book department ~t possession in the Nepal Himalayas, edited by John T. Hitch cock and Rex L. Jones, Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi, India, 1976, 384 pages, 21 photographs, map, and bibliography. Price: I.e. Rs. 95/-.
In the vo1umunous literature dealing with spirit possession and shamanism throughout the world, much attention has been f ocused on the Siberian region as the locus classicus of "true shamanism" Regardless of the historical and methodological validity of this claim, largely imposed on the academic world by Mircea Eliade (1964), a strong case could certainly be made f or considering Nep al as the most fruitful location for studies of' spir i t pos ses-· sion and shamanism at the present time. As amply demonstrat ed by this eagerly awaited anthology, Nepal can boast of a wealth of cul tural traditions ass ociated with spirit possession which would be difficult, if not impossible, to find in any one region elsewhere. The editors are therefore to be commended i n bringing together this collection of articles on spirit possession in Nepal in one volume .
Spirit Possession in Nepal is composed of 19 articles written by anthropologists who have conducted field work in Nep al, together with an introduction by John Hitchcock, the doyen of anthropologists who have worked on Nepali spirit possession. Six of the author s are concerned with spirit possession among ethnic groups in Easter n Nepal (S. Korz Jones, R.L. Jones, and P. Sagant among the Limbu ; A. Fournier among the Sunuwar; N. A11en among the Thu1ung Rai; and R. Paul among the Sherpa); and another six authors write on spirit possession among communities in Western Nepal (W. Michel among the Chantel; Hitchcock among the people of the Bhuji Khola; D. Messer schmidt among the Gurung; M. Gaborieau and W. Wink1er among the Hindu populations of the Karna1i and Mahaka1i Zones respectively; and J. Reinhard among the Raji). These geographically based sets of articles form Parts I and 11. Part III is composed of one article of notes on different areas of Nepal (by C. Jest), and one on jhankris (a widely used Nepali term for "shaman") in general, based on field work conducted in Darjeeling (by A.W. Macdona1d). In contrast, Part IV consists of three articles on spirit posses sion and literary traditions. Two of these treat spirit possession in a more symbolic sense: one on the reincarnate lama (by B. Aziz), and the other on the Tibetan Mahaka1a ritual observed in Kathmandu (by W. Stabe1ein). The third article presents a translation of sections of the 1853 Nepalese code (Mu1iki Ain) concerning sorcery and shamanism (by A.W. Macdona1d). In addition to these four parts there are two articles set at the beginning of the volume dealing with questions of categorization and function (R. Jones) and defi nition (J. Reinhard).
As indicated by this brief tabulation of contents, the primary value of this volume is in its presentation of ethnographic infor mation regarding spirit possession complexes among ethnic groups distributed over much of Nepal. While the mode and usefulness of 120 INAS Journal
each presentat ion necessarily varies with the author, by in large. most authors demonstr ate a good grasp of the conceptual contexts, ritual details, and sociologi cal settings which make up the spirit possession complex wi·thin their area. Equally importantly. most of them present case histories of individual shamans, thereby ing possibl e individual variation and making the abstr act data more concr e te and immediate. This is an excellent achievement.
From the ethnographic point of view, however , there a1 1ucunae in t he anthology. While the Editors admit in Introduction to "an unavoidable failure" due to economic constr " t o make the volume fully international and representat ive of all scholars who had material, published or un-published"; they fail to mention the question of ethnographic r epresentation. Several of t he e thnic gr oups are composed of extremely small popu1ations ( i.e. the Chante1, the Raji, the Sunuwar). Clearly, an a1 l iterature is the one place where small populations deserve equal representation; but just as clearly, a volume which is enti tled Spirit Possession in the Nepal Himalayas should also note the absence of articles on the more populous communities in Nepal such as the Brahman-Chhetri and Tamang of Central and Eastern Nepal. 1
Another unfortunate ethnographic ommission is the lack of a comparative article spelling out the common cultural features of spirit possession within the larger Nepa1i context. That such a national cultural context exists is overwhelmingly apparent from r eading these articles. There are differences of substance and detail between many of the spirit possession complexes presented in this anthology and these differences are essential to the standing of the meaning and function of these complexes in each society. Nevertheless a significant number of shared beliefs and patterns of behaviour is also clearly evident in all the articles which deal with non-literate spirit possession in Nepal. These shared conceptions, some of which are obliquely mentioned by R. Jones, include beliefs regarding: a) the supernatural agents of illness and misfortune (i.e. spirits of those who have died un naturally, witches , deities, the planets (graha)" b) the human causes of such illness and misfortune (i.e. neglect or offense of of gods and spirits, envy, and malice); c) the means of dealing with such problems (Le. divinati'on with rice or in trance, prop tiation of the offending agent by offerings and sacrifices, d ing by scapegoat); as well as, d) patterns of the shamanic prof sion (i.e. necessity for purity, initial possession experience. relationship to society, the possessing agent, and economic tions).
It is this shared Nepa1i culture which begins to explain an other important feature of spirit possession in Nepal which, mentioned by individual authors in the anthology for their own gions, is never brought to light in the context of the whole of Book Review 121 al This feature is its lack of caste or ethnic exc1usivisity. ~ile'certain rituals and functions are confined" to particular mmunities, all of the authors report at least indirectly on the ~Oter-communit y nature of spirit possession. In fact, ironically n , many OUgh of the shamans described within the context of a parti e~lar ethnic group turn out to be from different ethnic groups: or Cart of a multi-ethnic complex: Hitchcock describes Bhujel shaman ism among Matwala Khas and Kamis; Michl describes Chante1 shamanism among Kamis; Reinhard traces Raji shamanism to the Tharu origins; R. Jones describes a Brahman shaman using a Limbu god; Paul reports that Sherpas mostly use non-Sherpa shamans, etc. Most authors re cord shamans from one community taking a guru from another; and many mention that people from one community utilize shamans from another, including shamans from untouchable occupational castes. Treatment of this convincing testimony to a wider inter-ethnic culture within which people from different communities turn to each other for solutions to some of the most intimate and important problems in their lives would have been a valuable addition to a volume such as this which deals with the whole of Nepal. Turning from the ethnographic value of the volume to its theo retical contribution requires that the reader focus on the work of I.M. Lewis (1971) and Mircea Eliade (1964). Not-only do these scholars two form the primary focal point of R. Jones' and Reinhard's theoretical articles respectively, but, by in large, they represent the only theoretical works which are consistently mentioned in the individual articles.
R. Jones, in his introductory article entitled :'Spirit Posses sion and Society in Nepal" is primarily concerned with two tasks: a) to refine Lewis' classification of categories of spirit posses sion, and b) to functionally relate the new classifications he develops to the situation in Nepal. In accomplishing the former task, Jones starts from the position that while there is consider able merit in Lewis' category of "peripheral possession" to des cribe individual cases of uncontrolled possession (such as posses sion by a bhut or other evil spirit), he finds Lewis second "catch all" category of "central possession" inadequate. Utilizing the dimensions of designated/undesignated time and space, as different iating criteria, Jones constructs an alternative classification system in which "peripheral possession" is retained, but "central possession" is subdivided into three categories of "tutelary pos session," in which the shaman has a tutelary deity, "oracular possession" in which the shaman is a medium, and "reincarnate pos session" (defined below). Thus, while "peripheral possession" is undesignated according to either time or space, "oracular posses sion" is designated according to both, and the other two categories fill the remaining two slots. ' 122 INAS Journal
This classification is clearly more useful than that propound_ ed by Lewis. Its primary value lies in distinguishing between "peripheral", "tutelary" and "oracular" kinds of possession. How ever, the category of "reincarnate possession" appears somewhat anomalous. While Aziz has demonstrated that the concept of spirit possession can serve as a heuristic paradigm for understanding re incarnate lamas (tulkus), questions remain as to its comparability with other forms of spirit possession. One is thus tempted to speculate that Jones included it in part because of the presence of Aziz' article, and in part for sake of symmetry.
Jones' categories of spirit possession call for one further qualification. While the use of the criteria of designated/unde signated time and space are valuable in pointing to the general boundaries of his categories, they cannot be considered an infal lible means of determining them. For example, among the Karnali region dhami, which Jones' cites as the example par excellence of "oracular possession" with both time and space designated, dhami quite frequently perform ad hoc possessions (called patak bolai) at any undesignated space requested by persons who happen to meet them onthe road.2
If Jones' accomplishment of his first task is largely illu minating, his work with regards to the second is more problematic. Again, his starting point is Lewis's category of "peripheral pos session." The way that Lewis understands this category is that possession is an adaptive strategy used by the socially and eco nomically oppressed (the peripheral members of society) in order to gain attention, status, and material goods. That is, Lewis ,p. views possession as means for "aggressive self-assertion" (Lewis, 203), "a re'tort to oppression and repression" by tho~e members of society who are dependent and controlled (Lewis, p. 35). Jones fully endorses this thesis and attempts to extend it to other categories in the context of Nepal. Thus, not only does he con sider peripheral spirit possession "a means for status achievement that is otherwise ina ccessible to many people, especially women" (p. 7), but he goes on to state:
I suggest that spirit possession in general occurs more frequently among those categories of people who are denied social statuses and traditional means for social advancement in Nepal society. (p. 8)
For Jones, t herefore, the institution of spirit possession s erves two functions: "on one level it provides an explanation for social dissatis f a ction and on another it channels it acc t o pr escribe d norms." (p. 8) He further suggests that pheripheral possession "is not so much a qualitatively different type of pos session as it is an end product of a lengthy process of social advancement" which is "functionally related to the statuses and institutions available to the disinherited." (p. 9) This func Book Review 123 1 relationship means that the disinherited turn to monasteries and "rei~carnate possession" in societies that contain them, to aracu1ar possession in societies with temples (Le. the Brahman ~hhetri), and to tutelary possession where neither temples nor monasteries are part of the immediate culture. Jones' article is valuable for applying this kind of sociolo gical analysis to the Nepa1i situation. His functional analysis of the role possession plays in society and the reasons individuals may unconsciously utilize possession states to enhance their per sonal situation has the potential of i11ucidating some, if not all, Nepa1i data on spirit possession. Unfortunately, since there is only one article in this volume (5. Korz Jones) concerned with this issue, it is difficult to ' measure its validity for Nepal. In fact, A11en does note that none of the shamans he met were wealthy, but continues to write that there is "nothing else that would support the theory that vocation is an expression of 'protest by the poli tically impotent' (Lewis p. 32). In addition, Reinhard notes that among the Raji initial possession takes place during an initiation rite in which the majority of Raji participate, rather than as individual "protests".
The presence of exceptions to Jones' scheme suggests thesis must be used with caution. Let me cite two more examples. Among the Brahmans and Chhetris in the Kathmandu Valley, an area which is certainly a "temple culture", there is widespread tutelary possession of the kind Jones would not expect to find. In addition, there is oracular possession in the confines of ku1devta worship (Bista: 1972), which is simultaneously outside the temple setting and certainly not a situation in which social advancement is pos sible since status relations between the ku1 members ,involved is prede~ermined by kinship. In Jum1a, where, as elsewhere, Jones would expect the dhami to be drawn primarily from the socially and economically disinherited, I have found that the population of dhamis is drawn from all castes. While the percentage proportions may very slightly favour the middle and lower castes, there are large numbers drawn from the high castes, including Brahmans, Chhetris, and Thakuris. Furthermore, some of these high caste dhami have been the eldes t son of prominent and weal thy families. These exceptions imply both that there may be other factors involved in the recruitment of shamans and oracle mediums, and that the role of spirit possession in society may be related to more than just social inequality and oppression. If attention is turned from how the individual uses spirit possession for his own ends, to the roles of spirit possession in society, perhaps addi tional insights can be gained from the kind of analysis inltiated by Jones for spirit possession in Nepal. In contrast to Jones, Reinhard sets himself a task which at first glance appears less ambitious: how should the word shaman be defined? Given, however, the hundreds of pages that have con- 124 INAS Journal
tended with this problem either directly or indirectly, Reinhard's tight analysis and definition serves an useful purpose in clearing the path of spirit possession/shamanism studies of semantic obsta cles. While there will always be room for quibbling with the choice of individual words in any definition,3 Reinhard has effec tively resolved some of the outstanding questions and produced a definition that takes into account much of the important literature as well as conforming to the cannons of definition-construction.
In my view, the most valuable aspects of his article in addi tion to producing a workable definition, lie in his treatment of E1iade. Ever since E1iade's monumental work on shamanism was published in English in 1964, its conclusions and approach have dominated the field. One consequence was the identification of Siberian shamanism as the classical model already mentioned. An other was his insistence that shamanism required a trance "during which his (the shaman's) soul is believed to leave his body and ascend to the sky or descend to the underwor1d"(E1iade, p. 5, Reinhard, p. 13). Reinhard traces this insistence to E1iade's historical conception of the prior existence of a supreme celes tial deity. (p. 15) One could also point to E1iade's theological requirement for an "initiatory death and resurrection" (E1iade: p. 76) in order for the shaman as hierophony to be a true "prefi guration of the miracle of (Christ's) Incarnation" (E1iade: 1968, p. 29). Reinhard rightly criticizes the limitations of this defi nition and places it within the larger perspective of worldwide shamanism.
However, as many articles in this volume attest, E1iade's legacy is still strongly felt. Many, if not most, of the authors in this volume pompare, and indirectly evaluate the shamanism found in their area of research to the classic inner Asian (Sibe rian) tradition deified by E1iade. In so far as these comparisons serve to establish historical connections between inner Asia and the ethnic groups presently in Nepal, they are valuable. But when these comparisons 'are used to establish symbolic meanings of ritual items and actions, and when they are used to adduce historical value judgments (i.e. words like degenerate) or essential feature of shamanism, their value becomes more questionable.
In assessing the value of this volume, it is also important to draw attention to the psychotherapeutic features of shamanism discussed by Hitchcock in his introduction. Utilising the findings of a scholar named Torrey (a bibliographical reference for which is unfortunately missing in the volume), Hitchcock elaborates on the therapeutic effectiveness of shamanism in relieving psychic illness and anxiety as well as some physiological illnesses. In addition to specific therapeutic techniques, Hitchcock notes that the proven effectiveness of shamans is dependent on a shared world view, the personality of the shaman, and a client's high expecta tions. He then points out the implications of this therapeutic effectiveness both for the West, and for medical development in Book Review 125
Nepal. For the former he suggests that: a) no medical degree should be required for psychiatric workers, and b) that psychiatric personnel should pay more heed to the need for sharing world views with patients. In the case of Nepal, he suggests that: a) western psychiatric methods need to be modified and take cognizance of Nepali shamans before they can be most effective, and b) the use of shamans for paramedical workers or for dealing with certain kinds of anxiety and psychic ills should be encouraged.
Hitchcock's application of the findings on the psychotherapeu tic efffectiveness of shamans to the Nepali setting is most welcome. In addition, there seems to be considerable merit to his suggestions both for the West and for Nepal. Given the possible value of these implications for medical development in Nepal, Hitchcock's discus sion would have been considerably enhanced if there had been some articles in the volume which dealt with these issues. Since there are not, let us hope that future researchers can contribute to this vital area by conducting more case studies on patients of Nepali shamans so that their potential value to medical development can be properly evaluated.
A final note on the publishing and translating aspects of this volume is in order. The basic design and off-set printing of the book is excellent, and, by virtue of having been printed in India the price is more reasonable than many recent anthropological vol umes on Nepal. Greater assistance and ease of reference would have been rended the reader, however, if each author's name had been given at the beginning of his article as well as at the top of each page. The translation of the six articles originally written in French was doubtless a difficult and thankless job and one which will be of considerable value to non French-speaking scholars. By in large, the translations seem to be fairly effective, however, I was most disturbed by several serious errors discovered in the translation of Gaborieau's article. In his first paragraph, gabo rieau notes how the god Masta has been recognized by K.B. Bista in Kathmandu as the ku1devta of several Chhetri families originally from the Jum1a region "(K.B. Bista l'a (Masta) reconnu a Kathmandu comme kuldavata de plusieurs familIes de Chhetri originaires de la region de Jum1a"). In the translation the Kathmandu is dropped, completely changing the meaning of this statement "(K.B. Bista has recognized him (Masta) as ' the ku1devta of several Chhetri families, natives of the region of Jum1a"). Again, on the second page where Gaborieau is discussing the Jumla caste system, he writes in the original that the Khas Chhetri can be of different statuses with some having the right to wear the sacred thread, some drinking alchohol, etc. (1969). In the translation, "the Thakuri" is sub stituted for "the Khas Chhetri" in this sentence, thus seriously distorting the Jumla caste system as described by Gaborieau.
If there is any justification for writing such a long review it is in signaling the appearance of a valuable and important ad dition to both the anthropology of Nepal and the development of 126 INAS Journal spirit possession/shamanism studies. Those features of the volume with which I have taken issue mostly constitute ommissions. These ommissions ultimately reflect credit on the authors and editors as they indicate that this volume has provided the information and discussion which must precede future research and which paves the way for fruitful comparative studies. Editors Hitchcock and Jones both through their own research and through collecting and editing this volume are to be sincerely congratulated for producing this significant milestone in the development of Nepalese studies.
J. Gabrie1 Campbe11
FOOTNOTES
1. Since the time these articles have been written, additional articles have been published on the subject which help to some of the ethnographic gaps in this volume. These include: D. Watters' "Siberian Shamanistic Traditions Among the Kham Magar of Nepal" in Contributions to Nepalese Studies, Vol. 2. No. 1, February, 1975, p. 123-168; Per-Arne Berg1ie's "Preli minary Remarks on Some Tibetan 'Sp i rit Mediums' in Nepal" in Kai1ash, Vol. IV, No. 1, 1976; and B1ustain, H.S., "Levels of Medicine in a Central Nepa1i Village", Okada, F.E., "Notes on Two Shaman-Curers in Kathmandu" and Stone, Linda, "Concept's of Illness and Curing in a Central Nepal Village" all found in Anthropology, Health and Development; Contributions to Nepalese Studies, Vol. 3, Special Issue, pp. 82-105, 106-111. 55-80, respectively.
2. At the risk of eliciting another set of exceptions, I would suggest that the following scheme more accurately reflects the kinds of criteria used by the authors contained in this volume: spirit journeys man journeys to man (i.e. possessed to spirit person as medium)
Contro11ed(Sh .) oracular tutelary Possession aman~sm possession possession
Uncontr~11ed(I11ness) peripheral Possess~on possession
3. Some of the quibb1i~g one might want to do with Reinhard's definition is apparently the result of errors made in the initial t yping of the manuscript which crept into the version. According to the author, two changes should been made : Book Review 127 a) On page 16, lines 5-6, the word "trance" should be sub stituted for the phrase "non-ordinary psyhic state" in the definition of shamanism. b) On page 17, lines 11-19 should be omitted and the words "most authorities" added after line 10. These changes make the explanation in the text accord with the definition, and removes the discordant note which other wise strikes the reader.
REFERENCES
E1iade, Mircea, Shamanism: Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy, New York: Bo1lingen Foundation, 1964.
E1iade, Mircea, Patterns in Comparative Religion, New York: World Publishing Co., 1968.
Lewis, I.M., Ecstatic Religion: An Anthropological Study of Spirit Possession and Shamanism, Penguin Books, 1971.
Tibetan-English Dictionary of Modern Tibetan by Me1vyn C. Goldstein, Ratna Pustak Bhandar, Kathmandu, Nepal, 1975, pp. 1234. Rs 140/- The Tibetan writing system is surely one of the most conser vative in the world. Although evidence from Chinese and Tun-huang sources indicates that it was probably developed during the reign of Song-tsen Gampo (7th Cent. A.D.) in order to aid the administra tion and consolidation of his expanding empire, it nevertheless soon became the sacred vehicle for the transmission of Buddhism into Tibet. After a period of experimentation lasting to about the ninth century, definite, canonical spellings were codified, equivalency catalogs for Sanskrit terms were produced, and a pre cise system of translation was developed (known in Tibetan as "new the language of translations") which enabled energetic monk/scho lars to render every available Buddhist text accurately into their own language. Tibetan writing became the sacred speech of the Buddha, and as such has been faithfully reproduced down present. to the
There were of course indigenous innovations in Tibetan lite rature over the centuries,l as well as a large number of records, legends, and histories produced in the cursive script (dbu med) , and various typologies have been proposed to describe these devel opments. 2 Nevertheless, in a general linguistic sense there has been remarkably little change: l28 INAS Journal
As far as we can say in the present state of our knowledge, there has strictly speaking been no development or innovation since the eleventh and twelfth century period of adap tation. From that date onwards, we find side by side one style that is nearer to the indi genous tradition, in spite of adaptation, and another more learned or pedantic one of Indian inspiration. 3
Due to the nature of the Tibetan social system, particularly monastic conservatism, the rigid methods of religious education, and the reverence of the people for the power of the written word, the mainstream of Tibetan literary production was unchanged until a few decades ago.
Despite the conservatism of the system, however, there was over time a vast outpouring of classical religious literature, the parameters of which are still not fully understood in the West. Eventually, Tibetan-English dictionaries were produced, Jaschke4 and Das,S which were (and still are) excellent aids in the trans lation 'of this classical material. Nevertheless, even these often proved inadequate when colloquial passages were included in the text. Historically, there has never been much interest in collo quial or ordinary Tibetan (phal skad) and except for the efforts of British officials,6 very few attempts have ever been made to prepare word lists necessary for its exploration.
In the past thirty years, however, political change has swept Central Asia and as monastic power declined, Tibetan life became much more open to modern influences. The language of course was affected and literally thousands of new lexical items (coinages, borrowings, and loan translations) became part of everyday life and everyday writing as well. In total, a whole new literature began to appear which was largely inaccessible to Western' scholars. In fact, the change has been so massive and swift that even ScnUi~r8"'_ thoroughly trained in the classical tradition would have consider able difficulty in reading a simple newspaper story. Extant dic tionaries (with one qualified exception7) were of no help in trans lating this kind of material, and it was to remedy this serious gap in our knowledge that the dictionary under review was prepared.
This work, a Tibetan-English Dictionary of Modern Tibetan, was compiled by Dr. Melvyn C. Goldstein of Case Western Reserve University and a staff of eight people, who worked for over three years carefully gathering material from every available source. The purpose of the dictionary is succinctly stated in its Tibetan title: "Being entitled the Tibetan-English bilingual textbook of ordinary language which is in accord with modern times." Dr. Gold stein has succeeded admirably in this task, and together with his staff has produced a reference work that will be the standard for many years to come. Book Review 129 Using this dictionary, scholars will now be able to understand 1 manner of modern Tibetan writing from magazine article to agri all ra1 reports. In volume, depth of coverage, sophistication, cUdt~larity, the dictionary is unsurpassed, reflecting throughout an author's impressive knowledge of Tibetan 1inguistics,8 and his the association with Tibetan culture. The entries were prepared lo~!ari1Y from original material: the Tibetan literature emanating ~r m publications in India, Nepal, Bhutan, and Sikkim as well as fr~m the Tibetan Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of C~ina. Magazines and newspapers were the major sources, but dur- i g the latter stages of the project, efforts were also made to i~corporate word lists from existing dictionaries.
For the purposes of this review it is instructive to compare the Go1dstein dictionary with that prepared by Stuart H. Buck (1969), a premature attempt " .•. to provide full and accurate defi~ nitions of the vocabulary used in current publications in the Tibe tan language. . .. " 9 On the gross level, the Go1ds tein dic tion ary is comprised of approximately 40,000 ~exica1 items vs. appro ximately 16,000 for Buck. Each Go1dstein entry includes a precise phonemic transcr iption,10 unless it is a direct borrowing from the Chinese (all of which are clearly indicated), while Buck makes no attempt at pronunciation. Go1dstein's introduction gives an ela borate explanation of Tibetan word formation, i.e. those patterns used in combining root monosyllables, which are the building blocks upon which Tibetan concepts are con'structed, plus a useful summary of the phonemic system used and the usual alphabetical information. . The Buck introduction gives only the Tibetan alphabet and the his tory of the dictionaries which he consulted. In a large number of entries, Go1dstein lists alternate meanings, gives extremely help ful contextual examples for each, made up of phrases or whole sen tences, and where appropriate, appends the syllable which when ad ded will transform a noun into an active verb. Although Buck oc casionally lists examples, they are in no way as systematic nor as useful as Go1dstein's. Each dictionary includes idioms, but Go1dstein's are far more numerous and succinct.
In order to test the usefulness of the two dictionaries, I looked specifically at two words much in use in modern literature: khrims (law) and gzhung (government) and at the compounds made from them. In Buck, there are 23 compounds beginning with khrims in the body of the dictionary and another nine in the supplement. It appears that one of Buck's major Chinese sources came in too late for incorporation into the body of the work, making it neces sary to add a supplement of approximately 1000 words. Needless to say this is a great handicap forcing the user to look in two places to determine if the word is listed. By contrast, Go1dstein has 69 entries beginning with khrims, and he includes many more Useful idioms. As an example of the latter I quote the Goldstein entry for "savage" (p. 151): 130 IN AS Journal ~31Z"--f31<;-~4)Z"--l-~S' /thlmee luqmee/ savage, w~ld, ruthless, outrageous, unrestrained by laws or customs khrims med lugs med kyi khral outrageous taxes; va. -- byed to act savage/wild (ruthless) outrageous/unrestrained.
Nowhere in Buck would one find such a complete and clear defjnition.
With gzhung, the contrast is even more pronounced. Buck lists 23 compounds beginning with gzhung in his main text and none in the supplement, while Goldstein lists 79. A comparison of the lists is also instructive. Goldstein has severely edited his en tries, leaving out many words that appear in Buck as insignificant or redundant, e.g. those words formed by simply adding a well-known adjective to a root syllable. Further, Goldstein's definitions are often much more accurate, drawn from his intimate knowledge o~ v Tibetan culture. An example of this would be the idiom ~~~.~:;'a,<;--( The overall production of the dictionary is good and the peo ple of Nepal can take great pride in the fact that a work of such importance has been published in Kathmandu. It appears as part of the Bibliotheca Himalayica series, edited by H.K. Kuloy and is published by Ratna Pustak Bhandar. It is certainly one of the most outstanding examples of original research and scholarship thus far published in Nepal. The only criticisms that can be leveled at the production are the quality of the paper and the lack of headings on each page. For a dictionary which is intended for extensive and long-term use, the paper should be of a much more substantial fiber. Further traditional dictionary headings, whIle not absolutely necessary, would enable the inexperienced. user to find words more quickly. Nevertheless, considering the need for the early circulation of such a seminal reference work and its extremely moderate price, these are minor criticisms which could easily be rectified in subsequent editions. Inevitably in an undertaking of such magnitude (1234 pages), occasional inconsistencies and typing errors occur in the phonemic transcription and in the orthographic transliteration, but these are insignificant in relation to the work as a whole. In each case where I have noticed one, it was easy to cross-check it with Book Review 131 the abundant contextual references available. In conclusion, Dr. eo1dstein and his staff deserve high praise for filling a major ap in our knowledge of modern Tibetan. The dictionary will long !tand as a significant contribution to Sino-Tibetan linguistics and as an important benchmark in the history of Tibetan studies. Edward H. Worcester FOOTNOTES L For a discussion of these see R.A. Stein, Tibetan Civilization (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1972), pp. 248-281; and David Snellgrove and Hugh Richardson, A Cultural History of Tibet (New York: Fredrick A. Praeger, 1968). 2. See for example Roy Andrew Miller, "Review of A.Rona-Tas, Tibeto-Mongolica," Language 44.1, 1968, pp. 147-9. 3. Stein, ~. cit., p. 269-70. H.A. 4. Jaschke, A Tibetan-English Dictionary (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1881), reprinted 1968. 5. Sarat Chandra Das, A Tibetan-English Dictionary (Alipore: West Bengal Gov't Press, 1902), reprinted 1960. 6. Sir Charles Bell, English-Tibetan Colloquial Dictionary (Calcutta: The Bengal Secretariat Book Depot, 1920); and Sir Basil Gough and Hugh E. Richardson, Tibetan Worp Book, 1943. 7. Stuart H. Buck, Tibetan-English Dictionary, with supplement (Washington, D.C.: The Catholic University of America Press, 1969). 8. Melvyn C. Goldstein and Nawang Nornang, Modern Spoken Tibetan: Lhasa Dialect (Seattle: University of. Washington Press, 1970), which has now become the standard textbook of colloquial Tibe tan in the United States; and Melvyn C. Gold,stein, Modern Literary Tibetan, Occasional Pap,ers of the Wolfenden Society of Tibeto-Burman Linguistics, Volume V (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1973). This grammar is meant to complement the dictionary, and as Dr. Goldstein notes in his introduction to the dictionary (p. 10): "Together they provide a complete program for learning to read modern literary Tibetan." 9. Stuart H. Buck, ~. cit., p. vii. 10. The system was originally developed by Kun Chang and Betty Shefts, A Manual of Spoken Tibetan (Seattle: University of Hashington Press, 1964). 132 INAS Journal R. Annotated Bibliography ANTHROPOLOGY, POLITICAL S.B. Thakur 1. Caplan, Lionel Administration and Politics in a Nepalese Town; The Stu~ Univer of a District Capital and its Environs. London, Oxford sity, Press, 1975. XIV, 266 p. Tables, map. ART, NEPALESE 2. Pal, Pratapaditya The Arts of Nepal. London, E.J. Brill. 1976. XVI, 186 p. 300 plates (V.l). 3. Pal Pratapaditya Nepal, Where the Gods are Young. Washington, The Asia Society, 1975. 135 p. il1us. BIBLIOGRAPHY 4. Ma1la, Khadga Man. comp. Bibliography of Nepal. Kathmandu, The Royal Nepal ft~~UI~l' ~ 1975, VIII, XV, 529 p. Text in English or Nepali. 5. Manandhar, Thakurlal Works on Nepal in the National Library. Ki~tipur, p. Institute of Nepal and Asian Studies, 1975. ii 57, 75 Text in English or Nepali. ECONOMIC CONDITIONS 6. National Planning Commission, Pub. Nepal; The Fifth Plan (1975-80) in Brief. Kathmandu, The National Planning Commission, HMG, 1975. iv, 55p. EDUCATION 7. Mohsin, Mohammed and Prem Kasaju Education and Development. Kathmandu, National Educat Commission, 1975. XVI, 175 p. A collection of Articles on Education and Economic Development. Book Department 133 FOLKLORE 8. Kotturan, George Folk tales of Sikkim. New Delhi, Sterling Publishers, 1976. 115 p. FOREIGN RELATIONS 9. Ramakout Nepal-China and India. Ne¥ Delhi, Abhinav Publications, 1976. XII, 342 p. bib1. 10. Shrestha, Hiranya La1 Nepal & Her Neighbours. Kathmandu, Centre for Nepal Foreign Affairs Studies, 1975. 53 p. DESCRIPTION AND GEOGRAPHY 11. Heim, Arno1d and August Gansser 'Central Hima1aya; Geological Observations of the Swiss Expedition 1936. Delhi, Hindustan Publishing Corporation, 1975. XVI, 245 p. i11us. maps. DESCRIPTION AND TRAVEL 12. Bhattacharya, Di1ip Bhutan; the Hima1ayan Paradise. New Delhi, Oxford & 1BH Publishing Co., 1975. 62 p. i11us. 13. Cunningham, John S. Kingdom in the Sky. London, Souvenier Press, 1975. XII, 172 p. i11us. 14. Montgomery, Michae1 All out for Everest. London, Paul Black, 1975. IV, 198 p. 15. Sumi, Tokan D.et a1 Ladakh: The Moon1and. New Delhi, Light and Life Publishers, 975. X, 66p. i11us. 134 INAS Journal HISTORY 16. Griffith, William Bhutan: 1837-1838. Kathmandu, Ratna Pustak Bhandar, 1975 (reprint; originally printed at the Bishop's College Press Calcutta in 1847). pp 197-392. 17. Mayne, Peter Friends in High Places; a Season in the Himalayas. London, Bodly Head, 1975. 320 p. illus. 18. Sahayogi Press, Pub. Nepal; an Introduction to Nepalese Culture. Kathmandu, Sahayogi Press, 1975. 60 p. illus. Contents: 'Social implications of education' by Mohammad Moshin. 'Language and literature' by Surya Bikram Gewali. 'Nepalese folk songs' by Madhav Prasad Ghimire. 'Nepalese' Paintings' by Lain Singh Bangdel. 'A glance at Nepalese history by Bal Chandra Sharma. 'The Panchayot system of Government' by Kul Shekhar Sharma. 'Environment and heritage' by Richard Greenbough. 'An Art that Conciliates Gods and Men' by Ernest A Connally. 'The Valley of Kathmandu by Carl Pruscha 'The Crown. the Coronation and the Country' by Krishna Raj Aryal. 19. Shaha, Rishikesh An Introduction to Nepal. Kathmandu, Ratna Pustak Bhandar, 1975. viii, 374 p. MONARCHY 20. Aryal, Krishna Raj Monarchy in the Making of Nepal. Kathmandu, The Author, 1975. x, 122, (XVII) p. plates. NEPALI LANGUAGE 2£. INAS, Pub. Seminar Papers in Linguistics; Problems and Perspectives in Linguistic Studies. Kirtipur, Institute of Nepal and As Studies, 1976. XII, 165 (viii) p. 22. Shrestha, D.B. and C.B. Singh Situational Conversation in Nepali with English Equava lents. Kathmandu. The Author, 1976. lf8 p. Book Department 135 POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT 23. Gaige, Frederick H. Regionalism and National Unity in Nepal. New Vikas Publishing House, Delhi, 1975. XVI, 234 p. illus . . 24. K.C . Kaisher Bahadur Nepal after the Revolution of Prakashan 1950. Kathmandu, Sharada Griha, 1976. XVI, 266 p. 25. Mojumdar, Kanchanmoy Nepal and the Indian Nationalist Movement. Firma, K.L. Mukhopadhya, Calcutta, 1975. VIII, 110 p. 26. Ramakant · Nepal-China and India. New Delhi, Abhinav 197'6, X, 342 p. Publications, 27. Shaha, Rishikesh Nepali Politics; Retrospect University and Prospect. Delhi, Oxford Press, 1975. VIII, 208 p. 28. Sinha, Upendra Narayan Development of Panchayat in Shreni Nepal . Aligarh, P.C. Dwadash & Co., n.d. IV, 124 p. bibl. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 29. Wolff, Howard K. and Prem R. Pant Social Science Research and Tribhuvan Thesis Writing. Kathmandu, University, 1975. X, 199 p. SOCIAL CONDITIONS 30. Adhikari, Shyam Prasad Community Growth and Pattern of Urbanization. on the character of (A study Narayanghat as a market town of Chitawan) Mujelia, community Panchayat Development Training 1975. 30 p. 2 maps. Institute, 31. Elder, Joseph W. et. al. "Planned Resettlement in Nepal's Terai; A. Social Analysis 136 INAS Journal Institute of the Khajura Bardia Punarvas Projects. Kathmandu, for of Nepal and Asian Studies, in collaboration with Centre Economic Development and Administration Tribhuvan University and Department of Sociology University of Wisconsin U.S.A., 1976. VI, 307 p. SIKKIM - POLITICS AND GOVT. 32. Shukla, Satyendra R. Sikkim; the Story of Integration. New Delhi, S. Chand & Co. 1976. XII, 280 p. SIKKIM - SOCIAL LIFE AND CUSTOMS 3~. Stocks, C. De Beauvoir Sikkim; Customs and Folklore. Delhi, Cosmo Publications, 1975. (Reprint) VIII, 189 p. illus. Folklore and customs of the the Lap-chas (Lepchas) of Sikkim are described. SOCIAL LIFE AND CUSTOMS 34. Allen, Michael The Cult of Kumari; Virgin Worship in Nepal. Kirtipur, illus. Institute of Nepal and Asian Studies, 1975. IV, 678. 35. FUrer - Haimendorf, Christoph Von (ed.) Contributions to the Anthropology of Nepal. Proceedings June! of a symposium held at the SOAS, University of London, p. July 1973. England, Aris & Phillips Ltd. 1974. IV, 260 36. Flirer - Haimendorf, Christoph Von Nepal. 1 London, 1 Himalayan Traders; Lif.e in Highland John Murray, 1975. XV, 316 p. illus. 37. Landor, A. Henry Savage Tibet and Nepal. New Delhi, Light and Life Publishers, 1975. (Reprint) X, 233 p. illus. map. Book Department 137 ARCHAEOLOGY 38. Bajracharya, Maniklal "Tilaurakot, the Ancient Kipilvastu," Lumbini, V. 4, No. 1, May 1976, pp. 16-22. 39. Department of Archaeology, HMG, Comp. 'Tilaurakot: The ancient Kapilvastu.' The Rising Nepal, February 13, 1976, p. 1. (Suppl.) . 40. Vaidya, Tulsi Ram 'Tilaurakot: Ancient Kapilvastu,' The Nepal Council of World Affairs, Souveneir Issue 1975, pp. 55-69. ART, NEPALESE 41. Darnal, Ram Sharan "The Dancing Idols of Nepal". Vasudha, V, XV, No. 9, November-December, 1975, p. 46-50. 42. Pandey, Ram Niwas "The Painted Scrolls of Nepal." Vasudha, V, XV, No. 8, 1975, pp. 25-34. 43. Pandey, Ram Niwas "The Religion and Art of Nepal." Vasudha, V, XV, No. 9, November-December 1975. pp. 42-46. 44. Singh, Narayan Bahadur "Contemporary Nepalese Art." The Rising Nepal, February 6, 1976. p. 4-5. BUDDHA AND BUDDHISM 45. Schumann, Hans Wolfgang "The Buddha Life." Lumbini, V. 4, No. 1, May 1976. pp. 9-15. 46. Zwilling, L. "Some Aspects of Dharmakriti's Ontology Reconsidered." Kailash, V. iii, No. 3, 1975. pp. 303-13. 138 IN AS Journal BUDDHIST ART AND SYMBOLISM 47. Tenzing, Khernpo Sangay, and Gomchen Oleshey "The Nyingma Icons. A Collection of Line Drawings of 94 Deities and Divinities of Tibet." (English translation of Tibetan Captions by Keith Dowman). Kailash, V. iii, No. 3, 1975. pp. 319416. CO-OPERATION 48. Adhikari, Kshetra P. "Co-operatives in Nepal." The Rising Nepal, March 29, 1976. DESCRIPTION AND GEOGRAPHY 49. Goldstein, Melvyn C. "A Report on Limi Panchayat, Humla District, Karnali Zone." Contributions to Nepalese Studies, V. 2, No. 2, June 1975. pp. 89-101. 50. Skjerven, Ove "(A) Demographic and Nutritional Survey of Two Village in the Upper Rolwaling Valley." Kailash, V. iii, No. 3, 1975. pp. 295-301. DESCRIPTION AND TRAVEL 51. Amatya, Shaphalya "Namura: The Legend of Price Mahasattva." The Rising Nepal, January 9, 1976. pp. 2 (Suppl.). 52. Aris, Michael "Report on the University of California Expedition to Kutang and Nibri in Northern Nepal in Autumn 1973." Contri butions to Nepalese Studies, V. 2, No. 2, June 1975. pp. 45- 87. 53. Dewan, Jiwan "A Window on Chainpur." The Rising Nepal, October 24, 1975. pp. 1-2 (Suppl.). 54. Kesar Lal "Gosaikunda" Vasudha, V. XV, No. 9, November-December 1975. pp. 35-41. Book Department 139 55. Tsuji, Kenryn 'A Visit to Lumbini', Lumbini V. 4, No. 1, May 1976. ECOLOGY 56. Aliro11, Phi1ippe 'Animal Husbandry in the Ganesh Hima1 Region: An Essay in Ecological Systhesis.' Contributions to Nepalese Studies, V. 3, No. 1, January 1976. pp. 57-61. 57. Bhatt, Dibya Deo "Regional Meeting on Integrated Ecological Research and Training Needs." The Rising Nepal, September 26, 1975, pp. 4-5. ECONOMIC CONDITIONS 58. Chand, Diwakar "G1imse of Hat-Bazar in Jhapa." The Rising Nepal, March 5, 1976. pp. 4-5. 59. K.C., Ram Bahadur "Land Use Policy" The Rising Nepal, March 4, 1976. pp. 4-5. 60. Shrestha, Ram Krishna "Need of Land Use Study and Policy in Nepal." The Rising Nepal, February 5, 1976. pp. 4-5. 61. Singh, Ku1 Man "Agriculture Projects Services Centre and Rural Devel opment." The Rising Nepal, March 19,1976. pp. 1-2 (Supp1.). 62. Thapa, Damber Jung "Man-Power Planning and Employment in Public Works." The Rising Nepal, January 2, 1976. pp. 4-5. ECONOMIC PLANNING 63. K.C., Ram Bahadur "Regional Aspects of the Fifth Plan" The Rising Nepal, September 23, 1975. pp. 4-5. 140 INAS J ournal EDUCATION 64. Agrawa1, Govind P~m "Historical Perspective of Nepalese Education." Vasudha. V, XV, No. 7, 1975. pp. 17-23. 65 . Bhatta, Anand Dev "Workshop on Curriculum Evaluati on. " The Rising Nepal, September 13. pp. 4-5. 66. Mall a, Kama1 Prakash " The Nati ona l Education Plan: Some Probl ems of Imple mentation in Higher Education." Vasudha, V, XYJ, No. 8, 1975. pp. 15- 24 . 67. Shakya, Soorya Bahadur "National Education System Plan and Higher Education: a Retrospection." Vasudha, V, XV, No . 8, 1975. p. 1 (Supp1.). 68 . Thapa, Rajeshwari "Guidance and Couns elling Se rvices in the Schools : Projects and Problems. " The Rising Nepa l , August 29, 1975. p. 1 (Supp1.) . FESTIVALS 69. Deep, Dhruba K. "Gaijatra: The Festival of Holy Cows." The Rising August 22, 1975. p. 4. 70. Deep, Dhruba K. "Matya; the Buddhist Festival of Lights." The Rising Nepal, August 23, 1975. p. 5. 71. Shakya, Puspa Ratna "Ghode Jatra ... " The Rising Nepal, March 30, 1976. p. 72. Shrestha, C.B. "Indrajatra festiva1." The Rising Nepal, September 19. 1975. p. 1. (Supp1.). Book Department 141 FOLKLORE 73 . Divas, Tu1si "An Introduction to Nepalese Folk-Music" The Rising Nepal, October 31, 1975. pp. 1-2 (Supp1.). 74 . Kesar La ll "The Death of a Young Wife" Rising Nepal, April 2, 1976. p. 1 (Supp: .). 75. Kesar Lall !lA Vanishing Tribe." The Rising Nepal, January 16, 1976. p. 1. (Supp1.). 76. Kesar Lal.l "When No Rain Fell in the Valley." The Rising Nepal, January 9, 1976. p. 1 (Suppl.). FOREIGN RELATIONS 77. Khanal, Yadu Nath "Nepal and the United States." The Nepal Council of World Affairs, Souvenir Issue 1975. pp. 35-40. 78. Khanal, Yadunath " New Directions in American Foreign Policy; Possible Implications for Nepal." The Rising Nepal, September 5, 1975. p. 1-2 (Suppl.). 79. Rana, Barun Shumshere "Focus on Nepal-Yugoslav Relations and Co-operation." The Rising Nepal, September 22, 1975. pp. 4-5. HINDU ART AND SYMBOLISM 80. Majupuria, Trilok Chandra "Symbolic Significance of Conch in Nepal" The Rising Nepal, April 2, 1976. p. 1 (Suppl.). HINDU DEITIES 81. Shrestha, C.B. "Two Bhairabs of Pashupati Temple." The Rising Nepal , August 29, 1975. p. 1 (Supp1.). 142 INAS Journal HINDUISM 82. Deep, Dhurva Krishna "Shakti Puja." Vasudha, V, XV, No. 8, 1975. pp. 47-48. HISTORY 83. Adhikari, Krishna Kant "Criminal Cases and Their Punishments Before and During the Period of Jang Bahadur." Contributions to Nepalese Studies, V. 3, No. 1, January 1976. pp. 105-116. 84. Ricardi, Theodore "An Account of Nepal from the Vir Vinod of Shyama1das." Kai1ash, V. iii, No. 3, 1975. pp. 199-286. Te xt in Hindi with a Summary in English. 85. Shaha, Rishikesh "Pages of Nepa1i History: Birth Pangs of a New State in the Hima1aya." The Nepal Council of World Affairs. Souveni Issue, 1975. pp. 19-34. LAW 86 . Upadhyay, S. N. "Some Basic Concepts and Practices of Extradition With Special Reference to the Treaty of Extradition Between Nepal and India. Vasudha, V, XV, No. 7, 1975. pp. 24-35. NEPALESE WOMEN 87. K.C., Ram Bahadur "International Women's Year and Nepalese Women." The Rising Nepal, August 17, 1975. pp. 4-5. NEWARI LANGUAGE 88 . Shresthacharya, Iswaranand "Some Types of Reduplications in the Newari Verb Phrase." Contributions to Nepalese Studies, V. 3, No. 1, January 1976. pp . 117- 127. Book Department 143 POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT 89. Baral, Lok Raj "The Development Aspect of Decentralization: a Search for New Strategy." Vasudha, V, X:V, No. 8, 1-75. pp. 35-41. 90. Baral, Lok Raj "The Task of the Constitution Reform Commission." Vasudha, V, X:V, no. 7, 1975. pp. 3-8. 91. Joshi, Angur Baba "The Tragedy of Class Organizations." The Rising Nepal, September 17, 1975. pp. 4-5. 92. Lohani, Mohan Prasad " ... Aid to Development Oriental Politics." The Rising Nepal, March 26, 1976, p. 4. 93. Lohani, Mohan Prasad "The Crown and Constitutional Reforms." The Rising Nepal, January 26, 1976. pp. 4-5. 94. Lohani, Mohan Prasad "Nepal and the Institution of Monarchy." Vasudha, V, XV, No. 6, 1975. pp. 35-39. 95. Lohani, Prakash Chandra "The Planning Commission Talks Politics." Vasudha, V, XV, No. 7, 1975. p. 9-16. 96. Regmi, Mahesh Chandra "Preliminary Notes on the Nature of Rana Law and Govern ment." Contributions to Nepalese Studies, V. 2, No. 2, June 1975. pp. 103-115. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 97. Agrawal, Govind Ram "Inventory Management: Concepts and Techniques." The Nepalese Journal of Public Administration, V. 6, No. 3, July 1975. pp. 5-13. 144 INAS Journal 98. Agrawal, Govind Ram "Project Management Model for Effective Management of Development. " The Nepalese Journal of Public Administration V. 7, No. 1, November 1975 . pp. 26-41. -' 99. Bomberger, Lee D. "Management Survey of the Administrative Management Department, HMG." Nepalese Journal of Public Administration, V. 7, No. 1, November 1975. pp. 42-84 (Contd.). 100. Khanal, B. P. et a1 "Manual of Personnel Administration." The Nepalese Journal of Public Administration, V. 6, No. 3, July 1975. pp. 21-62. 101. Pradhan, Prachand "Conflict in Organization." The Nepalese Journal Public Administration, V. 7, No. 1, November 1975. pp. 102. Shrestha, Tu1si Narayan "CDO's Law and Order Administration Agencies and St gies." The Nepalese Journal of Public Administration, V. No. 1, November 1975. pp. 16-22. 103. Sinha, D.N. "(The) Administration of Ancient Nepal." The Nepalese Journal of Public Administration, V. 6, No. 3, July 1975. pp. 14-18. POPULATION 104. Shrestha, Uttam Raj "Population Planning in Nepal." The Rising Nepal, August 26, 1975. pp. 6-5. RELIGIOUS PLACES 105. Amat ya, Shaphalya "Vikramsila Mahavihar and the Legend of Semhasartha Bahu." The Rising Nepal, 31 October 1975. p. 1 (Suppl.) Contd. November 14, 1975. (Supp1.). Book Department 145 RELIGIOUS TRADITION 106. Chemjong, Iman Singh "King Hangshu Dewa and His Minister Wokde." Contributions t o Nepalese Studies, V. 2, No. 2, June 1975. pp. 117-36. 107 . Chemjong, Iman Singh "The Book of Lepcha Belief or Wanism. " Contributions to Nepalese Studies, V. 2, No. 2, June 1975. pp~134-44. SCULPTURE 108. Satyal, Yajna Raj "Nepa1i Sculptures Through the Ages." The Rising Nepal, September 14, 1975. p. 4-5. SOCIAL CONDITIONS 109. Bista, Dor Bahadur "Padipur : a Central Terai Village." Contributions to Nepalese Studies, V. 3, No . 1, January 1976. pp. 1-32 . 110 . Jest , Corneille "The Ankhu Khola Valley; An Introduction to a Multidisci plinary Research Programme." Contributions to Nepalese Stu dies, V. 3, No. 1, January 1976. pp. 33-46. 111. Nepali, Rohit "The Process of Migration of Tamangs." The Rising Nepal, August 22, 1975. p. 1 (Suppl.). 112. Shrestha, R. "Kitini Village at a Cross Road." The Rising Nepal, October 30, 1975. pp. 4-5. 113. Shrestha, Ramesh M. "Biku As I Saw", Vasudha, V, XV, No. 7, pp. 37-40. Social life and custom of the Sherpas are described. 146 IN AS Journal 114. Burghart, Richard "Bairagi Mandals." Contributions to Nepalese Studies, V. 3, No. 1, January 1976. pp. 63-104. SOCIAL LIFE AND CUSTOMS 115. Locke, John K., S.J. "Newar Buddhist Initiation Rites." Contributions to Nepalese Studies, V. 2, No. 2, June 1975. pp. 1-23. 116. Manzardo, Andrew E. and Keshav P. Sharma "Cost-cutting, Caste and Community; A Look at Thakali Social Reform in Pokhara." Contributions to ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ v. 2, No. 2, June 1975. pp. 25- THREE WORSHIP 117. Majupuria, Trilok Chandra "Pipal or Bodhi Tree." The Rising Nepal, February 27, 1976. pp. 1-2 (Suppl.). DOCUMENTARY MATERIALS CULTURE 118. Pandey, Ram Niwas "Basic Characteristics of the Nepalese Culture." Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences, ~H~u=m~a=n=i~~~~== nar, April 27-29, 1976. p. 28. ECONOMIC CONDITIONS 119. Agriculture Projects Services Centre, Comp. "An Annotated Bibliography on Related Curriculum." Kathmandu, Agricultural Projects Services Centre 1975. 13, (Ill) 120. Bateson, William H. "A Note on Agricultural Research Priorities in the World with Special Reference to Nepal." Kirtipur, Centre Economic Development and Administration, 1975. 11, 19, Book Department 147 ECONOMIC POLICY 121. National Planning Commission, Comp. "Summary-Report of Feasibility Study Projects." Kathmandu, Research and Feasibility Division, National Planning Commis sion Secretarial, 1975. p. 35 . EDUCATION 122. Mathema, Sundar Shyam "A Comparison of the Teaching of Trained and Untrained Teachers." Kirtipur, Institute of Education, Research Division. 1975. p. 5. 123. Rongong, Rajendra K. A Study of the Spoken Vocabulary of the Primary School Children of Nepal, VIII, 226 p. CA Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor.of Philosophy. College of Education, Curriculum & Instruction Department of Secondary Education in the Graduate School Southern Illinois University, December 1973). ENGLISH-STUDY AND TEACHING 124. Ma11a, Kamal Prakash "English Teaching in Tribhuvan University." Kirtipur, Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences, Humanities Seminar, April 27-29, 1976. p. 18. HISTORY-STUDY AND TEACHING 25. Vaidya, Tulsi Ram "History Teaching in Nepal." Kirtipur, Tribhuvan University, Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences, Humanities Seminar, April 27-29, 1976. p. 11. PHILOSOPHY-STUDY AND TEACHING 126. Satya1, Madhab Raj "Philosophical Discipline in Nepal." Kirtipur, Tri bhuvan University, Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences, Humanities Seminar, April 27-29, 1976. p. 15 . ~ ~ I \'f[1"\'5, t-~ m~01 'filOl116i', ~ W.!crlcf ~I~, 'l~,~ ~tq,T {1"1C;{"II{ I 'ltT~, ~ "( <:'nr mm-~ \9 1 W'lifl ~ (tfo) 1tffi:)t ~ W '1f~~ &i9iT ,NmT 'rftrFcff--q "t ID'fiTfl '[fI1 ~o~~ I r:+ n ~o &9-f10fq ~ 0 1 ~ \11 TT"lof~-rT , ~ ~TIT iC?~rcr ~ I ~, crst r:, J!<;i 6. , ~on ~, ~ o \I~-\l\I. I ~\l.1 ~,~ ~0'T ,,<11 f<'1 6 1 (" m~-~1fUT'1T (SI«1 19'11) q-l \I I ~ flll '11 crst l , Jl9;" ~, 'iiTO'lT6i", . ~ ~, ';[0 ~;ffiT ~6. 1 ~ ~~ (~o) ffinT -:rcrrfr ~Q I I ~ 'Jft, Cf"'f 0, Ji ~\9 1 ~t , ~ 10 ~Ic! 1.~ f"l lSiji 1$[ '1 1 ~r 1cf9TI - i ~ ~on ~r: 1 ~ , ~ ('MT G'I' ~ ~rrB" t ions V.2 .N. 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