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Table Des Matieres UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO FACULTE DES SCIENCES DEPARTEMENT DE BIOLOGIE ET ECOLOGIE VEGETALE MEMOIRE POUR L’OBTENTION DU DIPLOME D’ETUDES APPROFONDIES Option: Ecologie Végétale CONTRIBUTION A L’ETUDE DE L’ESPECE MENACEE Eulophiella roempleriana (Rchb.) Schltr. ORCHIDACEAE Structure de la population – Biologie et Ecologie de la reproduction Présenté par RAMAHENINA Joharintsoa Aina (Maitre ès-Sciences) Soutenu publiquement le 21 Décembre 2006 Devant la commission du Jury, composée de : Président : Professeur RAJERIARISON Charlotte Rapporteurs : Docteur RABAKONANDRIANINA Elisabeth. Docteur ROBERTS David Examinateurs : Docteur RAKOUTH Bakolimalala Docteur FALINIAINA Lucien - 1 - - 2 - REMERCIEMENTS Je tiens à exprimer ici ma reconnaissance, A ma famille qui m’a supporté sans relâche dans l’accomplissement de mes études et de ce mémoire. A ma fiancée qui m’a épaulé dans les moments difficiles. J’insiste également à adresser mes vifs remerciements, A mes encadreurs, le Dr Rabakonandrianina Elisabeth et le Dr ROBERTS David qui malgré leurs nombreuses occupations et responsabilités, m’ont prodigué sans faille de précieux conseils et savoir-faire sans quoi le présent mémoire n’aura pas vu le jour. Aux membres du Jury, Le Professeur RAJERIARISON Charlotte, d’avoir bien voulu accepté de présider la commission. Le Dr Faliniaina Lucien et le Dr Bakolimalala Rakouth, d’avoir donné de leur temps si précieux pour examiner les travaux rapportés dans ce mémoire. A tous ceux qui ont contribué à la réalisation de mes travaux, L’équipe du Royal Botanical Garden (RBG, Kew), pour la prise en charge de la logistique et le financement de toutes les activités. L’équipe du Centre Technique d’Horticulture d’Antananarivo, Nanisana (CTHA), pour les travaux de laboratoire. Monsieur Lalao (Laboratoire du DBEV Ankatso), pour son assistance inconditionnelle dans les activités de terrain à Ranomafana et à Mantadia. Monsieur Joseph et Monsieur Alfred (agents du Parc d’Andasibe-Mantadia), pour le partage de leurs expériences et le guidage à Mantadia et Analamazaotra. Grâce éternelle à Dieu sans qui rien ne serait possible et grand merci à vous tous !! - 3 - LISTE DES ABREVIATIONS CTHA : Centre des Techniques Horticoles d’Antananarivo Dhp : Diamètre à hauteur de poitrine IBR : Inventaire Biologique Rapide IUCN : International Union to the Conservation of Nature PBZT : Parc Botanique et Zoologique de Tsimbazaza PN : Parc National RBG : Royal Botanical Garden Kew. RS : Réserve Spéciale SAPM : Système d’aires protégées de Madagascar TPA : Threatned Plants Appeal (Projet du RBG) UICN : Union Internationale pour la Conservation de la Nature - 4 - SOMMAIRE INTRODUCTION CHAPITRE I : ZONE D’ETUDE Le site d’étude (Ranomena) dans le Parc national de Ranomafana CHAPITRE II : MATERIEL ET METHODES Position systématique d’Eulophiella roempleriana (Classification) Biologie et Ecologie de l’espèce Méthodologie (étude de la population, de la reproduction et culture in-vitro) CHAPITRE III : RESULTATS ET INTERPRETATIONS Analyses quantitatives et qualitatives CHAPITRE IV : DISCUSSIONS Reconsidération du cadre théorique sur le sujet de l’étude. Perspectives et extension du thème de la recherche. CONCLUSIONS ET RECOMMANDATIONS - 5 - INTRODUCTION L’orchidée est l’image par excellence de la flore malgache d’abord par son abondance, mais surtout par sa diversité. On a estimé entre 1000 et le nombre des espèces d’orchidées malgaches (Du Puy et al., 1999), réparties en 55 genres dont la majorité est endémique de la Grande île. Les orchidées se sont adaptées à différents types d’habitat, la forêt dense humide de basse et moyenne altitude, la forêt sèche caducifoliée, la savane et même les zones marécageuses. Les Parcs nationaux de Ranomafana et de Mantadia Andasibe reflètent bien la richesse de la biodiversité malgache particulièrement en espèces végétales. En effet, un grand nombre d’espèces endémiques d’orchidées s’y trouvent dont la célèbre Eulophiella roempleriana (Rchb. F.) Schltr. qualifiée de « reine des orchidées » par beaucoup de botaniste. Le genre Eulophiella Rolfe regroupe six espèces toutes endémiques dont cinq épiphytes E. elisabethae Linden & Rolfe, E. galbana, E. saboureaui Ursch & Toill., E. capuroniana Bosser & Morat, E. roempleriana (Rchb.) Schltr. et une terrestre E. ericophila Bosser. E. roempleriana se distingue des autres espèces par la taille de ses feuilles et par ses imposantes inflorescences. Mais on la reconnait facilement aussi à travers ses splendides fleurs roses pourpres érigées en hauteur entre les feuilles de Pandanus. Cette espèce a été longtemps convoitée et très recherchée par des collectionneurs et orchidophiles locaux et étrangers. De ce fait, l’espèce en question et beaucoup d’autres orchidées malgaches faisaient l’objet d’une exploitation abusive à travers des collectes massives et illicites dans leur habitat naturel. Par ailleurs, ces plantes sont également menacées d’extinction par la perte progressive de leur habita naturel à cause de la déforestation. Ainsi, pour faire face à cette situation alarmante et afin de contribuer aux efforts de conservation du patrimoine floristique malgache, le projet Threatened Plants Appeal du RBG, Kew fut établi. - 6 - Un de ses objectifs principaux est de renforcer les connaissances et les données sur quelques espèces prioritaires ciblées afin de développer des stratégies de conservation efficaces. Six espèces d’orchidées dont Eulophiella roempleriana ont été désignées pour faire l’objet d’études approfondies in situ c’est-à-dire dans leur habitat d’origine mais également en laboratoire (ex situ). Bien que des efforts ont été déployés notamment les travaux de ANDRIANJOHANINARIVO (2004) et ceux de RAHELIVOLOLONA (2003) les données sur E. roempleriana s’avèrent encore incomplètes. Ce qui justifie la raison d’être et l’objet de l’étude rapportée dans le présent mémoire qui est de contribuer à la conservation de l’espèce en question en produisant des données biologique et écologiques fiables provenant de ses habitats naturels connus se trouvant dans le parc national de Ranomafana et le complexe protégé Analamazaotra Mantadia. Notre travail comprend quatre parties distinctes : - la première est consacrée à décrire le milieu d’étude - la seconde partie expose le matériel d’étude ainsi que la méthodologie - la troisième partie présente les résultats et leurs interprétations - la dernière partie rapporte les discussions. - 7 - Chapitre I ZONE D’ETUDE - 8 - Chapitre I : ZONE D’ETUDE I. LOCALISATION Notre zone d’étude est située dans le secteur III du Parc National de Ranomafana à environ 2h de marche vers le Nord-est depuis le village d’Ambatolahy. Ce village se trouve près d’un pont au bord de la route nationale 25 vers Ifanadiana dans la descente vers la ville de Ranomafana. Eulophiella roempleriana vit généralement dans une forêt de Pandanus localisé le long de la rivière Ranomena dans une zone correspondant au coordonnées géographiques suivante : E 47° 26’ / S 21° 12’ et à une altitude moyenne de 900 m. Cette espèce a été également rencontrée dans plusieurs endroits du Parc national de Mantadia (ANDRIAJOHANINARIVO, 2004) dont deux sites qui été prospectés durant le mandat de nos travaux de terrain, le site de Menavato au nord est du parc (E 48° 29’ / S 18° 46’) et celui de Sahasarotra nord situé dans le Nord est du parc (E 48° 28’ / S 18° 48’). Ces deux sites se trouvant à une altitude moyenne de 1000 m environ. II. LE MILIEU NATUREL A- Milieu physique 1- Relief Le Parc National de Ranomafana est à cheval entre le versant oriental des hautes terres et la partie orientale de basse altitude. Les sites où se trouvent l’espèce et son hôte sont généralement des vallées plus ou moins étroites ou bien des bas versants dans lesquels se trouvent des petites rivières ou des affluents d’un plus grand cours d’eau. 2-Climat Cette région est comprise dans le Bioclimat de type perhumide (Cornet, 1974) et elle fait partie de la flore du vent tempéré (Humbert, 1965 ; Koechlin et al, 1974) - 9 - Températures Les valeurs des moyennes mensuelles des températures sont présentées dans le tableau ci-dessous. Tableau 01 : Valeurs mensuelles des moyennes de température Mois Jui Aoû Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Fév Mar Avr Mai Jui T°min 12,5 12,3 13,7 15,6 17,4 18,8 19,4 19,2 18,6 17,6 14,7 12,4 T°max 23,6 24,2 26,3 28,7 29,6 30,2 30 30 28,4 28,2 26,1 24,1 T°moy 18,1 18,3 20 22,2 23,5 24,5 24,7 24,6 23,5 22,9 20,4 18,3 Les températures moyennes minimales (12,3°c) sont enregistrées en Juillet et Août tandis que les moyennes maximales (30,2°c) sont en Décembre, Janvier et Février (Fig1). 40 30 20 10 Température (°C) Température 0 Jui Aoû Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Fév Mar Avr Mai Jui Mois T°min T°max T°moy Figure 01 : variation mensuelle des températures Les précipitations Cette région fait partie de la zone à forte pluviosité et reste humide presque toute l’année. Ce qui constitue une des conditions favorables à l’épanouissement des orchidées épiphytes. - 10 - Tableau 02 : Valeurs mensuelles des moyennes de précipitation Jui Aoû Sep Oct Nov Déc Jan Fév Mar Avr Mai Jui Pluie 102,9 106,3 67,7 66,1 170 352 410,3 410,8 414,3 136,8 85,5 96,1 Jours 15 12 9 9 16 19 20 18 22 15 13 13 Les précipitations les plus fortes sont enregistrées de Décembre jusqu’à Mars tandis que Septembre et Octobre sont les plus secs. 500 30 400 20 300 200 10 100 0 0 Nombre Nombre de jours Précipitations (mm)Précipitations Jui Aoû Sep Oct Nov Déc Jan Fév Mar Avr Mai Jui Mois Précipitations Jours Figure 02 : variation moyenne mensuelle des précipitations Diagramme ombrothermique (DOT) Ce diagramme nous permet d’estimer la durée de la saison sèche d’une zone donnée par une synthèse des données pluviométriques et de température sur un même graphique (l’échelle de la température est le double de celle des précipitations) Ranomafana ne présente pas de saison sèche, cette région reste humide toute l’année.
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