DOCSLIB.ORG

The Neuropsychological Functioning of Men Residing in a Homeless Shelter

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Neuropsychological Functioning of Men Residing in a Homeless Shelter Marquette University e-Publications@Marquette Dissertations, Theses, and Professional Dissertations (1934 -) Projects The Neuropsychological Functioning of Men Residing in a Homeless Shelter Sara Murray Hegerty Marquette University Follow this and additional works at: https://epublications.marquette.edu/dissertations_mu Part of the Psychiatry and Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Hegerty, Sara Murray, "The Neuropsychological Functioning of Men Residing in a Homeless Shelter" (2009). Dissertations (1934 -). 3. https://epublications.marquette.edu/dissertations_mu/3 THE NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL FUNCTIONING OF MEN RESIDING IN A HOMELESS SHELTER by Sara Murray Hegerty, M.A. A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School, Marquette University, in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Milwaukee, Wisconsin August 2010 ABSTRACT THE NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL FUNCTIONING OF MEN RESIDING IN A HOMELESS SHELTER Sara Murray Hegerty, M.A. Marquette University, 2010 The number of homeless individuals in the U.S. has continued to increase, with men comprising the majority of this population. These men are at substantial risk for neuropsychological impairment due to several factors, such as substance misuse, severe mental illness, untreated medical conditions (e.g., diabetes, liver disease, HIV/AIDS), poor nutrition, and the increased likelihood of suffering a traumatic brain injury. Impairments in attention, memory, executive functioning, and other neuropsychological domains can result in poor daily functioning and difficulty engaging in psychological, medical, or educational services. Thus, knowledge of the neuropsychological functioning of homeless men is critical for those who work with this population. Yet data in this area are limited. This study aimed to describe the functioning of men residing in an urban homeless shelter across the domains of attention/concentration, memory, executive functions, language, sensory-motor abilities, general intelligence, and reading ability. Particular areas of impairment included attention, visual memory, cognitive flexibility, balance/coordination, and fine motor control. Correlational analyses found that educational background and ethnicity were linked to test performance, and the results of cluster analysis found two distinct subgroups based on neuropsychological functioning: an “average” group and a “low average/impaired” group. Caveats in interpreting test scores, particularly in the domain of language, are discussed, along with possible explanations for differences between African American and non-African American participants. Based on the findings of this study, it is recommended that clinicians and other service providers working with men residing in homeless shelters consider the possibility of neuropsychological impairment when developing treatment plans. Specific recommendations for each subgroup are discussed. Future research in this area might also explore the utility of offering skill-enhancing interventions within homeless shelters, such as workshops to improve organizational and planning skills. Further, the development of adequate norms for neuropsychological tests that are to be used with homeless individuals is recommended, given the possibility of low educational attainments and below average reading skills in this population. i ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Sara Murray Hegerty, M.A. The completion of this project would not have been possible without the guidance, support, and encouragement of many people. I would like to thank the members of my committee for their invaluable advice and feedback over the course of this project and over the past several years in general. I am grateful to Dr. Todd Campbell for his generosity in backing this study, and, more importantly, for being an adviser who had faith in my ability to figure some things out on my own. This has made me a more confident researcher and (future) psychologist. Many, many thanks are also owed to Dr. Terry Young for his guidance on anything and everything related to neuropsychology. I also greatly appreciated Dr. Timothy Melchert’s input on so many crucial aspects of the research process, as well as his supportive comments along the way. Thanks are also due to Abby Bernett, Chasidy Faith, Ryan Mattek, and Amanda Schmitt for assisting with data collection, and to Dr. Mike Brondino for data analysis assistance. I am also very grateful to the Guest House of Milwaukee for allowing me to stick around for so many months collecting data – they made me feel like part of the GHOM family. I also want to thank my friend and colleague, Rose Lucey, who has seen me through the ups and downs of this process and always knew just what to say. I am so grateful for our friendship. Thanks also to my parents, Tom and Ann Murray, and sister, Malisa Murray, for their support and encouragement – and for understanding why I wanted to keep going to school all these years! Finally, I am extremely thankful for the support of my husband, Scott. I loved your “words of wisdom” along the way! More ii importantly, you kept me grounded. Thank you for letting me talk for hours about psychology stuff, for dragging me away from the computer after too many hours, and for believing in me. You are the best. A final thank you – and perhaps the most important one – goes to the men at the Guest House. I learned so much from you, above and beyond my research goals. Thank you for your kindness and trust. I wish the best for all of you. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ......................................................................................... i LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................... v LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................... ix CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................... 1 Statement of the Problem ................................................................... 3 Purpose of the Study .......................................................................... 4 Definition of Terms ............................................................................ 5 Importance of the Study ..................................................................... 7 Note Regarding Person-First Language ............................................. 7 II. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE .......................................................... 8 Homeless Individuals in the United States ........................................ 8 Factors Affecting the Neurobehavioral Status of Homeless Individuals .......................................................................................... 17 Cognitive Functioning of Homeless Individuals ............................... 36 Neuropsychological Functioning of Homeless Individuals ............... 44 Conclusion ......................................................................................... 94 III. METHOD ............................................................................................... 100 Research Design ................................................................................. 100 Participants ......................................................................................... 101 Instruments ......................................................................................... 139 Procedure ........................................................................................... 175 iv IV. RESULTS ............................................................................................... 186 Cognitive and Neuropsychological Test Performance ....................... 186 Post-Hoc Comparisons ....................................................................... 248 Relationships Among Test Variables ................................................. 250 Cluster Analysis ................................................................................. 255 V. DISCUSSION .......................................................................................... 270 Summary of Results ........................................................................... 271 Interpretation of Results ..................................................................... 275 Limitations ......................................................................................... 292 Implications and Recommendations .................................................. 296 Recommendations for Shelter-Based Research ................................. 305 Future Research ................................................................................. 307 Conclusion ......................................................................................... 308 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...................................................................................................... 310 APPENDIX A ............................................................................................................ 327 APPENDIX B ............................................................................................................ 334 APPENDIX C ............................................................................................................ 336 APPENDIX D ............................................................................................................ 337 v LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1: Participant Demographic Characteristics (N = 51)...................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Neural Measures of Visual Attention and Suppression As Biomarkers for ADHD- Associated Inattention
    Neural Measures of Visual Attention and Suppression as Biomarkers for ADHD- associated Inattention Rebecca Elizabeth Townley PhD University of York Psychology August 2019 Abstract Abstract Whilst there is a wealth of literature examining neural differences in those with ADHD, few have investigated visual-associated regions. Given extensive evidence demonstrating visual-attention deficits in ADHD, it is possible that inattention problems may be associated with functional abnormalities within the visual system. By measuring neural responses across the visual system during visual-attentional tasks, we aim to explore the relationship between visual processing and ADHD-associated Inattention in the typically developed population. We first explored whether differences in neural responses occurred within the superior colliculus (SC); an area linked to distractibility and attention. Here we found that Inattention traits positively correlated with SC activity, but only when distractors were presented in the right visual field (RVF) and not the left visual field (LVF). Our later work followed up on these findings to investigate separate responses towards task-relevant targets and irrelevant, peripheral distractors. Findings showed that those with High Inattention exhibited increased responses towards distractors compared to targets, while those with Low Inattention showed the opposite effect. Hemifield differences were also observed where those with High Inattention showed increased RVF distractor-related signals compared to those with Low Inattention. No differences were observed for the LVF. Finally, we examined attention and suppression-related neural responses. Our results indicated that, while attentional responses were similar between Inattention groups, those with High Inattention showed weaker suppression responses towards the unattended RVF. No differences were found when suppressing the LVF.
    [Show full text]
  • 7Th World Congress on ADHD: from Child to Adult Disorder
    ADHD Atten Def Hyp Disord (2019) 11(Suppl 1):S1–S89 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12402-019-00295-7 ABSTRACTS Ó Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature 2019 7th World Congress on ADHD: From Child to Adult Disorder 25th–28th April, Lisbon Portugal Editors: Manfred Gerlach, Wu¨rzburg Peter Riederer, Wu¨rzburg Andreas Warnke, Wu¨rzburg Luis Rohde, Porto Alegre 123 S2 ABSTRACTS Introduction Dear Colleagues and Friends, We are pleased to have received more than 180 poster abstracts as well as more than 100 poster abstracts from young scientists and clinicians (\ 35 years) who applied for our Young Scientists’ Award. Of all abstracts submitted by our young colleagues, the Scientific Programme Committee has selected the best eight. The authors have been invited to give a presentation as part of our two Young Scientist Award Sessions and to receive a prize money in the amount of 500 Euros. With this approach, we intend to highlight the importance of original scientific contributions, especially from our young colleagues. In this volume, the abstracts of our two Young Scientist Award Sessions come first, followed by regular poster abstracts. These have been organized by topics: Aetiology, Autism Spectrum Disorders, Co-morbidity, Diagnosis, Electrophysiology, Epidemiology, Experimental Models, Genetics, Neuroimaging, Non-pharmacological Treatment, Pathophysiology, Pharmacological Treatment, Quality of Life/Caregiver Burden, Substance Use Disorders and Miscellaneous. Submitted abstracts have not been modified in any way. Please, do not just read the selected poster abstracts, we also encourage you to actively discuss and share your ideas with our young colleagues. Finally, we would like thank all our speakers, contributors and sponsors of our 7th World Congress on ADHD: from Childhood to Adult Disease, and welcome you to join—what we are sure will be—a very enjoyable and highly informative event.
    [Show full text]
  • An Analysis of the Auditory-Verbal and Visual-Figural Learning and Memory Patterns of College Students with Learning Disabilities
    Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Dissertations Graduate College 6-1996 An Analysis of the Auditory-Verbal and Visual-Figural Learning and Memory Patterns of College Students with Learning Disabilities Robert K. Eckert Western Michigan University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/dissertations Part of the Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Eckert, Robert K., "An Analysis of the Auditory-Verbal and Visual-Figural Learning and Memory Patterns of College Students with Learning Disabilities" (1996). Dissertations. 1688. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/dissertations/1688 This Dissertation-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. AN ANALYSIS OF THE AUDITORY-VERBAL AND VISUAL-FIGURAL LEARNING AND MEMORY PATTERNS OF COLLEGE STUDENTS WITH LEARNING DISABILITIES by Robert K. Eckert A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of The Graduate College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Psychology Western Michigan University Kalamazoo, Michigan June 1996 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. AN ANALYSIS OF THE AUDITORY-VERBAL AND VISUAL-FIGURAL LEARNING AND MEMORY PATTERNS OF COLLEGE STUDENTS WITH LEARNING DISABILITIES Robert K. Eckert, Ph.D. Western Michigan University, 1996 The validity of the California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT) has been established with most clinical neuropsychological populations; however, no published work in the area of CVLT performance in adults with learning disabilities (LD) exists, despite the authors' assertion that the test is a useful psychometric measure for this population (Delis, Kramer, Kaplan, & Ober, 1987).
    [Show full text]
  • Included See Page 24 for More Information
    16204 N. Florida Ave. • Lutz, FL 33549 PRSRT STD U.S. POSTAGE PAID Professional Assessment Products Bolingbrook IL Permit # 422 July 2018 Leaving talent assessment Are there more than 10 assessment professionals on your team? to chance? Contact our Sales and National Accounts team for additional benets. See page 22. Identify talent Life is better when Develop employees Grow your business everyone’s included See page 24 for more information. A test that removes barriers is inherently a more In addition, items that show differential item inclusive measure. functioning associated with gender or ethnicity The RIAS-2 affords cultural sensitivity by have been eliminated. eliminating the need to read items in English. Bottom line: The RIAS-2 is culturally sensitive. RIAS-2 For more information, see page 150 Reynolds Intellectual Assessment Scales™, Second Edition or visit parinc.com/RIAS2. July 2018 Looking for something a little more scientic? Add technology and objectivity to the hiring equation. Recruiting is too important to leave to chance. Hiring the wrong person lowers performance and destroys organizational morale. The costs in turnover alone are incredible. Go beyond gut instincts. Let InVista’s talent assessment expertise fortify your company’s recruitment process with science and technology. We make it easy to make the best talent decisions. To learn more, see page 24 or visit invistatalent.com. a division of From the CEO Check out Dear Valued Customers, this catalog’s In our April catalog, we looked back in recognition of PAR’s 40th featured items anniversary. Once again, this is a milestone that we owe to you, our Customers, and we thank you for your unwavering support over the past 40 years.
    [Show full text]
  • Specialized N Eu Ropsych O Log Ical Assessment Methods
    CHAPTER 1 2 SPECIALIZED N EU ROPSYCH O LOG ICAL ASSESSMENT METHODS Glenn J. Larrabee, Ph.D. Clinical neuropsychological assessment is the 1987). Indeed, the recently developed comprehen- measurement and analysis of the cognitive, behav- sive norms for the Halstead-Reitan Battery were ioral, and emotional consequences of brain damage co-normed with the WAIS and other measures of or dysfunction. Historically, neuropsychological memory and language (Heaton, Grant, & Mat- assessment has had a variety of influences includ- thews, 1991). The process, ability-focused ing behavioral neurology, psychometrics and test approaches typically include a standard core set of construction, and experimental psychology (chap- procedures, usually assessing memory and intelli- ter 10, this volume; Walsh, 1987). gence, which are augmented by additional flexible- Neuropsychological assessment has been char- adjustive exploration of cognitive deficits specific acterized by two basic approaches: (1) the fixed to the particular patient undergoing evaluation battery approach exemplified by the Halstead- (Hamsher, 1990; Lezak, 1995; Milberg, Hebben, Reitan battery and the Luria-Nebraska neuropsy- & Kaplan, 1996). chological battery (Reitan & Wolfson, 1993; More recently, Bauer (1994) has discussed an Golden, Purisch, & Hammeke, 1985); and (2) the approach which he characterizes as intermediate ability-focused, cognitive process, hypothesis-test- to the fixed and flexible battery approach: multi- ing approach, exemplified by the Benton-Iowa ple fixed batteries. Bauer
    [Show full text]
  • WASM-2015-Korea-Abstracts.Pdf
    Sleep Medicine 16 (2015) S1 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Sleep Medicine journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/sleep WASM 2015 editorial Dear Colleagues and Friends, character and reach of WASM in collaboration with the knowledge On behalf of the World Association of Sleep Medicine (WASM) of the local Korean Society of Sleep Medicine bring the best of sleep and the Korean Society of Sleep Medicine (KSSM), we are delight- medicine to Korea. Your involvement in this congress will be greatly ed to welcome you to our joint congress: the 6th World Congress valued. You may learn and also share knowledge and skills that will on Sleep Medicine, from March 21 to 25, 2015 at Seoul Korea. The advance sleep health around the world. We hope that you’ll enjoy congress provides an international discussion forum of sleep pro- the science, learning, collegiality, and social events at our world sleep fessionals from the entire world. It focuses particularly on the conference in this historic city with great food, culture, art, and music. interdisciplinary character of our field. Sleep clinicians, technolo- Welcome to Seoul! gists, trainees, educators and scientists from around the world will Best regards, meet here to advance knowledge on sleep science; sleep in public health; sleep health; and the sleep–wake disorders, diagnosis, and Allan O’Bryan * treatments. We seek to maximize learning both from formal pre- World Association of Sleep Medicine, 3270 19th St NW, Suite 110, sentations by leading experts in their fields and from informal Rochester, MN 55901, USA discussion groups emphasizing opportunities for your participa- *Tel.: +1 507 206 1235; fax: +1 877 659 0760.
    [Show full text]
  • Normative Indicators for an Isixhosa-Speaking Population with Disadvantaged Education for Tests of Hand Motor Function and Verbal Fluency
    Normative Indicators for an isiXhosa-speaking population with disadvantaged education for tests of hand motor function and verbal fluency. Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters in Counselling Psychology M.A. (Counselling Psychology) of Rhodes University by A Anita Da Silva Pita {\ April 2011 Supervised by Mr Gary Steele Co-Supervised by Professor Ann Edwards ABSTRACT The aim of the study was to obtain preliminary normative data for two tests of hand motor function (Successive Finger Tapping and Purdue Pegboard tests) and two tests of verbal fluency ("S"-Words-In-One-Minute and Words-In-One-Minute), administered in English, on a non-clinical sample of black, isiXhosa-speaking unskilled workers with a background of relatively disadvantaged former DET education (N = 33). The sample was equally distributed for gender; educational level was restricted to 11 - 12 years; age range was 18 - 40 years divided further into two age categories (18 - 29 and 30 - 40 years). Results of t-test comparative analyses revealed significant age effects on both trials of the Successive Finger Tapping test in the direction of the younger age group outperforming the older age group, and a marginal but consistent tendency towards poorer performance at an earlier age stage than proposed by the available literature, for the Purdue Pegboard, "S"­ Words-In-One-Minute and Words-In-One-Minute. Gender effects were only in evidence on the Purdue Pegboard in the direction of females outperforming males. A descriptive comparison of the norms acquired for the present study with available normative data for English first language speaking populations with higher levels and/ or relatively advantaged quality of education revealed consistently poorer performance for the present study.
    [Show full text]
  • Communication Post Acquired Brain Injury
    6. Interventions for Cognition and Cognitive- Communication Post Acquired Brain Injury Shawn Marshall MD MSc Penny Welch-West (M.CI.Sc. SLP) Connie Ferri (MSc. SLP) Pavlina Faltynek MSc Shannon Janzen MSc Leanne Togher PhD, Robert Teasell MD erabi.ca Version 13.0 Key Points Drill and practice training may not be effective for the remediation of attention following an ABI. Dual-task training has been shown to improve measures of attention to the extent that the ABI population does not significantly differ from healthy controls, however it is undetermined if the strength of these effects compared to non-dual-task training are greater. Computer-based interventions are no more effective than no intervention in improving measures of attention and concentration post ABI. Repetitive virtual reality tasks which include repetition are effective in improving attention and concentration in ABI populations. Goal management training is effective in assisting those who sustain an ABI learning to manage life goals through improved attention. In general, a variety of non-specific attentional training programs appear to be effective for improving attentional scores following an ABI. The addition of a therapy animal to an attentional training program may enhance concentration gains. Therapies which focus on emotional regulation do not appear to be effective at improving attention post ABI, while mindfulness may improve some areas. In order to determine if attentional training is effective in improving attention post-ABI standardized protocols must be developed to allow between study comparisons. Tasks that involve mathematical skills may be effective at improving attention post ABI. Transcranial direct current stimulation may be effective in remediating attentional deficits when combined with computer assisted training in ABI populations.
    [Show full text]
  • Neural Mechanisms Underlying Attention Deficits in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
    Neural Mechanisms Underlying Attention Deficits in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder by Stefanie Russman Block A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Psychology) in The University of Michigan 2018 Doctoral Committee: Professor Israel Liberzon, Chair Assistant Professor Luke W. Hyde Research Assistant Professor Anthony P. King Associate Professor Sekhar C. Sripada Associate Professor Daniel H. Weissma Stefanie Russman Block [email protected] ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7528-0882 © Stefanie Russman Block 2017 DEDICATION To all those suffering from mental illness, and to all those with an insatiable curiosity for knowledge. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am deeply grateful to everyone on my dissertation committee: Dr. Israel Liberzon for his support and guidance throughout the years, Dr. Anthony King for allowing me to test my hypotheses in his data set, Dr. Daniel Weissman for his input on task design and teaching mentorship, Dr. Chandra Sripada for help with fMRI methodology and use of ADHD measures, and Dr. Luke Hyde for his positive role in shaping the Clinical Science program. I am grateful to everyone in the Psychiatric Affective Neuroimaging Lab and the Trauma, Stress and Anxiety Research Program. Specifically, I would like to thank my research assistants – Michaela Milillo, Lisa Blake, Rachel John, Nicole Corso and Damaris Pop – for their help with subject recruitment, data collection and data analyses, Nita Patel for conducting the MRI scans, Dr. Liz Duval for clinical supervision, IRB assistance, and moral support, Dr. Rebecca Sripada for her contribution to the ideas in Experiment 1 and showing me the ropes of neuroimaging analyses, Yana Lokshina for her help with data analyses, and Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Presentation 3 - White June 16-17, 2003 Page 65 of 109
    Appendix A RAC-GWVI Meeting Minutes Presentation 3 - White June 16-17, 2003 Page 65 of 109 Presentation 3 - Roberta White Effects of Pyridostigmine Bromide Introduction - 1 and PTSD on Neuropsychological Function in GW Veterans Gulf War illness symptoms generally include memory and concentration June 16, 2003, VACO, Washington, DC difficulties, fatigue, headache and joint pains. Boston Environmental Hazards Center RE White, PhD, K Sullivan, PhD, M Krengel, PhD, S Proctor, DSc; S Devine, PhD; T Heeren, PhD; J Vasterling, PhD Introduction - 2 Introduction - 3 Suggested causes of Gulf War illness Due to limited record keeping by the include exposure to environmental toxicants military and GW veterans’ lack of (diesel fuels, pesticides, pyridostigmine awareness concerning potential bromide use, biological or chemical warfare environmental contaminants, it has been agents) and acute stress reactions. virtually impossible to definitely assess exposures in the veteran group. Introduction - 4 Pyridostigmine Bromide -1 However, it seems likely that GW veterans would recall with some PB is an acetylcholine (ACh) inhibitor accuracy whether they used the anti- used in the GW to protect US veterans nerve gas agent pyridostigmine bromide against chemical weapon attacks. (PB) due to the fact that the pills were self-administered. PB - 3 PB - 2 PB generally does not cross the blood PB reversibly binds to ACh receptors in brain barrier or have centrally acting the peripheral nervous system, providing effects. However, evidence from animal protection from chemical weapon models suggests that PB taken during exposures (soman, sarin) that irreversibly periods of stress may affect the central bind to ACh receptors. nervous system (CNS).
    [Show full text]
  • The Development, Pilot and Validation of a Multicultural Cognitive Assessment Scale
    The development, pilot and validation of a multicultural cognitive assessment scale. A thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Public Health and Community Medicine. Joella E Storey University of New South Wales 2005 1 Table of Contents The development, pilot and validation of a multicultural cognitive assessment scale. ...................................................................................................1 Table of Contents..................................................................................................2 List of Figures .......................................................................................................6 List of Tables.........................................................................................................7 CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY.................................................................9 Abstract ...............................................................................................................10 Awards and Publications ...................................................................................12 Acknowledgements.............................................................................................15 Introduction ........................................................................................................17 Chapter 1 The problem: There are no culture-fair cognitive screening tests. .....................................................................................................................20 The epidemiology
    [Show full text]
  • Teap 2014 Abstracts
    4 1 0 2 Gießen Gießen 2014 Abstracts • Gießen 2014 Abstracts of the 56th Conference of Experimental Psychologists edited by Conference of ExperimentalConference Psychologists Alexander C. Schütz, Knut Drewing, & Karl R. Gegenfurtner TeaP 2014 Abstracts of the 56th Conference of Experimental Psychologists Edited by Alexander C. Schütz, Knut Drewing, and Karl R. Gegenfurtner March, 31st to April, 2nd Gießen, Germany This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in other ways, and storage in data banks. The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The authors and the publisher of this volume have taken care that the information and recommendations contained herein are accurate and compatible with the standards generally accepted at the time of publication. Nevertheless, it is difficult to ensure that all the information given is entirely accurate for all circumstances. The publisher disclaims any liability, loss, or damage incurred as a consequence, directly or indirectly, of the use and application of any of the contents of this volume. © 2014 Pabst Science Publishers, 49525 Lengerich, Germany Printing: KM-Druck, 64823 Groß-Umstadt, Germany Contents
    [Show full text]