DOCSLIB.ORG

Neural Measures of Visual Attention and Suppression As Biomarkers for ADHD- Associated Inattention

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Neural Measures of Visual Attention and Suppression As Biomarkers for ADHD- Associated Inattention Neural Measures of Visual Attention and Suppression as Biomarkers for ADHD- associated Inattention Rebecca Elizabeth Townley PhD University of York Psychology August 2019 Abstract Abstract Whilst there is a wealth of literature examining neural differences in those with ADHD, few have investigated visual-associated regions. Given extensive evidence demonstrating visual-attention deficits in ADHD, it is possible that inattention problems may be associated with functional abnormalities within the visual system. By measuring neural responses across the visual system during visual-attentional tasks, we aim to explore the relationship between visual processing and ADHD-associated Inattention in the typically developed population. We first explored whether differences in neural responses occurred within the superior colliculus (SC); an area linked to distractibility and attention. Here we found that Inattention traits positively correlated with SC activity, but only when distractors were presented in the right visual field (RVF) and not the left visual field (LVF). Our later work followed up on these findings to investigate separate responses towards task-relevant targets and irrelevant, peripheral distractors. Findings showed that those with High Inattention exhibited increased responses towards distractors compared to targets, while those with Low Inattention showed the opposite effect. Hemifield differences were also observed where those with High Inattention showed increased RVF distractor-related signals compared to those with Low Inattention. No differences were observed for the LVF. Finally, we examined attention and suppression-related neural responses. Our results indicated that, while attentional responses were similar between Inattention groups, those with High Inattention showed weaker suppression responses towards the unattended RVF. No differences were found when suppressing the LVF. Findings across all studies suggest that differences in neural responses between those with High and Low levels of Inattention exist within the visual system. Such differences appear to relate to suppression of task-irrelevant distractors rather than attention towards task-relevant targets, suggesting such mechanisms are differentially affected in those with frequent Inattention problems. We also show a clear relationship between Inattention traits and visual suppression of the RVF. 2 Abstract List of Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................... 2 Abbreviations .......................................................................................................... 6 List of Tables ............................................................................................................ 7 List of Figures........................................................................................................... 8 Acknowledgements................................................................................................ 11 Declaration ............................................................................................................ 12 Chapter One: Introduction ...................................................................................... 13 1.1 Overview .......................................................................................................... 13 1.2 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ............................................................ 13 1.2.1 ADHD Symptoms and Diagnosis criteria.............................................................................. 13 1.2.2 Diagnostic Tools ................................................................................................................... 16 1.2.3 Prevalence ........................................................................................................................... 18 1.3 Visual Attention in ADHD .................................................................................. 19 1.3.1 Sustained attention ............................................................................................................. 19 1.3.2 Visual field differences in Attention .................................................................................... 28 1.3.3 Attentional Load .................................................................................................................. 32 1.4 The Visual System and ADHD ............................................................................. 35 1.4.1 Functional Differences ......................................................................................................... 36 1.4.2 Structural Differences .......................................................................................................... 40 1.4.3 Superior Colliculus ............................................................................................................... 43 1.5 Concluding Remarks .......................................................................................... 57 Chapter Two: Assessing ADHD in the typical population ......................................... 61 2.1 Participant Recruitment .................................................................................... 61 2.2 Ethics of measuring ADHD ................................................................................. 62 2.3 Measuring ADHD traits using the CAARS ............................................................ 64 Chapter Three: Evidence for hyperactivity in the superior colliculus in ADHD ........... 75 3.1 Abstract ............................................................................................................ 75 3.2 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 76 3.3 Methodology .................................................................................................... 78 3.3.1 Participants .......................................................................................................................... 78 3.3.2 Saccade tasks ....................................................................................................................... 79 3.3.3 Functional imaging: Stimuli and Task .................................................................................. 81 3.3.4 MRI acquisition .................................................................................................................... 83 3.3.5 Analyses of MRI data ........................................................................................................... 83 3.4 Results .............................................................................................................. 85 3.4.1 Saccade task ........................................................................................................................ 85 3.4.2 fMRI: Sustained Attention Task and Inattention Traits ....................................................... 85 3 Abstract 3.4.3 fMRI: Superior colliculus and Inattention ........................................................................... 86 3.5 Discussion ......................................................................................................... 89 Chapter Four: Characterising Visual EEG responses in Inattention: exploring the effects of Hemifield and Attentional load. ............................................................... 93 4.1 Abstract ............................................................................................................ 93 4.2 Introduction...................................................................................................... 94 4.2.1 Perceptual Load ................................................................................................................... 94 4.2.2 Sensory Competition ........................................................................................................... 96 4.2.3 Asymmetrical Spatial Attention .......................................................................................... 96 4.2.4 The Steady State Visual Evoked Potential and its application to research on attention.... 97 4.2.5 Hypotheses and predictions ................................................................................................ 99 4.3 Methods ........................................................................................................... 99 4.3.1 Participants.......................................................................................................................... 99 4.3.2 EEG Apparatus ................................................................................................................... 102 4.3.3 Stimuli and experimental procedure ................................................................................ 102 4.3.4 Eye tracking apparatus and analysis ................................................................................. 106 4.3.5 EEG Analysis ...................................................................................................................... 107 4.4 Results .............................................................................................................110 4.4.1 Central target Fixation....................................................................................................... 110 4.4.2 Behavioural Task ..............................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Neuropsychological Functioning of Men Residing in a Homeless Shelter
    Marquette University e-Publications@Marquette Dissertations, Theses, and Professional Dissertations (1934 -) Projects The Neuropsychological Functioning of Men Residing in a Homeless Shelter Sara Murray Hegerty Marquette University Follow this and additional works at: https://epublications.marquette.edu/dissertations_mu Part of the Psychiatry and Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Hegerty, Sara Murray, "The Neuropsychological Functioning of Men Residing in a Homeless Shelter" (2009). Dissertations (1934 -). 3. https://epublications.marquette.edu/dissertations_mu/3 THE NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL FUNCTIONING OF MEN RESIDING IN A HOMELESS SHELTER by Sara Murray Hegerty, M.A. A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School, Marquette University, in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Milwaukee, Wisconsin August 2010 ABSTRACT THE NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL FUNCTIONING OF MEN RESIDING IN A HOMELESS SHELTER Sara Murray Hegerty, M.A. Marquette University, 2010 The number of homeless individuals in the U.S. has continued to increase, with men comprising the majority of this population. These men are at substantial risk for neuropsychological impairment due to several factors, such as substance misuse, severe mental illness, untreated medical conditions (e.g., diabetes, liver disease, HIV/AIDS), poor nutrition, and the increased likelihood of suffering a traumatic brain injury. Impairments in attention, memory, executive functioning, and other neuropsychological domains can result in poor daily functioning and difficulty engaging in psychological, medical, or educational services. Thus, knowledge of the neuropsychological functioning of homeless men is critical for those who work with this population. Yet data in this area are limited. This study aimed to describe the functioning of men residing in an urban homeless shelter across the domains of attention/concentration, memory, executive functions, language, sensory-motor abilities, general intelligence, and reading ability.
    [Show full text]
  • Neuromodulation of Prefrontal Cortex Cognitive Function in Primates: the Powerful Roles of Monoamines and Acetylcholine ✉ Roshan Cools1 and Amy F
    www.nature.com/npp REVIEW ARTICLE OPEN Neuromodulation of prefrontal cortex cognitive function in primates: the powerful roles of monoamines and acetylcholine ✉ Roshan Cools1 and Amy F. T. Arnsten 2 © The Author(s) 2021 The primate prefrontal cortex (PFC) subserves our highest order cognitive operations, and yet is tremendously dependent on a precise neurochemical environment for proper functioning. Depletion of noradrenaline and dopamine, or of acetylcholine from the dorsolateral PFC (dlPFC), is as devastating as removing the cortex itself, and serotonergic influences are also critical to proper functioning of the orbital and medial PFC. Most neuromodulators have a narrow inverted U dose response, which coordinates arousal state with cognitive state, and contributes to cognitive deficits with fatigue or uncontrollable stress. Studies in monkeys have revealed the molecular signaling mechanisms that govern the generation and modulation of mental representations by the dlPFC, allowing dynamic regulation of network strength, a process that requires tight regulation to prevent toxic actions, e.g., as occurs with advanced age. Brain imaging studies in humans have observed drug and genotype influences on a range of cognitive tasks and on PFC circuit functional connectivity, e.g., showing that catecholamines stabilize representations in a baseline- dependent manner. Research in monkeys has already led to new treatments for cognitive disorders in humans, encouraging future research in this important field. Neuropsychopharmacology; https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-021-01100-8 INTRODUCTION Importantly, these modulatory actions appear to vary based on PFC The primate prefrontal cortex (PFC) has the extraordinary ability to subregion, circuit, cell-type, and receptor, with no universal actions.
    [Show full text]
  • Communication Post Acquired Brain Injury
    6. Interventions for Cognition and Cognitive- Communication Post Acquired Brain Injury Shawn Marshall MD MSc Penny Welch-West (M.CI.Sc. SLP) Connie Ferri (MSc. SLP) Pavlina Faltynek MSc Shannon Janzen MSc Leanne Togher PhD, Robert Teasell MD erabi.ca Version 13.0 Key Points Drill and practice training may not be effective for the remediation of attention following an ABI. Dual-task training has been shown to improve measures of attention to the extent that the ABI population does not significantly differ from healthy controls, however it is undetermined if the strength of these effects compared to non-dual-task training are greater. Computer-based interventions are no more effective than no intervention in improving measures of attention and concentration post ABI. Repetitive virtual reality tasks which include repetition are effective in improving attention and concentration in ABI populations. Goal management training is effective in assisting those who sustain an ABI learning to manage life goals through improved attention. In general, a variety of non-specific attentional training programs appear to be effective for improving attentional scores following an ABI. The addition of a therapy animal to an attentional training program may enhance concentration gains. Therapies which focus on emotional regulation do not appear to be effective at improving attention post ABI, while mindfulness may improve some areas. In order to determine if attentional training is effective in improving attention post-ABI standardized protocols must be developed to allow between study comparisons. Tasks that involve mathematical skills may be effective at improving attention post ABI. Transcranial direct current stimulation may be effective in remediating attentional deficits when combined with computer assisted training in ABI populations.
    [Show full text]
  • Shifting Visual Attention Between Objects and Locations: Evidence from Normal and Parietal Lesion Subjects
    Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Copyright 1994 by the American Psychological Association, Inc. 1994, Vol. 123, No. 2. 161-177 0096-3445/94^3.00 Shifting Visual Attention Between Objects and Locations: Evidence From Normal and Parietal Lesion Subjects Robert Egly, Jon Driver, and Robert D. Rafal Space- and object-based attention components were examined in neurologically normal and parietal-lesion subjects, who detected a luminance change at 1 of 4 ends of 2 outline rectangles. One rectangle end was precued (75% valid); on invalid-cue trials, the target appeared at the other end of the cued rectangle or at 1 end of the uncued rectangle. For normals, the cost for invalid cues was greater for targets in the uncued rectangle, indicating an object-based component. Both right- and left-hemisphere patients showed costs that were greater for contralesional targets. For right- hemisphere patients, the object cost was equivalent for contralesional and ipsilesional targets, indicating a spatial deficit, whereas the object cost for left-hemisphere patients was larger for contralesional targets, indicating an object deficit. Selective attention allows us to pick out and respond to field; the analogy of a spotlight is often suggested (e.g., relevant information while ignoring the myriad distracting LaBerge, 1983; Posner, 1980). In contrast, object-based stimuli in cluttered visual scenes. Several decades of intense models suggest that attention is directed to the candidate research have substantially advanced our understanding of objects (or perceptual groups) that result from a preattentive the operations and neural mechanisms of selective attention. segmentation of the visual scene in accordance with group- There is now broad agreement that, although attention may ing principles (e.g., Driver & Baylis, 1989; Duncan, 1984).
    [Show full text]
  • Neural Mechanisms Underlying Attention Deficits in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
    Neural Mechanisms Underlying Attention Deficits in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder by Stefanie Russman Block A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Psychology) in The University of Michigan 2018 Doctoral Committee: Professor Israel Liberzon, Chair Assistant Professor Luke W. Hyde Research Assistant Professor Anthony P. King Associate Professor Sekhar C. Sripada Associate Professor Daniel H. Weissma Stefanie Russman Block [email protected] ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7528-0882 © Stefanie Russman Block 2017 DEDICATION To all those suffering from mental illness, and to all those with an insatiable curiosity for knowledge. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am deeply grateful to everyone on my dissertation committee: Dr. Israel Liberzon for his support and guidance throughout the years, Dr. Anthony King for allowing me to test my hypotheses in his data set, Dr. Daniel Weissman for his input on task design and teaching mentorship, Dr. Chandra Sripada for help with fMRI methodology and use of ADHD measures, and Dr. Luke Hyde for his positive role in shaping the Clinical Science program. I am grateful to everyone in the Psychiatric Affective Neuroimaging Lab and the Trauma, Stress and Anxiety Research Program. Specifically, I would like to thank my research assistants – Michaela Milillo, Lisa Blake, Rachel John, Nicole Corso and Damaris Pop – for their help with subject recruitment, data collection and data analyses, Nita Patel for conducting the MRI scans, Dr. Liz Duval for clinical supervision, IRB assistance, and moral support, Dr. Rebecca Sripada for her contribution to the ideas in Experiment 1 and showing me the ropes of neuroimaging analyses, Yana Lokshina for her help with data analyses, and Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • The Development, Pilot and Validation of a Multicultural Cognitive Assessment Scale
    The development, pilot and validation of a multicultural cognitive assessment scale. A thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Public Health and Community Medicine. Joella E Storey University of New South Wales 2005 1 Table of Contents The development, pilot and validation of a multicultural cognitive assessment scale. ...................................................................................................1 Table of Contents..................................................................................................2 List of Figures .......................................................................................................6 List of Tables.........................................................................................................7 CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY.................................................................9 Abstract ...............................................................................................................10 Awards and Publications ...................................................................................12 Acknowledgements.............................................................................................15 Introduction ........................................................................................................17 Chapter 1 The problem: There are no culture-fair cognitive screening tests. .....................................................................................................................20 The epidemiology
    [Show full text]
  • Teap 2014 Abstracts
    4 1 0 2 Gießen Gießen 2014 Abstracts • Gießen 2014 Abstracts of the 56th Conference of Experimental Psychologists edited by Conference of ExperimentalConference Psychologists Alexander C. Schütz, Knut Drewing, & Karl R. Gegenfurtner TeaP 2014 Abstracts of the 56th Conference of Experimental Psychologists Edited by Alexander C. Schütz, Knut Drewing, and Karl R. Gegenfurtner March, 31st to April, 2nd Gießen, Germany This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in other ways, and storage in data banks. The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The authors and the publisher of this volume have taken care that the information and recommendations contained herein are accurate and compatible with the standards generally accepted at the time of publication. Nevertheless, it is difficult to ensure that all the information given is entirely accurate for all circumstances. The publisher disclaims any liability, loss, or damage incurred as a consequence, directly or indirectly, of the use and application of any of the contents of this volume. © 2014 Pabst Science Publishers, 49525 Lengerich, Germany Printing: KM-Druck, 64823 Groß-Umstadt, Germany Contents
    [Show full text]
  • B21656721.Pdf
    iii Abstract of thesis entitled Parameters for Design of Computer-based Program for People with Mental Retardation submitted by Wing Kai WONG for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at The Hong Kong Polytechnic University (April 2007) ABSTRACT “Universal design” is a fundamental approach to the development of the human- computer interface for modern technology. The principles of “Universal design” have largely improved the user-friendliness and utilization of technology for those in the mainstream population. The drawback however is the compromise of the functionality and even the marketability of these products, especially by the people who have had disabilities. Previous studies have revealed that the people with mental retardation had limitations in using the existing human-computer interfaces, e.g. web browser. Such findings are not surprising as the people with mental retardation are known to have an overall lowering of intellectual abilities. Previous studies have placed its focus on investigating the functional problems encountered by these people and the ways for improving their skills on using these technological products. However, it is a limited research to explore the mechanisms which hinder them from effectively using the technological products and how the interface design could be enhanced for bridging the theory-driven human-computer interaction gap. This research project was aimed to examine the mechanisms behind the phenomenon that the people of mental retardation had problems using the human- iv computer interface. In particularly, it focused on how the mental deficiencies of these people hindered their competence in operating the interface. It was consisted of three inter-related studies with each informed the research questions asked and methods to be used in the subsequent study.
    [Show full text]
  • The Neural Correlates of Endogenously Cued Covert
    THE NEURAL CORRELATES OF ENDOGENOUSLY CUED COVERT VISUOSPATIAL ATTENTIONAL SHIFTING IN THE CUE-TARGET INTERVAL: AN ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHIC STUDY by Edward Justin Modestino A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of The Charles E. Schmidt College of Science in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, FL December 2009 Copyright © Edward Justin Modestino 2009 ii VITA Edward Justin Modestino, son of Louis Anthony Modestino and Elaine Frances Palaima, was born November 05, 1970, in Norwood, Massachusetts. He graduated from Stoughton High School in Stoughton, MA in June 1989. He married Danielle Jean (Guido) Kradin, daughter of Joseph Francis Guido and Carol Anne Kradin, on June 19, 1996. Edward graduated with a Bachelor’s degree in Psychobiology from Harvard in Cambridge, MA in June 1997. His undergraduate thesis, under advisor Michael Hasselmo, D.Phil., was theoretical; it merged neuroscience with clinical neurology on the topic of attention deficit disorder in childhood predisposing to the subsequent development of narcolepsy in adulthood. Next, he entered graduate school at the PENN in Philadelphia, PA, to further explore the theory with Douglas Frye, Ph.D. He graduated with a Master’s degree in Psychobiology in May 1999, and a post-Master’s degree (Master of Philosophy) in Cognitive Neuroscience in May 2001. The focus of his penultimate degree was an fMRI pilot study designed to test his theory using neuroimaging. In August 2001, he entered the Ph.D. program in Complex Systems and Brain Sciences at FAU. Soon thereafter, he began working with Steven Bressler, Ph.D., studying covert visual attentional shifting using EEG.
    [Show full text]
  • The Cognitive Neuroscience of Visual Attention Marlene Behrmann* and Craig Haimson†
    nb9208.qxd 12/17/1999 2:55 PM Page 158 158 The cognitive neuroscience of visual attention Marlene Behrmann* and Craig Haimson† In current conceptualizations of visual attention, selection takes comitant decrease in processing other, nonselected por- place through integrated competition between recurrently tions of input. connected visual processing networks. Selection, which facilitates the emergence of a ‘winner’ from among many A state of competition between different possible inputs potential targets, can be associated with particular spatial supplanted the need for a discrete filtering process. In sim- locations or object properties, and it can be modulated by both ple competition models, the input receiving the greatest stimulus-driven and goal-driven factors. Recent neurobiological proportion of resources (e.g. as a result of more salient bot- data support this account, revealing the activation of striate tom-up attributes) would be most completely analyzed, and and extrastriate brain regions during conditions of competition. the contents of this analysis would be communicated to fur- In addition, parietal and temporal cortices play a role in ther stages of processing. A specialized attentional selection, biasing the ultimate outcome of the competition. mechanism that could alter the distribution of these resources could, in essence, facilitate the processing of the Addresses information in a portion of input by providing it with addi- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University and The Center tional support and biasing competition in its favour. How for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University, such a mechanism might identify a discrete portion of input Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213-3890, USA for preferential processing continues to be the source of *e-mail: [email protected] †e-mail: [email protected] considerable debate, as some studies implicated a mecha- nism that selected input associated with a specific set of Current Opinion in Neurobiology 1999, 9:158–163 spatial locations (see e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Abstracts of the 56Th Conference of Experimental Psychologists
    TeaP 2014 Abstracts of the 56th Conference of Experimental Psychologists Edited by Alexander C. Schütz, Knut Drewing, and Karl R. Gegenfurtner March, 31st to April, 2nd Gießen, Germany Bibliographic Information published by Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliographie. Detailed bibliographic data are available at http://dnb.ddb.de. This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in other ways, and storage in data banks. The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The authors and the publisher of this volume have taken care that the information and recommendations contained herein are accurate and compatible with the standards generally accepted at the time of publication. Nevertheless, it is difficult to ensure that all the information given is entirely accurate for all circumstances. The publisher disclaims any liability, loss, or damage incurred as a consequence, directly or indirectly, of the use and application of any of the contents of this volume. © 2014 Pabst Science Publishers, 49525 Lengerich, Germany Printing: KM-Druck, 64823 Groß-Umstadt, Germany ISBN 978-3-89967-915-1
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Inhibition of Retrirn in Visrtol Search Fulfillment O T' The
    University of Alberta The role of inhibition of retrirn in visrtol search by Janice Jacqueline Snyder 0 A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial Fulfillment O t' the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Psychology Edmonton, Alberta Fa11 2000 National Library Bibliothèque nationale 141 du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services senrices bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395, rue welrigtori OttawaON K1AON4 CXbwaON KlAW Canada canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Lamy of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distn'bute or sell reproduire, prêter, distn'buer ou copies of this thesis in microforrn, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/^ de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial exûacts fkom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. Abstract My dissertation research is aimed at understanding the attentional mechanisrns that mediate visual search. More specifically. my research focuses on a phenornenon called inhibition of return (IOR) where people are slower to respond to a stimulus if it is presented in a location that was previously attended. This del. in response timc (Rn is thought to reflect a bias to attend novel locations which, in tum, should serve to improve visual search efficiency.
    [Show full text]