Using Cemetery Data to Reconstruct Immigration and Migration Patterns: St
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USING CEMETERY DATA TO RECONSTRUCT IMMIGRATION AND MIGRATION PATTERNS: ST. MICHAEL’S CEMETERY, PENSACOLA, FLORIDA by Sarah Elizabeth Patterson B.A., University of Tennessee, 2006 A thesis submitted to the Department of Anthropology College of Arts and Sciences The University of West Florida In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts 2013 © 2013 Sarah Elizabeth Patterson The thesis of Sarah Elizabeth Patterson is approved: ____________________________________________ _________________ Amy M. Mitchell-Cook, Ph.D., Committee Member Date ____________________________________________ _________________ Margo S. Stringfield, M.A., Committee Member Date ____________________________________________ _________________ John E. Worth, Ph.D., Committee Chair Date Accepted for the Department/Division: ____________________________________________ _________________ John R. Bratten, Ph.D., Chair Date Accepted for the University: ____________________________________________ _________________ Richard S. Podemski, Ph.D., Dean, Graduate School Date ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank the members of my committee, Dr. John Worth, Dr. Amy Mitchell-Cook, and Ms. Margo Stringfield. This project would not have been possible without their guidance and assistance. Their tolerance of and cooperation with my extremely long commute and frequent e-mails were a vital part of my actually finishing this thesis. Dr. Worth was immeasurably helpful with puzzling through all of my numbers, Dr. Mitchell-Cook helped me tie everything together and kicked my grammar into much better shape, and Ms. Stringfield assisted my efforts in figuring out how to use the St. Michael’s Cemetery database to learn about immigration and migration. I would not have been able to finish this project without them. Of course, thank you to the University of West Florida Anthropology Department, the Archaeology Institute, and the St. Michael’s Cemetery Foundation. These organizations made my education as well as my research possible. I would also like to thank my mother for accompanying me on many long drives from my home in Knoxville, Tennessee to Pensacola for research and meetings. Her assistance and support helped keep me going during the lengthy process. My little brother was also very helpful during this process. He double-checked my data and read through my thesis after I had worked on it so long that I could no longer tell where the problems were. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................................. iv LIST OF TABLES......................................................................................................................... vi LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................... ix LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS......................................................................................................... xiii ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................. xiv INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................................1 CHAPTER I. HISTORY ..........................................................................................................9 CHAPTER II. RESEARCH METHODS ................................................................................28 CHAPTER III. RESULTS ........................................................................................................35 A. Results-Cemetery Database .......................................................................35 B. Results-Census...........................................................................................43 C. Results-Comparison...................................................................................66 D. Direct Comparison of Database Information.............................................72 CHAPTER IV. CONCLUSIONS .............................................................................................92 REFERENCES ..............................................................................................................................97 APPENDIXES .............................................................................................................................103 A. Photographs of St. Michael’s Cemetery ..................................................104 B. St. Michael’s Cemetery Database by Place .............................................109 C. St. Michael’s Cemetery Database by Year and Place..............................113 D. 1850 and 1880 Census Record Tables.....................................................145 E. St. Michael’s Cemetery Database by Lower Southeast and Outside United States........................................................................181 F. St. Michael’s Cemetery Database by Ratio .............................................194 v LIST OF TABLES 1. Database-Birth Region.........................................................................................................37 B1. Countries in St. Michael’s Cemetery Database.................................................................110 B2. States in St. Michael’s Cemetery Database.......................................................................111 B3. Birth Region in St. Michael’s Cemetery Database ...........................................................112 C1. St. Michael’s Cemetery Database by Birth Year-Five-Year Interval ...............................114 C2. St. Michael’s Cemetery Database by Birth Year-10-Year Interval ..................................115 C3. St. Michael’s Cemetery Database by Birth Year-25-Year Interval ..................................116 C4. St. Michael’s Cemetery Database by Birth Year and Country .........................................117 C5. St. Michael’s Cemetery Database by Birth Year and State...............................................124 C6. St. Michael’s Cemetery Database by Death Year-Five-Year Interval..............................129 C7. St. Michael’s Cemetery Database by Death Year-10-Year Interval .................................130 C8. St. Michael’s Cemetery Database by Death Year-25-Year Interval .................................131 C9. St. Michael’s Cemetery Database by Death Year and Country ........................................132 C10. St. Michael’s Cemetery Database by Death Year and State .............................................139 D1. 1850 Census Birthplace-United States..............................................................................146 D2. 1850 Census Birthplace-Country/Continent .....................................................................147 D3. 1850 Census Birthplace-Miscellaneous............................................................................148 D4. 1850 Census Occupations .................................................................................................149 D5. 1850 Census-Birthplace by Occupation............................................................................153 D6. 1880 Census Birthplace-United States..............................................................................159 D7. 1880 Census Birthplace-Country/Continent .....................................................................160 D8. 1880 Census Birthplace-Miscellaneous............................................................................161 vi D9. 1880 Census Occupations .................................................................................................162 D10. 1880 Census-Birthplace by Occupation............................................................................171 E1. St. Michael’s Cemetery Database-Lower Southeast by Birth Year (AL, LA, FL, GA, and MS) by Five-Year Interval..................................................182 E2. St. Michael’s Cemetery Database-Lower Southeast by Birth Year by 10-Year Interval ..................................................................................................183 E3. St. Michael’s Cemetery Database-Lower Southeast by Birth Year by 25-Year Interval ..................................................................................................184 E4. St. Michael’s Cemetery Database-Lower Southeast by Death Year (AL, LA, FL, GA, and MS) by Five-Year Interval..................................................185 E5. St. Michael’s Cemetery Database-Lower Southeast by Death Year by 10-Year Interval ..................................................................................................186 E6. St. Michael’s Cemetery Database-Lower Southeast by Death Year by 25-Year Interval ..................................................................................................187 E7. St. Michael’s Cemetery Database-Outside United States by Birth Year by Five-Year Interval......................................................................................188 E8. St. Michael’s Cemetery Database-Outside United States by Birth Year by 10-Year Interval.........................................................................................189 E9. St. Michael’s Cemetery Database-Outside United States by Birth Year by 25-Year Interval.........................................................................................190 E10. St. Michael’s Cemetery Database-Outside United States by Death Year by Five-Year