1.1 Introduction
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Those Plants. Table B.1-17 Costs Comparison Among Three Water
The Study on Master Plan on Renewable Water Resources Development in the Southwest Region in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia those plants. Table B.1-17 Costs Comparison among Three Water Alternative Sources Accounting Opportunity Economic Pipeline Grand Total Water Sources Cost Cost of Capital Cost Transmission C+d a b c=a+d d Riyadh’s New Wells Project 0.36 0.18 0.54 *- 0.54 Sharjah’s New Desalination Plant 0.35 0.17 0.52 1.32 1.84 Average 30 Desalination Plants 0.67 0.38 1.05 1.32 **2.37 (1998) * Included in accounting cost ** Including the value of electricity generated Source: Household water and sanitation services in Saudi Arabia: an analysis of economic, political and ecological issues 1.2 Natural Condition 1.2.1 Geography The study area lies on the south-western part of the Kingdom that rises abruptly from the Red Sea in the west and dips gently towards the Najd in the east. In the trunk of the study area, Hijaz Asir highlands rises up to about 3,000 meters in the south near Abha, while at northern boundary of the area near Taif, the elevation is about 1,500 meters (refer to Figure B.1-6 and Figure B.1-7). There is a distinct coastal plain, locally known as Tihama, separated from the hills by an imposing scarp wall that runs parallel to the Red Sea along 700 km in the study area. Toward the east forms the peak of Hijaz Asir highlands, hills peter out further east to the interior, and give way to an extensive plateau covered with lava flow (Harrat) of the area, and very thin veneer rock debris and alluvium over a basalt and crystalline basement, which is frequency outcrop as knolls and low hills. -
Reconnaissance Geology of the Jabal 4Afaf Quadrangle
SA(IR)-271 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY SAUDI ARABIAN MISSION PROJECT REPORT 271 RECONNAISSANCE GEOLOGY OF THE JABAL 4AFAF QUADRANGLE, SHEET 20/40 D, KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA by Donald G. Hadley and Robert J. Fleck U. S. Geological Survey OPES F1IE ftp^ *U jhlu map Is preliminary- towoA onformity with Geological Survey PREPARED FO^^ or none DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF MIN*ER"AL RESOURCES MINISTRY OF PETROLEUM AND MINERAL RESOURCES JIDDAH, SAUDI ARABIA 1979 U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY SAUDI ARABIAN PROJECT REPORT 271 RECONNAISSANCE GEOLOGY OF THE JABAL 'AFAF QUADRANGLE SHEET 20/40 D, KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA by Donald G. Hadley and Robert J. Fleck U. S. GeoJogr'eal S OPEN FILE REPORT This report *b preliminary and ha* not Ir***!!* e«i's*»d or reviewed for coniY.« '* : whh Geo!ofj:c«l Surrey »ta-:-J -cs or nomenclature. U.S. Geological Survey Jiddah, Saudi Arabia 1979 The work on which this report is based was performed in accordance with a cooperative agreement between the U. S. Geological Survey and the Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Resources, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. This report is preliminary and has not been edited or renewed for conformity with U. S. Geological Survey standards and nomenclature. CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT ....................... 1 INTRODUCTION ..................... 2 PRECAMBRIAN ROCKS. .................. 5 Layered rocks .................. 5 Amphibolite .................. 5 Baish group .................. 6 Basalt, adesite, and subordinate interbedded volcaniclastic rocks ...... 6 Volcaniclastic rocks and subordinate interbedded basalt and andesite. ...... 7 Bahah group .................. 8 Biotite schist ............... 8 Hornblende schist. ............. 9 Ablah group .................. 9 Intrusive rocks ................. 12 Pre-Ablah intrusive rocks .......... -
Mesoscale Numerical Study of Quasi-Stationary Convective System Over Jeddah in November 2009
Atmospheric and Climate Sciences, 2013, 3, 73-86 http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/acs.2013.31010 Published Online January 2013 (http://www.scirp.org/journal/acs) Mesoscale Numerical Study of Quasi-Stationary Convective System over Jeddah in November 2009 Mohammed Haggag1,2*, Hesham El-Badry2,3 1Hydraulics and Irrigation Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt 2Resources and Environment Department, Dar Al-Handasah (Shair and Partners), Cairo, Egypt 3Irrigation and Hydraulics Department, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt Email: *[email protected] Received July 18, 2012; revised August 20, 2012; accepted August 28, 2012 ABSTRACT 25 November 2009 is an unforgettable day for the people in Jeddah, the second largest city in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). On that day, Jeddah turned into a disaster zone following a short heavy rainfall event that triggered flash floods leaving 122 fatalities and considerable losses. Numerical experiments using the Pennsylvania State University- National Center for Atmospheric research mesoscale meteorological model (MM5) have been performed to investigate the event. It was caused by a short quasi-stationary mesoscale convective system that developed over Jeddah and lasted for about 8 hours. Rainfall totals computed by the model exceeded 400 mm in some localities in the southern part of Jeddah city and to the north of Jeddah in Thuwal city. The limited available observed rainfall totals, at King Abdul Aziz International Airport and wadiQaws rain gauges, and Jeddah’s weather radar observations corroborates the ability of the model to reproduce the spatial and temporal characteristics of the rainfall event. A synoptic environment characterized by warm Red Sea surface temperatures and high humidity in the low levels of the troposphere. -
Land Use/Land Cover Assessment As Related to Soil and Irrigation Water Salinity Over an Oasis in Arid Environment
Open Geosciences 2020; 12: 220–231 Research Article Khalid G. Biro Turk*, and Abdullah S. Aljughaiman Land use/land cover assessment as related to soil and irrigation water salinity over an oasis in arid environment https://doi.org/10.1515/geo-2020-0103 Keywords: land use and land cover (LULC) changes, soil received July 4, 2019; accepted March 17, 2020 salinity (ECe), irrigation water salinity (ECiw),Al-Ahsa Abstract: The land use and land cover (LULC) changes and oasis the implications of soil and irrigation water salinity have adverse effects on crop production and the ecosystems of arid and semiarid regions. In this study, an attempt has been made to analyze and monitor the LULC changes using 1 Introduction multitemporal Landsat data for years 1986, 1998, 2007, and ( ) 2016 in Al-Ahsa Oasis, Saudi Arabia. In addition, efforts Thestudyoflanduseandlandcover LULC changes is were made to measure the spatial distribution of soil and essential for land management, environment, and strategy irrigation water salinity along the oasis. The supervised formulation regarding planning activities. Ecosystems are maximum likelihood classification method was applied to facing change results of human socioeconomic activities [ ] classify the individual images independently. Moreover, soil that occurred at local, regional, and global scales 1,2 . samples were collected at surface soil depth from the The LULC changes were assessed using remote sensing [ – ] [ ] selected LULC types, namely, date palm, croplands, and in many studies in Saudi Arabia 3 6 . Mallick et al. 2 bare land. Also, groundwater samples were collected from analyzed the LULC transformation in the Abha region – bore wells located in agricultural farms. -
Quantitative Groundwater Resources Evaluation in the Lower Part of Yalamlam Basin, Makkah Al Mukarramah, Western Saudi Arabia
JKAU: Earth Sci., Vol.19, pp: 35-56 (2008 A.D. / 1429 A.H.) Quantitative Groundwater Resources Evaluation in the Lower Part of Yalamlam Basin, Makkah Al Mukarramah, Western Saudi Arabia Tariq H. Bayumi Hydrogeology Department, Faculty of Earth Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Received: 26/11/2006 Accepted: 6/6/2007 Abstract. The search for and the development of new water resources in Makkah Al Mukarramah area are considered among the top priorities for the Saudi government as the water consumption is rising with time. Wadi Yalamlam is located 70 km south of Makkah. It drains a large catchment area of 1,600 km2, which is characterized by a high rate of annual rainfall of more than 200 mm. Perennial streams flow along the main channel of the wadi most of the year. This research is aimed to study the water resources in the lower part of Wadi Yalamlam as additional strategic future water supply to Makkah city. The research includes hydrological, hydrogeological and geophysical investigations for determining the potential areas for fresh water sources. It is also concerned with the determination of the geometrical size and the hydraulic properties of the groundwater aquifer in Wadi Yalamlam in order to determine the available water reserves. The study indicates the possibility of drilling 14 water wells for producing a renewable amount of 7500 m3/day to supply Makkah area, in addition to 9x106 m3 reserves in this basin. Keywords: Arid Region, Groundwater, Water supply, Water reserves, Makkah Area, Saudi Arabia. Introduction Saudi Arabia has very limited water resources most of which are in the form of groundwater reserves, being located in an arid zone, where no perennial streams exist. -
Coral Population Trajectories, Increased
Coral population trajectories, increased disturbance and management intervention: a sensitivity analysis Bernhard Riegl1, Michael Berumen2 & Andrew Bruckner3 1National Coral Reef Institute, Nova Southeastern University, Dania, Florida, USA 2Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, KSA 3Khaled bin Sultan Living Oceans Foundation, Andover, MD, USA Keywords Abstract Coral population dynamics, coral reef, global change, impacts, management, predator Coral reefs distant from human population were sampled in the Red Sea and outbreak, sensitivity. one-third showed degradation by predator outbreaks (crown-of-thorns-star- fish = COTS observed in all regions in all years) or bleaching (1998, 2010). Correspondence Models were built to assess future trajectories. They assumed variable coral Bernhard Riegl, National Coral Reef Institute, types (slow/fast growing), disturbance frequencies (5,10,20 years), mortality Nova Southeastern University, Dania, Florida, (equal or not), and connectivity (un/connected to un/disturbed community). USA. Tel:+1-954-2623671; Fax: +1-954-262- Known disturbances were used to parameterize models. Present and future dis- 4098; E-mail: [email protected] turbances were estimated from remote-sensing chlorophyll and temperature Funding Information data. Simulations and sensitivity analysis suggest community resilience at >20- Funding by Khaled bin Sultan Living Oceans year disturbance frequency, but degradation at higher frequency. Trajectories Foundation and National Coral Reef Institute. move from fast-grower to slow-grower dominance at intermediate disturbance frequency, then again to fast-grower dominance. A similar succession was Received: 12 December 2012; Revised: 29 observed in the field: Acropora to Porites to Stylophora/Pocillopora dominance January 2013; Accepted: 4 February 2013 on shallow reefs, and a transition from large poritids to small faviids on deep Ecology and Evolution 2013; 3(4): 1050–1064 reefs. -
Training Manual Series No.15/2018
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by CMFRI Digital Repository DBTR-H D Indian Council of Agricultural Research Ministry of Science and Technology Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute Department of Biotechnology CMFRI Training Manual Series No.15/2018 Training Manual In the frame work of the project: DBT sponsored Three Months National Training in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology for Fisheries Professionals 2015-18 Training Manual In the frame work of the project: DBT sponsored Three Months National Training in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology for Fisheries Professionals 2015-18 Training Manual This is a limited edition of the CMFRI Training Manual provided to participants of the “DBT sponsored Three Months National Training in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology for Fisheries Professionals” organized by the Marine Biotechnology Division of Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI), from 2nd February 2015 - 31st March 2018. Principal Investigator Dr. P. Vijayagopal Compiled & Edited by Dr. P. Vijayagopal Dr. Reynold Peter Assisted by Aditya Prabhakar Swetha Dhamodharan P V ISBN 978-93-82263-24-1 CMFRI Training Manual Series No.15/2018 Published by Dr A Gopalakrishnan Director, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (ICAR-CMFRI) Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute PB.No:1603, Ernakulam North P.O, Kochi-682018, India. 2 Foreword Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI), Kochi along with CIFE, Mumbai and CIFA, Bhubaneswar within the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) and Department of Biotechnology of Government of India organized a series of training programs entitled “DBT sponsored Three Months National Training in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology for Fisheries Professionals”. -
Saudi Arabia
Parcel Post Compendium Online SA - Saudi Arabia Saudi Post SAA Basic Services CARDIT Carrier documents international No transport – origin post 1 Maximum weight limit admitted RESDIT Response to a CARDIT – destination No 1.1 Surface parcels (kg) 30 post 1.2 Air (or priority) parcels (kg) 30 6 Home delivery 2 Maximum size admitted 6.1 Initial delivery attempt at physical Yes delivery of parcels to addressee 2.1 Surface parcels 6.2 If initial delivery attempt unsuccessful, No 2.1.1 2m x 2m x 2m Yes card left for addressee (or 3m length & greatest circumference) 6.3 Addressee has option of paying taxes or Yes 2.1.2 1.5m x 1.5m x 1.5m No duties and taking physical delivery of the (or 3m length & greatest circumference) item 2.1.3 1.05m x 1.05m x 1.05m No 6.4 There are governmental or legally (or 2m length & greatest circumference) binding restrictions mean that there are certain limitations in implementing home 2.2 Air parcels delivery. 2.2.1 2m x 2m x 2m Yes 6.5 Nature of this governmental or legally (or 3m length & greatest circumference) binding restriction. 2.2.2 1.5m x 1.5m x 1.5m No (or 3m length & greatest circumference) 2.2.3 1.05m x 1.05m x 1.05m No 7 Signature of acceptance (or 2m length & greatest circumference) 7.1 When a parcel is delivered or handed over Supplementary services 7.1.1 a signature of acceptance is obtained Yes 3 Cumbersome parcels admitted No 7.1.2 captured data from an identity card are Yes registered 7.1.3 another form of evidence of receipt is No Parcels service features obtained 5 Electronic exchange of information -
Ground Magnetic Investigation of Subsurface Structures Affecting Wadi Thuwal Area, KSA
JAKU: Earth Sci., Vol. 21, No. 2, pp: 167-193 (2010 A.D. / 1431 A.H.) DOI: 10.4197 / Ear. 21-2.7 Ground Magnetic Investigation of Subsurface Structures Affecting Wadi Thuwal Area, KSA Mansour A. Al-Garni and Mohamed M. Gobashy Dept. of Geophysics, Faculty of Earth Sciences, King Abdulaziz University. Jeddah, Saudi Arabia [email protected] Received: 25/10/2009 Accepted: 20/1/2010 Abstract. Ground magnetic survey was carried out in Wadi Thuwal area, north of Jeddah, during winter and spring of 2007-2009. The survey was intended to delineate the subsurface structures and covered an area of about 130 km2, located between latitudes 22° 10′ 00″ N and 22° 16′ 53.5″ N and longitudes 39° 06′ 40″ E and 39° 16′ 20″ E. The survey was conducted along profiles taking EW and NS directions. The field data were reduced and then interpolated to produce a high resolution total intensity ground magnetic map (HRTMI). Shaded relief maps have been effective in showing structural trends and characteristic anomaly patterns. Magnetic susceptibility measurements (k) were attended throughout the entire ground survey. The depth to the sources of the ground-magnetic anomalies was estimated using 2D and 3D Euler deconvolution. Observed surface faults are expected to be initiated from the basement. 2D and 3D analytic signal analysis and derivative maps show several trends crossing the study area. These trends, which are attributed to faults or contacts, are extended to the east of the study area, and further to the Arabian Shield (East), where some of them represent major faults that evidently have an impact on the water distribution potentiality of the Wadi. -
Authorship, Availability and Validity of Fish Names Described By
ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Stuttgarter Beiträge Naturkunde Serie A [Biologie] Jahr/Year: 2008 Band/Volume: NS_1_A Autor(en)/Author(s): Fricke Ronald Artikel/Article: Authorship, availability and validity of fish names described by Peter (Pehr) Simon ForssSSkål and Johann ChrisStian FabricCiusS in the ‘Descriptiones animaliumÂ’ by CarsSten Nniebuhr in 1775 (Pisces) 1-76 Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde A, Neue Serie 1: 1–76; Stuttgart, 30.IV.2008. 1 Authorship, availability and validity of fish names described by PETER (PEHR ) SIMON FOR ss KÅL and JOHANN CHRI S TIAN FABRI C IU S in the ‘Descriptiones animalium’ by CAR S TEN NIEBUHR in 1775 (Pisces) RONALD FRI C KE Abstract The work of PETER (PEHR ) SIMON FOR ss KÅL , which has greatly influenced Mediterranean, African and Indo-Pa- cific ichthyology, has been published posthumously by CAR S TEN NIEBUHR in 1775. FOR ss KÅL left small sheets with manuscript descriptions and names of various fish taxa, which were later compiled and edited by JOHANN CHRI S TIAN FABRI C IU S . Authorship, availability and validity of the fish names published by NIEBUHR (1775a) are examined and discussed in the present paper. Several subsequent authors used FOR ss KÅL ’s fish descriptions to interpret, redescribe or rename fish species. These include BROU ss ONET (1782), BONNATERRE (1788), GMELIN (1789), WALBAUM (1792), LA C E P ÈDE (1798–1803), BLO C H & SC HNEIDER (1801), GEO ff ROY SAINT -HILAIRE (1809, 1827), CUVIER (1819), RÜ pp ELL (1828–1830, 1835–1838), CUVIER & VALEN C IENNE S (1835), BLEEKER (1862), and KLUNZIN G ER (1871). -
The Past Century of Coral Bleaching in the Saudi Arabian Central Red Sea
The past century of coral bleaching in the Saudi Arabian central Red Sea Thomas M. DeCarlo Red Sea Research Center, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Hawaii Pacific University, Honolulu, HI, United States of America ABSTRACT Accurate knowledge of the spatial and temporal patterns of coral bleaching is essential both for understanding how coral reef ecosystems are changing today and forecasting their future states. Yet, in many regions of the world, the history of bleaching is poorly known, especially prior to the late 20th century. Here, I use the information preserved within skeleton cores of long-lived Porites corals to reconstruct the past century of bleaching events in the Saudi Arabian central Red Sea. In these cores, skeletal ``stress bands’’—indicative of past bleaching—captured known bleaching events that occurred in 1998 and 2010, but also revealed evidence of previously unknown bleaching events in 1931, 1978, and 1982. However, these earlier events affected a significantly lesser proportion of corals than 1998 and 2010. Therefore, coral bleaching may have occurred in the central Red Sea earlier than previously recognized, but the frequency and severity of bleaching events since 1998 on nearshore reefs is unprecedented over the past century. Conversely, corals living on mid- to outer-shelf reefs have not been equally susceptible to bleaching as their nearshore counterparts, which was evident in that stress bands were five times more prevalent nearshore. Whether this pattern of susceptible nearshore reefs and resistant outer-shelf reefs continues in the future remains a key question in forecasting coral reef futures in this region. -
COMPLETE INDEX of SCIENTIFIC and VERNACULAR NAMES for VOLUMES 1 to 6 4068 the Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Pacific
click for previous page Index of Scientific and Vernacular Names 4067 COMPLETE INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC AND VERNACULAR NAMES FOR VOLUMES 1 TO 6 4068 The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Pacific Acanthurus elongatus ........................3671 A Acanthurus fulginosus.........................3675 abaculus, Octopus ........................800, 822 Acanthurus gahhm ..........................3670 Abalistes stellaris ............................3918 Acanthurus glaucopareius .....................3666 Abalistes stellatus ............................3918 Acanthurus lineatus..........................3668 Abalones ....................................383 Acanthurus mata ............................3669 Abanico amarillo .............................62-63 Acanthurus matoides..........................3675 abbotti, Notacanthus......................... 1628 Acanthurus nigricans ...................3666, 3670 abbreviata, Harengula ........................1796 Acanthurus nigricauda .......................3670 abbreviatus, Azorinus .........................313 Acanthurus nigrofuscus ......................3671 abbreviatus, Gerres .......................... 2950 Acanthurus olivaceus.........................3672 abbreviatus, Gonorynchus.....................1826 Acanthurus pyroferus ..............3275, 3279, 3673 abbreviatus, Solen.............................313 Acanthurus tennetti ..........................3672 Abe’s flyingfish...............................2169 Acanthurus triostegus ........................3674 abei, Chaunax .............................