ISSN 1980-7694 ON-LINE
INVENTORY OF URBAN FOREST IN THE DOWNTOWN AREA OF MANGUEIRINHA, PARANA STATE, BRAZIL
Leonardo Serpa Schallenberger1 2, Gilmara de Oliveira Machado3
ABSTRACT
This study investigated the urban trees in the downtown area of Mangueirinha town Paraná State, Brazil. We inventoried tree species on 19 public streets and avenues and collected data regarding damages caused by trees to public infrastructure as well as damages to trees caused by human activities. We also evaluated the need for management practices such as cleaning and repair pruning; pest, parasite and disease control; removal and replanting of trees. We observed that urban afforestation in the region comprises 28 species; however, 74.4% of the population is represented by only three species. Regarding damages to public infrastructure, 36.5% of the tree species are causing damages to sidewalks and pavements, and 16.25% are conflicting with the aerial power and telephone grid. Regarding damages caused by human activities, 58% of the damages are caused by drastic pruning and 2.2%, by vandalism. Appropriate management practices and pruning are necessary in 48.19% population. There are 26 dead trees that have to be removed and all avenues and streets have trees that need replanting. However, no tree requires sanitary treatments. We recommended the city government to create a Master Plan for Urban Afforestation (MPUA) aimed at improving the management of the urban forest. Keywords: urban forest, urban management, public roads, environmental quality.
INVENTÁRIO DA ARBORIZAÇÃO NA REGIÃO CENTRAL DO MUNICÍPIO DE MANGUEIRINHA – PR
RESUMO
Este trabalho teve como objetivo principal estudar a arborização da região central do Município de Mangueirinha – PR. Foi realizado o levantamento das espécies componentes de 19 vias públicas, análise de danos causados pelas árvores à estrutura pública bem como os danos causados nas próprias árvores por ação antrópica. A necessidade de práticas de manejo como podas de limpeza e correção, controle de pragas, controle de doenças, controle de parasitas, remoção de árvores e replantio também foram avaliadas. Foi observado que a arborização é composta por 28 espécies, porém, 74,4% da população é representada apenas por três espécies. Em relação aos danos públicos causados pelas árvores, 36,5% dos indivíduos se encontram promovendo danos às calçadas e pavimentos, e 16,25% à rede de distribuição de energia e fiação de telefonia. Quanto aos danos causados nas árvores por ação antrópica, em 58% dos casos são decorrentes de podas drásticas e em 2,2% devido ao vandalismo. Práticas adequadas de manejo e podas são necessárias em 48,19% da população, onde 26 árvores mortas devem ser removidas. Todas as ruas apresentam árvores com necessidade de replantio, porém, não há casos que exijam tratamento fitossanitário. Recomenda-se ao município a elaboração de um Plano Diretor de Arborização Urbana (PDAU) visando o planejamento e melhoria da arborização da cidade. Palavras-chave: Floresta urbana; Planejamento urbano; Vias públicas; Qualidade ambiental.
1 recebido em 20.12.2011 e aceito para publicação em 15.03.2013 2 Engenheiro Florestal, Mangueirinha – PR. [email protected] 3 Graduada em Ciências Exatas,PhD., Professora da UNICENTRO, Irati – PR. [email protected]
Soc. Bras. de Arborização Urbana REVSBAU, Piracicaba – SP, v.8, n.1, p.51‐60, 2013 INTRODUCTION
Currently, there is great concern for improving life adequate management of urban trees, which quality in cities, which often translates into consists of the planting and maintenance of trees on measures aimed at achieving harmony between public roads. This requires the development of a artificial elements of urban environments and Master Plan for street afforestation to select and nature elements, such as trees. In this sense, plant trees, maintain them and replace them as afforestation of streets, parks and squares has needed. Therefore, the management of urban trees become an excellent alternative for the municipal consists of planning, selecting, establishing, administration, due to the numerous benefits that maintaining and removing trees on public roads to urban trees provide to the population and the provide potential benefits to the urban community environment (DALCIN, 2000; SOUZA, 1995). (MILLER, 1998). The benefits provided by urban trees involve The Master Plan for Urban Afforestation (MPUA) aesthetics, related to visual effects, enabling a should be a document prepared, discussed and contact between people and nature, producing a approved by the municipality, taking into account harmonious effect through their smooth and organic people's participation, complementing the City lines, shapes, colors and textures, creating a unique Master Plan and in accordance with the Municipal landscape and providing identity to the streets. Organic Law. The MPUA should be based on an Regarding the environment, we observe noticeable dynamic inventory system, reflections of benefits in improving the microclimate by community values, targets for the short, medium alleviating air and noise pollution, providing soil and long-term, prioritizing tree planting and protection and shelter for wildlife, decreasing wind maintenance, as well as the establishment of a effects and providing shade to the population, policy for tree removal and replacement (ARAUJO; absorbing ultraviolet radiation and reducing surface ARAUJO, 2011). runoff through increased soil permeability. Benefits Gerhold and Sacksteder (1982) define inventories are related to the physical comfort that trees provide of street trees as the method of obtaining data on to microclimate changes. Urban trees bring trees and organizing the data into usable incalculable psychological benefits to humans, information, which is an important tool for planning especially by alleviating stress. Urban afforestation management procedures of the urban forest. Bassett is also positive in promoting tourism, encouraging (1978) states that an inventory provides updated physical and recreational activities that decrease data on resources for planning programs and sedentarism, expanding social circles and monitoring maintenance activities as well as for developing environmental education and, therefore, assisting in making management decisions, urban afforestation is related to political, social and especially regarding budget allocations, i.e., it economic values (BIONDI; ALTHAUS, 2005; provides subsidies for MPUA. MILANO; DALCIN, 2000; SOUZA, 1995). The data to be collected in an inventory should However, to produce beneficial and positive effects, provide the necessary information at a reasonable urban afforestation should be taken seriously with cost, avoiding the collection of superfluous data.
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52 Soc. Bras. de Arborização Urbana REVSBAU, Piracicaba – SP, v.8, n.1, p.51‐60, 2013
The first phase to perform the inventory is to municipality is considered the largest grain carefully plan the objectives and determine what producer in the southwest of Paraná, with the data should be collected. In the case of participation highest GDP per capita in the region. The of volunteers, training is essential to explain the municipality houses the Indian Reserve of purpose of the inventory, the rules in data collection Mangueirinha, which together with the lake of the and expectations regarding the quality of work. hydroelectric dam “Ney Braga” and the waterfalls Another phase is supervision, which can be done by of Marrecas River, form a considerable tourist checking the data already collected and conducting potential to be explored. brief daily meetings to discuss problems and seek There are no records in the specialized in literature solutions. Subsequently, while using the inventory, on urban trees in the municipality of Mangueirinha. the use of information from the reports should be The present study collected data on the local maximized and inventories should be regularly afforestation status to provide data for the state updated. Finally, the data management and the final government and the municipal public report, recommended to be carried out using administration. This inventory allows to identify the computers, generating fast and accurate data, mistakes and successes of managing afforestation making a report with quality that must contain of public roads, enabling to carry out a plan to decision drivers for the management plan, budget improve the municipal urban forest, in addition to justifications, schedules and availability of official providing more information about afforestation in information to public disclosure (GERHOLD; southwestern Paraná. SACKSTEDER, 1982; MILLER, 1988). Agricultural activities are the economic basis for the town of Mangueirinha, Paraná State, Brazil. The
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The municipality of Mangueirinha situated at 25º months (June-August), with average rainfall 350- 56’ 28” south latitude and 52º 10’ 32” west 450 mm. The average high temperature in the longitude, in the southwestern region of Paraná warmer months (December-February) is 26ºC, with State, Brazil. Inserted in the region, there is a Rain average rainfall 400-600 mm. The annual Forest, the water basin of Iguaçu River, and the evapotranspiration ranges from 1,000 to 1,200 mm, relief to the Third Plateau, with average altitude of relative humidity 75-80%, with winds 620 meters. Its territorial area covers 1,073 km², predominantly to northeastern direction (IAPAR, with a population of 17,526 inhabitants. The 2000). demographic density is 15.88 inhabitant/km² and The study was carried out in the central region of the urbanization rate 49.24%. The climate of the the municipality. We inventoried the afforestation region is temperate humid with hot summers (Cfa) on 19 streets (Barão do Rio Branco, Dom Pedro II, (Köppen classification) (IPARDES, 2011). The Duque de Caxias, Carlos Gomes, Getúlio Vargas, average low temperature is 14ºC in the colder Gonçalves Dias, Governador Garcês, Hugo Vieira,
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José Bonifácio, José Burigo, Juscelino Kubitschek, Dumont and Visconde de Guarapuava) and on two Marechal Deodoro, Marcílio Dias, Pedro Álvares avenues (Iguaçu e Souza Naves), totaling 21 urban Cabral, Rui Barbosa, Saldanha Marinho, Santos roads (Figure 1).
. Figure 1. The study area is delineated in the red line.
We studied individuals located on sidewalks and tree architecture, altering the typical crown shape of central beds the roads. We identified and quantified the species; 3) cleaning and repair pruning, 4) pest the species, analyzed damages caused by trees to control, 5) disease control, 6) parasite control, 7) public and private structure, damages to trees tree removal, 8) tree replanting. caused by human action and the need for the The data were collected between September 16-29, following management practices: 1) clean pruning: 2011, at the beginning of spring. We elaborated a removal of dead, diseased or malformed branches, field report containing the street name, date, tree without altering the typical crown shape of the tree; number, tree species, damages and management 2) repair pruning: removal of branches to fix the needs.
RESTULTS AND DISCUSSION
We covered 12 km of the central area of the town and 12 species native to the Rain Forest. However, of Mangueirinha to carry out the inventory of the when analyzing the occurrences of species in the arboreal population. The study showed that road population, we observed that 86.94% of the trees afforestation comprises 28 species from 18 plant are exotic. We were incapable of identifying 2.64% families, identified in the literature (Lorenzi, 1998); of the trees because their structure was disfigured Lorenzi, 2002; Lorenzi et. al., 2003) (Table 1). We due to damages caused by drastic pruning. identified 14 exotic species, two native to Brazil
Leonardo Serpa Schallenberger and Gilmara de Oliveira Machado
54 Soc. Bras. de Arborização Urbana REVSBAU, Piracicaba – SP, v.8, n.1, p.51‐60, 2013 Table 1. Family, species, popular names, occurrences and origin of the studied trees. (E = Exotic; NOM = Native to Rain Forest; N = Native to Brazil).
Family/ Species Popular name Occurrence (%) Origin Anacardiaceae Schinus molle L. Aroeira - Salsa 9.48 E Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi. Aroeira - vermelha 0.57 NOM Aquifoliaceae Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil. Erva- Mate 0.07 NOM Araucariaceae Araucaria angustifolia (Bert.) O Kuntze. Pinheiro – do - Brasil 0.57 NOM Arecaceae Syagrus romanzoffiana (Cham.) Glass. Jerivá 4.49 NOM Bignoniaceae Tabebuia alba (Cham.) Sandw. Ipê - Amarelo 2.99 NOM Tabebuia heptaphylla (Vell.) Ipê - Roxo 0.78 N Cupressaceae Cupressus macrocarpa Hartw. Ex Gordon. Cipestre - Monterrei 0.64 E Chamaecyparis obtusa Siebold & Zucc. Cipestre - Dourado 0.29 E Fabaceae - Caesalpinoideae Tipuana tipu (Benth.) O Kuntz. Tipuana 5.56 N Senna macranthera (DC. Ex collad.) H.S. Cassia - Manduirana 0.14 E Schizolobium parahyba (Vell.) S. F. Blake. Guapuruvu 0.07 NOM Fabaceae - Cercidaea Bauhinia forficata Link. Pata - de - Vaca 0.71 NOM Fabaceae - Mimosoideae Parapiptadenia rigida (Benth.) Brenan. Angico 0.64 NOM Lythraceae Lagerstroemia indica L. Extremosa 17.03 E Meliaceae Cedrela fissilis Vell Cedro 0.07 NOM Melia azedarach L. Cinamomo 0.14 E Moraceae Ficus benjamina L. Ficus Benjamin 1.64 E Morus alba L Amoreira 0.36 E Myrtaceae Callistemon speciosus (Bonpl.) Sweet. Escova - de - Garrafa 0.14 E Eugenia involucrata DC. Cerejeira 0.07 NOM Eugenia uniflora L. Pitangueira 0.07 NOM Psidium cattleianum Sabine Araça 0.07 NOM Oleaceae Ligustrum lucidum W. T. Aiton. Alfeneiro 47.90 E Pinaceae Pinus taeda L Pinus 0.07 E Proteaceae Grevillea robusta A. Cunn. Ex R. Br. Grevílea 0.64 E Rosaceae Prunus lannesiana Cerejeira - do - Japão 1.92 E Rutaceae Citrus sp. Limão - Galego 0.21 E Não Identificadas 2.64
Table 1 shows that only three species comprise greater occurrence of the species Alfeneiro 74.4% of the entire arboreal population, with (Ligustrum lucidum W. T. Aiton.) with 47.9%,
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followed by Extremosa (Lagerstroemia indica L.) (COBALCHINI, 1999), as observed in the study with 17.03% and Aroeira - Salsa (Schinus molle L.) area. It has a reduced root system, and it is the with 9.48%. number one species in cases of tree falls in the city Alfeneiro (Ligustrum lucidum W. T. Aiton.) is a of Curitiba (KLECHOWICZ, 2001), however, this tough species and resistant to diseases and pests, event was not observed during the inventory. however, it should not be planted under aerial Aroeira - Salsa (Schinus molle L.) is resistant to power grid, because it is expensive to maintain. Its droughts, low temperatures and frosts, however, it overgrowth requires constant pruning interventions. has little resistance to fungi attacks. It requires Its planting is not recommended near sidewalks and frequent pruning to balance its physical structure, parking lots due to root outcropping and the since its branches break or chip easily, which was unpleasant effect that its fruits can cause, such as obverted in the present study. Drastic pruning can stains on clothes and vehicles (168, DIRR, 1990). affect the tree physical structure, causing tree Root outcropping was largely observed in the study toppling. In our study, we observed frequently site, however the negative aspects of fruiting were tortuous slopes and trees that, exposed to strong not observed, since the species was not in the winds, are likely to fall down. This species should fruiting season. Medical studies show that its pollen be planted in spacious groves, preferably in non- is potentially allergenic and the planting of this compacted soil because adverse conditions lead to species is not recommended, especially in cold root outcropping and damages to sidewalks climates. Its pruning should be carried out at the (BARROS; VARGAS, 2009; MODENA; end of the dormant period, from August to ROSSATO, 2011), as observed on the pavements September (VIEIRA; NEGREIROS, 1990). This of the road network of the town of Mangueirinha, species has the highest occurrence in the city of Paraná State, Brazil. Curitiba, Paraná State, Brazil. However, currently it Other 26 species comprise only 25.6% of the urban is no longer planted because of the large number of forest in the city center, which is a reality in many complaints from residents (COBALCHINI, 1999). Brazilian cities, where species diversity is relatively In the town of Mangueirinha, no restriction was not low, prevailing homogeneity, which is in observed for the use of this species. disagreement with recommendations of Biondi and Extremosa (Lagerstroemia indica L.) is a short- Althaus (2005) that claim that the occurrence of one cycle life tree with small leaf mass production species should not exceed 10-15% of the total providing little shade. It is recommended for population. Miller (1997) states that afforestation narrow sidewalks, without restrictions for its use should not exceed 10% of the same species, and under aerial power grid (OLIVEIRA; BACKES; 20% of any genre, because greater species diversity CONCLI, 1992); however, in the town of of trees in the urban landscape is necessary to Mangueirinha, it is often used on wide sidewalks, ensure maximum protection against pests and while large-sized species could be used to provide a diseases, in addition to providing aesthetic and larger shaded area. The species requires constant landscape richness (SANTAMOUR JÚNIOR, removal of basal sprouts. Its flowering is stimulated 1990). by pruning, but drastic pruning leads to the The tree planting in the town of Mangueirinha is production of flowers in larger, but fewer bunches consistent with Nunes (1995), who states that in
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56 Soc. Bras. de Arborização Urbana REVSBAU, Piracicaba – SP, v.8, n.1, p.51‐60, 2013 most municipalities in Brazil, street afforestation electrified wires that may cause shock and comprises different isolated initiatives and not a eventually death (PIRELLI s.d.). large-scale plan. This generates numerous To minimize conflicts between tree crowns and incompatibilities between trees and the aerial power aerial power grids, small-sized tree species should network, sidewalks and buildings, resulting in be planted and pruning procedures should be damage to public infrastructure, technical applied to drive the tree crowns. For the town of difficulties, high maintenance costs and Mangueirinha, we recommended to plant 4-m high dissatisfaction in the population. trees, at most, under the aerial power grids in When we assessed the damage to public accordance to Palermo (1987). Large-sized trees infrastructure caused by trees, we found that 36.5% (15 m) may be planted, however, pruning of individuals cause damage to sidewalks due to procedures should be adopted to deflect the root outcropping, generating a negative aesthetic branches from the network wiring until they reach effect, transportation difficulties and risks to higher than the light poles. This practice is pedestrians due to uneven surfaces. Root evidenced by Milano (1988) in a study conducted in outcropping in the study site is probably caused by the city of Maringá, Paraná State, Brazil. For trees soil impermeabilization, trees planted in small that already conflict with wiring system, corrective grooves and in compacted soil. To minimize root pruning procedures are required. outcropping, it is recommended to plant seedlings Trees are often planted in hostile urban in grooves with minimum dimensions of 0.6 x 0.6 x environments, suffer inadequate silvicultural tracts, 0.6 m, ensuring that the area around is permeable to and are subject to acts of vandalism, resulting in allow infiltration and soil aeration, at least 2 m² various types of physical damage (GREY; (IPEF, 2006). However, we observed in the study DENEKE, 1978). The inventory we conducted site that most trees are conditioned in a permeable showed that 58% of the trees have physical damage area of only 0.45 m². Another recommendation is to in their structure caused by drastic pruning plant species that do not have a tendency for root procedures and 2.2% shows signs of vandalism in outcropping to prevent damage to sidewalks and their trunks or branches. To mitigate the situation, inconveniences. environmental education programs for afforestation Regarding conflict of trees with aerial power and should be implemented, as well as the adoption of telephone grids, we found that 16.25% of the tree correct pruning practices by trained and qualified crown conflict with the wiring system. There are no staff. immediate damages to telephone line grid, Regarding the need for management procedures, however, damages can occur with branch falls due many trees require pruning practices, totaling to strong winds, especially in cases where pruning 48.19% of the population (Figure 2). procedures are required. Regarding the aerial power grid, besides the damage risk caused by falling branches and trees, conflict of tree crowns with electric wiring can interrupt power supply and endanger people due to possibility of contact with
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Clean Repair Clean and Repair No pruning required
Figure 2. Percentage of clean and repair pruning needed and percentage of trees that do not require pruning interventions.
Figure 2 shows that repair pruning is necessary in practices, because, according to Bernatzki (1980), larger number of trees, amounting 27.73% of the pruning practices should be carried out with more population. Clean and repair pruning practices are frequency, once well-done pruning practices ensure required for 16.25% of the trees and clean pruning good condition to trees, providing safety to the practice is needed in only 4.21%, 51.81% does not population and properties. require pruning. The fact that most individuals do Another management procedure required is the not need to undergo pruning does not necessarily removal of 26 dead trees. All streets and avenues mean an efficient management system is being studied showed many empty spaces that require tree developed, given that many trees were subjected to replanting. We did not identify cases requiring drastic pruning practices. control of pests, diseases and parasites, which may It is the municipal government’s responsibility to be related to the presence of forest remnants near establish a schedule to accomplish the pruning the study area.
CONCLUSION
Street afforestation in the downtown area of the city literature that indicates that the same species should of Mangueirinha, Paraná State, Brazil, is composed not exceed 10-15% of total. by 28 species; however, 74.4% of the total tree With regard to the damage caused to public population consists of only three species, below the infrastructure by trees, 36.5% of the trees cause level recommended for species diversity in damage to pavements and sidewalks due to root
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58 Soc. Bras. de Arborização Urbana REVSBAU, Piracicaba – SP, v.8, n.1, p.51‐60, 2013 outcropping, with 16.25% of individuals causing Diseases, pests and parasites were not observed, not damage to the aerial power grid, which can produce requiring sanitary interventions. the same negative effect on the telephone wiring in The large number of damaged trees that require case of tree or branch fall. In relation to damage pruning show that the municipality does not have a caused to the trees, most individuals (58%) showed specific department to deal with urban physical damage in their structure, caused by afforestation. We therefore suggest the drastic pruning, 2.2% shows signs of vandalism establishment of a Master Plan for Urban actions. Afforestation (MPUA) in the city to establish, in As for management practices, we found that addition to the planning of new tree planting 48.19% of individuals need to undergo pruning projects, a continuous maintenance program for practice, from this total, 27.73% requires repair street trees, basically including pruning practices, pruning, 16.25% clean and repair pruning, and only pest control, monitoring, repairs and replacement of 4.21% requires clean pruning. We identified 26 trees with physical damage. The program may also cases of dead trees that require their removal. All include fertilization and irrigation, in special streets showed empty spaces for replanting. situations, according to the monitoring process.
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