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The Study on Master Plan on Renewable Water Resources Development in the Southwest Region in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia those plants. Table B.1-17 Costs Comparison among Three Water Alternative Sources Accounting Opportunity Economic Pipeline Grand Total Water Sources Cost Cost of Capital Cost Transmission C+d a b c=a+d d Riyadh’s New Wells Project 0.36 0.18 0.54 *- 0.54 Sharjah’s New Desalination Plant 0.35 0.17 0.52 1.32 1.84 Average 30 Desalination Plants 0.67 0.38 1.05 1.32 **2.37 (1998) * Included in accounting cost ** Including the value of electricity generated Source: Household water and sanitation services in Saudi Arabia: an analysis of economic, political and ecological issues 1.2 Natural Condition 1.2.1 Geography The study area lies on the south-western part of the Kingdom that rises abruptly from the Red Sea in the west and dips gently towards the Najd in the east. In the trunk of the study area, Hijaz Asir highlands rises up to about 3,000 meters in the south near Abha, while at northern boundary of the area near Taif, the elevation is about 1,500 meters (refer to Figure B.1-6 and Figure B.1-7). There is a distinct coastal plain, locally known as Tihama, separated from the hills by an imposing scarp wall that runs parallel to the Red Sea along 700 km in the study area. Toward the east forms the peak of Hijaz Asir highlands, hills peter out further east to the interior, and give way to an extensive plateau covered with lava flow (Harrat) of the area, and very thin veneer rock debris and alluvium over a basalt and crystalline basement, which is frequency outcrop as knolls and low hills. In large scale geographic view, the study area is divided into three geographic regions, as follows.(veneer rock debris: weathered and scoring debris , then debris cover; laying on older rock formation) Note: Section line is shown in Figure B. 1-14 Figure B.1-6 Topographical Section YACHIYO ENGINEERING CO., LTD. Final Report (Main Report) SANYU CONSULTANTS INC. B-1-11 The Study on Master Plan on Renewable Water Resources Development in the Southwest Region in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Figure B.1-7 Geography of Study Area Western Coastal Lowland – Tihama This region, locally called as ‘Tihama’ forms narrow strips along the Red Sea coast. In the north in the area it starts as a plain near Jeddah to gradually widen to over 40 kilometers near Jazan in the south. YACHIYO ENGINEERING CO., LTD. Final Report (Main Report) SANYU CONSULTANTS INC. B-1-12 The Study on Master Plan on Renewable Water Resources Development in the Southwest Region in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia This plain is low depositional surface mostly on a coral plain that grades upward to the east to form a pediment on hard crystalline rock of geologic basement. Al Hijaz Asir Plateau The Hijaz Asir plateau forms the tops of the southern half of the Red Sea escarpment, extending from Taif into Yemen. In the study area, it occupies 700 km along with the Red Sea. The plateau slopes gently to east and north. Crystalline Najd The crystalline Najd is the part of the Najd region that is underlain mainly by resistant rocks of igneous and metamorphic origin. The plain is a rocky expanse of coalescing pediments and desert, as large as 500 km wide, and is dotted with prominent, isolated rock knobs or spires. 1.2.2 Geology Study area is underlain by tightly folded, regionally metamorphosed volcanic-clastic, and epi-clastic rocks and many mafic to felsic plutonic3 all of late Proterozoic age. It is called as ‘Arabian Shield-Nubian Shield’ and is exposed with concealed by the sedimentary cover rock that dips gently toward the east. As covered rock, in the study area, Paleozoic sandstones, comprising the Cambrian-Ordovician Wajid sandstone, are found on the southeastern range of the study area and overlie Proterozoic rocks. In the study area, several episodes of volcanism are recognized in the geologic age. Of those events, older volcanic activity occurred in Precambrian age and formed a volcano-clastics and subordinate flow rocks, complexly inter-layered with volcanically delivered and epi-clastic sedimentary rocks. While the younger rocks, Tertiary and Quaternary basalt-flows and gabbro-dikes are found in particular the north of the study area. Both are associated with Red Sea rifting: the basalt is part of a large area of a flow rocks and volcanic cones resulting from volcanic activity, whereas the gabbro dikes were intruded into tension fractures. Overlying the bedrock are unconsidered Quaternary deposit that included wadi alluvium, fanglomerate delivered from the Red Sea escarpment, terrace gravels, coastal-plain silt and eolian sand. These formed during the period of active erosion following the uplift of the region and the opening the Red Sea, which caused the development of wadi system draining to the east and west and the erosional retreat of the Red Sea escarpment. Typical litho-stratigraphy and geologic map of the study area is shown in Figure B.1-8 and Figure B.1-9. 3 Note: Plutonic rock: Type of igneous rock formed by solidification depth beneath the earth surface Felsic rock: Igneous rock dominated by aluminum-rich minerals. Mafic rock: Igneous rock dominated by magnesium and ferrous iron. YACHIYO ENGINEERING CO., LTD. Final Report (Main Report) SANYU CONSULTANTS INC. B-1-13 The Study on Master Plan on Renewable Water Resources Development in the Southwest Region in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Era Lithostratigraphy Intrusive Rock AgeOrogenic Events Quaternary Alluvium Basalt Cones Basalt necks and dikes Red Sea rifting Tertiary Basalt flows 27 Laterite Ordovician- 570? Cambrian, Wajid Sandstone Local uplift Permian Najd faulting Muradama group 600? (south strand) Diorite and Granite gabbroic Extension and Atura formation Suite 640 rocks uplift 660 Crustal shortening Granodiorite and 690 (continental granite suite 735 Upper collision) Precambrian 760 Andean-type Halaban group 780 island arc Tonalite and Shortening granodiorite suite (collision) 800 Andean-type Ablah group island arc Diorite suite 900 Baish, Bahah, and Ensimatic Jiddah groups ? 110 Lower Precambrian island arc Figure B.1-8 Litho-stratigraphy (Central Part of Study Area: Abha Region) YACHIYO ENGINEERING CO., LTD. Final Report (Main Report) SANYU CONSULTANTS INC. B-1-14 The Study on Master Plan on Renewable Water Resources Development in the Southwest Region in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Figure B.1-9 Geologic Map of the Study Area 1.2.3 Meteorology (Meteorological Stations) The study area has 10 Meteorological Stations under the control of Presidency of Meteorological and Environment (hereinafter referred to as P.M.E) and 56 of them under the control of MOWE as shown in Table B.1-18 and Table B.1-19 respectively. Table B.1-18 Meteorological Stations under the Control of P.M.E and Available Data Station Name Station No. Longitude Latitude Available Data ABHA 41112 42゜39´39゛ 18゜13´59゛ 1978 - 2007.10 AL BAHA 41055 41゜38´35゛ 20゜17´41゛ 1985 - 2007.10 BISHA 41084 42゜37´09゛ 19゜59´28゛ 1970 - 1974,1977 - 2003.2 JEDDAH 41024 39゜12´00゛ 21゜30´00゛ 1970 - 1975,1977 - 2002.2 JIZAN 41140 42゜35´05゛ 16゜53´49゛ 1970 - 1974,1977 - 2003.2 KHAMIS MUSHAYT 41114 42゜48´23゛ 18゜17´58゛ 1970 - 1974,1977 - 2003.6 MAKKAH 41030 39゜46´08゛ 21゜26´16゛ 1985 - 2007.10 MEDINA 40430 39゜48´06゛ 22゜21´36゛ 1970 - 1974,1977 - 1983.10 NAJRAN 41128 44゜24´49゛ 17゜36´41゛ 1978 - 2007.09 TAIF 41036 40゜24´00゛ 21゜16´48゛ 1970 - 1970.10 Source:P.M.E YACHIYO ENGINEERING CO., LTD. Final Report (Main Report) SANYU CONSULTANTS INC. B-1-15 The Study on Master Plan on Renewable Water Resources Development in the Southwest Region in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Table B.1-19 Meteorological Stations under the Control of MOWE and Available Data Elevation No. Station Name Longitude Latitude Available Data (EL.m) 1 A004 2400 43゜06´00゛ 18゜10´00゛ 1975 - 2002 2 A005 2200 42゜29´00゛ 18゜12´00゛ 1975 - 2003 3 A006 2100 42゜36´00゛ 18゜15´00゛ 1975 - 2000 4 A007 2600 42゜09´00゛ 19゜06´00゛ 1975 - 2003 5 B001 2400 41゜17´00゛ 20゜06´00゛ 1975 - 2003 6 B004 1020 42゜36´00゛ 20゜01´00゛ 1975 - 2003 7 B005 1090 42゜32´00゛ 19゜52´00゛ 1975 - 2003 8 B006 975 43゜31´00゛ 19゜32´00゛ 1975 - 2003 9 B007 2400 41゜33´00゛ 19゜52´00゛ 1975 - 2002 10 B008 1230 42゜22´30゛ 19゜59´10゛ 1975 - 2001 11 Ｄ001 940 44゜22´00゛ 24゜29´00゛ 1970 - 1990 12 EP002 4.7 50゜00´00゛ 26゜30´00゛ 1975 - 2002 13 EP003 75 48゜23´00゛ 26゜59´00゛ 1975 - 2002 14 HU002 300 49゜01´00゛ 24゜04´00゛ 1975 - 2002 15 HU003 160 49゜34´00゛ 25゜30´00゛ 1969 - 2004 16 HU005 430 48゜08´00゛ 25゜05´00゛ 1975 - 2001 17 HU006 450 47゜22´00゛ 26゜22´00゛ 1975 - 2001 18 H001 1010 41゜38´00゛ 27゜28´00゛ 1975 - 2001 19 H002 985 41゜34´00゛ 27゜22´00゛ 1975 - 1992 20 H005 878 42゜30´00゛ 27゜16´00゛ 1975 - 1987 21 J001 53 41゜03´00゛ 19゜32´00゛ 1975 - 2001 22 J002 60 39゜20´00゛ 22゜09´00゛ 1975 - 2000 23 J003 90 40゜26´40゛ 20゜19´00゛ 1984 - 2002 24 M001 590 39゜35´00゛ 24゜31´00゛ 1975 - 2002 25 M002 840 40゜30´00゛ 24゜51´00゛ 1975 - 1981 26 M004 849 40゜31´00゛ 24゜50´00゛ 1982 - 2003 27 N001 1272 44゜15´39゛ 17゜34´00゛ 1975 - 1999 28 R001 564 46゜43´00゛ 24゜34´00゛ 1964 - 2003 29 R002 430 47゜24´00゛ 24゜10´00゛ 1975 - 2001 30 R003 539 46゜44´00゛ 22゜17´00゛ 1975 - 2002 31 R004 670 44゜48´00゛ 26゜17´00゛ 1980 - 2003 32 R005 665 45゜37´00゛ 25゜32´00゛ 1975 - 2003 33 R006 730 45゜15´00゛ 25゜15´00゛ 1975 - 2003 34 R007 600 46゜34´00゛ 24゜25´00゛ 1975 - 2001 35 R008 550 46゜28´00゛ 22゜33´00゛ 1975 - 2003 36 SA001 190 42゜57´00゛ 17゜03´00゛ 1975 - 2003 37 SA002 40 42゜37´00゛ 17゜10´00゛ 1975 - 2003 38 SA003 350 41゜53´00゛ 19゜00´00゛ 1975 - 2003 39 SA004 30 41゜24´00゛ 18゜44´00゛ 1975 - 2002 40 SA005 410 41゜48´08゛ 19゜13´34゛ 1975 - 2001 41 SK001 574 40゜12´00゛
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    INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued again — beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation.
  • Restoration of Mangrove Vegetation at Red Sea Coast, Saudi Arabia

    Restoration of Mangrove Vegetation at Red Sea Coast, Saudi Arabia

    Indian Journal of Geo Marine Sciences Vol. 48 (11), November 2019, pp. 1755-1760 Restoration of mangrove vegetation at Red Sea coast, Saudi Arabia Sambhu Chithambaran Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia [E-mail: [email protected]] Received 2 May 2018 ; revised 4 June 2018 An attempt was carried out to restore mangrove forests as coastal bioshield at the shoreline of Al-Sharifa Island, Al-Lith, Red Sea. Healthy saplings of grey mangrove, Avicennia marina were grown in the Biosaline agriculture centre of National aquaculture group (Naqua) at Al-Lith, Jeddah. Six month old mangrove saplings (25000) were planted at 11 locations of Al- Sharifa Island in Al-Lith village where mangrove vegetation was found sparse and destroyed by natural disasters. A survey conducted after 2 years showed that saplings planted along the shoreline of south and north lagoon of the island achieved 39% survival and were able to tolerate salinity up to 70 ppt. Causes of mortality were siltation, changes in topography, drying up of lagoon, accumulation of debris, and competition and destruction by crabs. The grey mangrove, Avicennia marina is a salt tolerant variety and is ideal for mangrove afforestation program at Red Sea coast. [Keywords: Avicennia marina; Coastal bio-shield; Mangrove restoration; Surveillance] Introduction village, a mangrove afforestation program was Nature has provided biological mechanisms for initiated by National Aquaculture Group (NAQUA) protecting coastal communities from the fury of as part of a larger project on Biosaline agriculture in cyclones, coastal storms, tidal waves and tsunamis1. consultation with International Centre for Biosaline Mangrove forests constitute one such mechanism for Agriculture, Dubai, UAE.