬ developed the highly efficient intelligence service tion of military information. It is specifi¬ of the American Expeditionary Forces known as cally charged with the preparation of plans G-2, G. H. Q., and the vast, globe-covering sys¬ and policies and the supervision of all ac¬ tem directed by M. I. D. in Washington. These tivities concerning: two services were parts of one well-knit, har¬ (1) Military topographical surveys and monious whole. This result, which played its part maps, including their reproduction and dis¬ in the ultimate victory, was due to the ability and tribution (except special situation maps pre¬ devotion to duty of Brigadier General Dennis E. pared by G-3). Nolan, General Pershing’s intelligence officer, and (2) The custody of the General Staff map of Colonel Ralph H. Van Deman, the “father of and photograph collection. American military intelligence.” The work these officers and their associates did (3) Military Attaches, observers, and for¬ and the system they built up were generally recog¬ eign language students. nized as being essential elements of war-time na¬ (4) Intelligence personnel of all units. tional organization. To the success of their work (5) Liaison with other intelligence both the Diplomatic Service and the Consular agencies of the Government and with duly Service contributed much. accredited foreign Military Attaches and missions. SINCE THE WAR (6) Codes and ciphers. The peace-time necessity for continuing mili¬ (7) Translations. tary intelligence work was not so generally ac¬ cepted ; and the present position of intelligence in (8) Relations with the press. the organization of the War Department General (9) Censorship in time of war. Staff and in the interlocking system of govern¬ One of the major functions assigned to G-2 is mental information has not been attained without the furnishing to the War Plans Division and three years of struggle against prejudice and pre¬ other divisions of the General Staff the correct conceived erroneous ideas. It has been particu¬ military and geographic information essential to larly difficult to convince Congress that the the efficient preparation of war plans. But an¬ $11,000 appropriated for the primitive system of other major function is that of collecting, evalu¬ 1917 is not sufficient for the modern, comprehen¬ ating, collating and disseminating correct infor¬ sive system of 1919, 1920, 1921 and 1922. mation as to the military, political and economic Any army General Staff must be organized so situation in all parts of the world, in order that as to supervise administration, to furnish infor¬ the necessity for the initiation of war plans may mation, to make plans and to supervise and co¬ be correctly foreseen and foreseen in time to be ordinate supply. Our Army has perpetuated the of value. well-tried war-time general staff organization; and the General Staff is now organized into the first, EVERY SIDE OF LIFE STUDIED or Personnel Division (G-l), the second, or Mili¬ Before the Great War the majority of military tary Intelligence Division (G-2), the third, or men concentrated their attention upon the purely [56] military factor in any given situation and left to five essential functions of any information serv¬ their diplomatic colleagues all consideration of ice, viz., to administer, to collect, to evaluate, to political, economic and psychologic factors. The collate and to disseminate. conflict with Germany taught us all that wars are The various agencies necessary to the adminis¬ waged not by armies and navies alone, but by tration of the Division are grouped around the nations; that they are brought about by political Chief of the Division who, in War Department events; that their continuance is often dependent parlance, is known as the A.
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