Turecka Interwencja W Syrii. Aspekty Wojskowe [Analiza]

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Turecka Interwencja W Syrii. Aspekty Wojskowe [Analiza] aut. Marcin Gawęda 16.10.2019 TURECKA INTERWENCJA W SYRII. ASPEKTY WOJSKOWE [ANALIZA] 9 października 2019 r. ruszyła od dawna spodziewana inwazja turecka przeciwko Kurdom spod znaku SDF/YPG, w szerokim pasie północnej Syrii. Operacja „Źródło pokoju” ma, na razie, na celu zajęcie pasa buforowego ok. 30 km w głąb terytorium Syrii (autostrada M4), chociaż tak naprawdę nie można wykluczyć penetracji w głąb Syrii i ewentualnego starcia turecko-syryjskiego. Ofensywa realizowana jest przez dowództwo i siły wzmocnionej do tej operacji 2. Armii, odpowiedzialnej za obronę granic z Syrią, Iranem i Irakiem. Główną siłą uderzeniową są bojówki tzw. Syryjskiej Armii Narodowej, czyli dawnych protureckich milicji, teraz doskonale wyposażonych (mundury, broń strzelecka, pojazdy) i przeszkolonych. Niektóre z formacji, jak np. Dywizja Hamza, czy Sułtan Murad (Hamza Division, Sultan Murad Division) wzięły udział w operacji „Gałązka Oliwna” w Afrin. Na tychże bojownikach, z tzw. Syrian National Army (Turkmeni, Arabowie, Kurdowie) spoczywa ciężar walk lądowych, oni też ponoszą większość strat w zabitych i rannych. Bojownicy dysponują lekkim sprzętem (moździerze, ppk) oraz technicalami (głównie pikapy Toyoty), jako wsparcie pancerne służą im transportery ACV-15. Współpracują z nimi żołnierze tureckich siły specjalnych oraz komandosi z brygad komandosów, doborowych jednostek lekkiej piechoty, wyspecjalizowanej w walkach kontrterrorystycznych i operacjach asymetrycznych. Żołnierze tureccy, zwłaszcza z jednostek komandosów, mają bogate doświadczenie z wcześniejszych operacji w północnej Syrii („Tarcza Eufratu” i „Gałązka Oliwna”). W tej chwili w rejonie operacji zidentyfikowano pododdziały m.in. z 1., 4. i 11. brygady komandosów. Żołnierze z brygad komandosów (tur. Komando Tugayi) dysponują m.in. lekkimi transporterami Otokar Cobra i MRAP-ami BMC Kirpi. Bardzo prawdopodobne, że większość z poległych dotychczas kilku żołnierzy tureckich sił zbrojnych (tur. TSK) to właśnie „niebieskie berety” - żołnierze z brygad komandosów. Fot. Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri Pod względem taktyki widoczne jest, że pierwsza faza operacji była starannie zaplanowana, wdrożono także doświadczenia z poprzednich operacji („Tarcza Eufratu” i „Gałązka Oliwna”). Dobrze rozpoznano siły i pozycje przeciwnika, unikano zaciętych walk miejskich, nie ryzykowano rajdów formacji pancernych. Siły milicji i komandosów wspierane są przez artylerię lufową i rakietową (m.in. baterie F-155 Firtina), która prowadzi selektywny, precyzyjny ostrzał pozycji kurdyjskich. Tempo natarcia zależy także od wsparcia lotniczego, które na razie jest dość intensywne, na co wpływa m.in. bliskość teatru działań bojowych własnych baz lotniczych. Precyzyjne ataki przeprowadzane są zarówno przez klasyczne lotnictwo (głównie F-16C/D z bazy w Diyarbakir), jak i bezzałogowce (np. Bayraktar TB2). W pierwszych godzinach operacji lotnictwo i artyleria atakowało prawie 200 celów, m.in. składy amunicji, obozy szkoleniowe, pozycje obronne, a nawet pojedyńcze pojazdy (znany jest film ze zniszczenia przez turecki bezzałogowiec kurdyjskiego pikapa z ciężkim karabinem maszynowym DSzK). Dotychczas nie wykorzystuje się na linii frontu śmigłowców, np. T-129 ATAK, zapewne ostrożność wynika z zagrożenia użyciem na przykład przeciwlotniczych systemów naramiennych (MANPADS). Ciężar operacji skierowany był od pierwszych godzin operacji na dwa miasta Tall Abjad i Ras al-Ajn. Oba miasta zostały wcześniej okrążone, po czym zaatakowane z różnych kierunków. Ras al-Ajn zajęto w sobotę, 12 października, formalnie w czwartym dniu ofensywy. Walki nie były nazbyt zacięte, Kurdowie porzucili m.in. Humvee, wzięto trochę jeńców. Ważnym wydarzeniem było także przecięcie tego dnia przez oddział milicji SNA ważnej strategicznie trasy M4 Aleppo-Qamishli. Bojownicy Ahrar al- Sharqiya, przemieszczający się na pikapach i technicalach, przeniknęli na 30 km w głąb strefy obrony SDF, docierając do ważnej strategicznie autostrady, która wyznacza umowną granicę strefy buforowej. Fot. Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri Wobec przewagi przeciwnika SDF/YPG stawiała dotąd umiarkowany opór, głównie w oparciu o broń lekką i moździerze. Zapewne były to oddziały osłonowe, bowiem mimo fortyfikacji podziemnych i terenu zurbanizowanego, trudno oczekiwać trwałej, statycznej obrony, a raczej obrony manewrowej (na co wskazują ostatnio kontrataki SDF/YPG). Niewątpliwie straty kurdyjskie są poważne, ale raczej nie liczone w setkach, jak to ogłasza tureckie MO, ale w dziesiątkach zabitych. Jak na razie nie odnotowano i nie potwierdzono żadnego ataku SDF/YPG z użyciem ppk, co może być nieco dziwne, z uwagi na pokaźny arsenał ppk jakim dysponują syryjscy Kurdowie (TOW, Milan, Javelin etc.) Zwraca uwagę, że dotychczas nie wprowadzono do walk tureckich czołgów. Ofensywa realizowana jest w oparciu o technicale milicji, oraz przekazane bojownikom transportery. Z uwagi na rozległy i płaski teren wejście do walki formacji pancernych jest jednak raczej kwestią czasu. Trzonem sił uderzeniowych będzie m.in. 20. Brygada Pancerna. Czołgi M-60T, w tym z obroną aktywną Akkor Pulat, widziano m.in. w rejonie Tell Abyad. 13 października rozpoczęły się walki o zachodnią część Tall Abjad. Miasto zostało zdobyte przez bojowników SNA i żołnierzy TSK. Przejęto kontrolę m.in. nad lokalnym dowództwem Asayish, zdobyto porzucony przez SDF BRDM-2. Tymczasem 13 października, zgodnie z porozumieniem między syryjskimi Kurdami a syryjską armią rządową, siły tej ostatniej (oddziały regularne SAA oraz milicje NDF) weszły w kilku miejscach na teren kurdyjski, żeby zahamować postępy wojsk tureckich i protureckich milicji. Fot. Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri W chwili kończenia artykułu (wtorek wieczorem, 15 października) pododdziały Syryjskiej Arabskiej Armii zajęły już centrum Manbidż (w mieście uchwycono na wideo rosyjską kolumnę policji wojskowej) i zmierzają w kierunku nadgranicznego Kobane. W walkach w regionie Manbidż, między TSK/SNA a SDF/YPG zginęło we wtorek dwóch żołnierzy tureckich, a kilku kolejnych odniosło rany. Nie można wykluczyć w tym rejonie walk nie tylko kurdyjsko-tureckich, ale także syryjsko-tureckich. W dniach 14-15 października siły SDF kontratakowały w kilku miejscach, m.in. w rejonie Ras al-Ajn, czy w rejonie autostrady M4, gdzie raportowano zdobycie tureckiego wozu MRAP Kirpi. W chwili obecnej zarysowały się zasadniczo trzy fronty operacji: - centralny, wyznaczany przez podstawę trójkąta, miasta Tall Abjad i Ras al-Ajn, oraz autostradę M4 jako wierzchołek; w tym obszarze toczą się najbardziej zacięte walki. - zachodni, region Manbidż-Kobane, gdzie niedawno zaczęły się walki turecko-kurdyjskie, a nie można wykluczyć włączenia się do nich sił syryjskich wobec wejścia na ten teren oddziałów SAA - wschodni, region Al-Kamiszli-Al-Hasaka, gdzie jak na razie nie odnotowano większych starć lądowych, a siły kurdyjskie wspierane są przez SAA. Straty obu stron, tureckiej oraz kurdyjskiej, można szacować jak dotąd na kilkudziesięciu zabitych. Podawane przez tureckie ministerstwo obrony dane o „zneutralizowanych terrorystach” YPG nie wydają się wiarygodne. W poniedziałek ogłoszono, że wyeliminowano - zneutralizowano – jak dotąd 560 „terrorystów”, natomiast do niedzieli około 50 jakoby poddało się lub zostało wziętych do niewoli..
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