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The Impact of Community Grassroots Campaigns on Public Library Closures

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The Impact of Community Grassroots Campaigns on Public Library Closures THE IMPACT OF COMMUNITY GRASSROOTS CAMPAIGNS ON PUBLIC LIBRARY CLOSURES John Mowbray This dissertation was submitted in part fulfilment of requirements for the degree of MSc Information and Library Studies DEPT. OF COMPUTER AND INFORMATION SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF STRATHCLYDE September 2014 DECLARATION This dissertation is submitted in part fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MSc of the University of Strathclyde. I declare that this dissertation embodies the results of my own work and that it has been composed by myself. Following normal academic conventions, I have made due acknowledgement to the work of others. I declare that I have sought, and received, ethics approval via the Departmental Ethics Committee as appropriate to my research. I give permission to the University of Strathclyde, Department of Computer and Information Sciences, to provide copies of the dissertation, at cost, to those who may in the future request a copy of the dissertation for private study or research. I give permission to the University of Strathclyde, Department of Computer and Information Sciences, to place a copy of the dissertation in a publicly available archive. Yes [ ] No [ ] I declare that the word count for this dissertation (excluding title page, declaration, abstract, acknowledgements, table of contents, list of illustrations, references and appendices is 22,111. I confirm that I wish this to be assessed as a Type 1 2 3 4 5 Dissertation Signature: Date: II Abstract Community grassroots campaigns against proposed public library closures have been locked into conflicts with local authorities across the UK in recent years. No previous research has been specifically aimed at the plight of these local library activists, and so the researcher was keen to explore who they are, what they do, and the impact they have on the overall library closure process. The aim of this study was to reach as many campaigners from across the country as possible, and having done so, to collate any relevant information that would aid in determining the make-up of local library campaigns, and how the individuals within them perceived their efforts to have been received. In addition to this, the research was also concerned with examining how the regional printed press reported the library closure processes, and the campaigns which surfaced to challenge them. It was discovered that local library campaigns are made up of passionate, knowledgeable and determined activists, who undertake a broad base of activities and in doing so rouse the support of local communities. In addition to this, they are also widely received in the local printed press. However, it was also found that this support does not always translate to active involvement, and that campaigners are pitted against equally determined local authorities. They also face an overarching political philosophy which undermines the fundamental value of public libraries and other public services. III Acknowledgements I would like to thank my parents, Willie and Fiona, for their unwavering support. I would also like to thank David McMenemy for his guidance throughout the project, and also all those in the library campaign fraternity for assisting with the research. IV TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction 1 1.2 Rationale for research 2 1.3 Aims and Objectives 2 2. Literature Review and Research Context 4 2.1 Library Closures: The Economic Landscape 4 2.2 Library Closures: The Political Landscape 4 2.2.1 The Onset of Neoliberal Politics 4 2.2.2 Neoliberalism in Action 5 2.2.3 The Liberal Marketplace: A Cross-Party Consensus 5 2.2.4 Big Society 6 2.3 Public Libraries vs. Local Authorities 6 2.3.1 Local Authority Funding Cuts 6 2.3.2 The Legal Case for Public Libraries 7 2.3.3 The Value of Public Libraries 8 2.4 Library Grassroots Activity in the UK 10 2.4.1 Non-Violent Protests 10 2.4.2 Lobbying Campaigns 11 2.4.3 Social Media 12 2.5 Publicity and the Media 13 2.5.1 Regional Printed Press 13 2.5.2 Media Influence 13 2.5.3 Media Exposure 14 2.5.4 Media Advocacy 14 3. Methodology 16 3.1 Introduction to Methodology 16 3.2 Secondary Research 17 3.2.1 Research Context & Literature Review 17 3.3 Primary Research 17 V 3.3.1 Research Strategy 17 3.3.2 Mixed Methods Research 17 3.4 Research Design: Cross Sectional 18 3.4.1 Research Method: Questionnaire 19 3.4.2 Questionnaire Analysis 19 3.4.2 Questionnaire Sample 20 3.5 Research Design: Comparative Case Studies 21 3.5.1 Case Studies Sample 21 3.6 Case Studies Methods 23 3.6.1 Data Collection 23 3.6.2 Article Relevance 24 3.6.3 Quantitative Content Analysis (QCA) 24 3.6.4 Incorporation of Grounded Theory Techniques 25 3.6.5 Incorporation of Coding Schedule and Manual 27 3.7 Coding Reliability 27 3.8 Limitations of Methodology 28 4. Survey Questionnaires 29 4.1 Respondent Profiles 30 4.1.1 Gender 30 4.1.2 Age 30 4.1.3 Employment Status 30 4.1.4 Library Usage 31 4.2 Discussion: Respondent Profiles 32 4.3 Local Library Campaign Involvement 32 4.3.1 Ongoing Activity of Campaigns 32 4.3.2 Individual Involvement of Respondent 33 4.3.3 Previous Grassroots Experience 34 4.3.4 Campaign Founding Members 35 4.3.5 Campaign Recruits 36 4.4 Reasons for Involvement 37 4.5 Local Library Campaign Activity 39 4.5.1 Group Dynamic 39 VI 4.5.2 Campaign Tactics 41 4.5.3 Application of Social Media 44 4.6 Local Library Campaign Impact 45 4.6.1 Perceived Campaign Effectiveness 45 4.6.2 Local Authority Responsiveness 46 4.7 Improvements/Barriers to Campaigns 48 4.8 Perceptions of a Voluntary Library Service 50 4.9 The Future of Public Libraries 52 5. Comparative Case Studies: Regional Newspapers 53 5.1 Scope of Regional Coverage 54 5.1.1 Newcastle upon Tyne 54 5.1.2 Lincolnshire 54 5.2 Discussion: Scope of Regional Coverage 56 5.3 Type of Regional Coverage 56 5.3.1 Newcastle upon Tyne 56 5.3.2 Lincolnshire 58 5.4 Discussion: Type of Regional Coverage 59 5.5 Regional Press: Key Actors 59 5.5.1 Actor Groups 60 5.5.2 Evening Chronicle 60 5.5.3 Lincolnshire Echo 61 5.6 Discussion: Actor Groups 62 5.7 Individual Actors 64 5.7.1 Evening Chronicle 64 5.7.2 Lincolnshire Echo 64 5.8 Discussion: Individual Actors 65 5.9 Regional Press: The Role of Library Campaigns and Library Advocacy 66 5.9.1 Campaign Activities 66 5.9.2 Evening Chronicle 66 5.9.3 Lincolnshire Echo 67 5.10 Discussion: Campaign Activities 67 5.11 Contact and Event Details 68 VII 5.11.1 Evening Chronicle 68 5.11.2 Lincolnshire Echo 68 5.12 Discussion: Contact and Event Details 68 5.13 Community Library Advocacy 68 5.13.1 Evening Chronicle 68 5.13.2 Lincolnshire Echo 69 5.14 Discussion: Community Library Advocacy 69 5.15 Library Professional Advocacy 69 5.15.1 Evening Chronicle 69 5.15.2 Lincolnshire Echo 70 5.16 Discussion: Library Professional Advocacy 70 6. Conclusions and Recommendations 71 6.1 The Library Campaigner: An Insight 71 6.1.1 The Library Campaigner: An Indomitable Spirit? 71 6.1.2 Local Library Campaigns: A Myriad of Difficulties 71 6.2 Regional Press: A Force for Good 72 6.3 The Impact of Community Grassroots Campaigns 72 6.4 Recommendations for future research 73 Bibliography 74 Appendix A 83 Appendix B 96 Appendix C 99 Appendix D 101 Appendix E 103 Appendix F 105 Appendix G 108 Appendix H 110 Appendix I 120 VIII List of Charts Figure 4.1 Local Authority Area 29 Figure 4.2 Gender 30 Figure 4.3 Age 30 Figure 4.4 Employment Status 31 Figure 4.5 Library Use 31 Figure 4.6 Campaign Still Active? 33 Figure 4.7 Previous Grassroots Experience 34 Figure 4.8 Founding Members/Recruits 36 Figure 4.9 Campaign Recruiting 37 Figure 4.10 Individual Activity Level 37 Figure 4.11 Openness to volunteering 51 Figure 4.12 Optimistic about libraries future? 52 IX List of Tables Table 1: To what extent do you agree or disagree with each of the statements in relation to your local library campaign group? 40 Table 2: To what extent do you agree or disagree with each of the statements in relation to your local library campaign group? (Sheffield Sample) 41 Table 3: Did the campaign engage in the following activities? 42 Table 4: If 'Yes', to what extent would you agree or disagree that they generated a response/raise awareness of the library campaign cause? 43 Table 5: To what extent do you agree or disagree with each of the statements in relation to the success of your local library campaign? 45 Table 6: To what extent do you agree or disagree with each of the statements in relation to your council/local authority? 46 Table 7: To what extent do you agree or disagree with each of the statements in relation to your council/local authority? (Lincolnshire Sample) 47 Table 8: To what extent do you agree or disagree with each of the statements in relation to your council/local authority? (Herefordshire Sample) 48 Table 9: Monthly no. of articles, per publication (Newcastle upon Tyne) 54 Table 10: Total number of words/average article length, per publication (Newcastle upon Tyne) 54 Table 11: Monthly no. of articles, per publication (Lincolnshire) 55 Table 12: Total number of words/average article length, per publication (Lincolnshire) 55 Table 13: Prominence of articles, per publication (Newcastle upon Tyne) 57 Table 14: Format of articles, per publication (Newcastle upon Tyne) 57 X Table 15: Prominence of articles, per publication (Lincolnshire) 58 Table 16: Format of articles, per publication (Lincolnshire) 59 Table 17: Groups of actors cited in Evening Chronicle news reports 61 Table 18: Groups of actors cited in Lincolnshire Echo news reports 62 Table 19: Individual actors cited in Evening Chronicle news reports 64 Table 20: Individual actors cited in Lincolnshire Echo News Report 65 XI 1.
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