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Determinants of Women's Participation in the Industrial East African Journal of Education and Social Sciences EAJESS April – June 2021, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 169-178 ISSN: 2714-2132 (Online), 2714-2183 (Print), Copyright © The Author(s) Published by G-Card DOI: https://doi.org/10.46606/eajess2021v02i02.0087 URL: http://eajess.ac.tz Determinants of Women’s Participation in the Industrial Economy in Tanzania: A Case of Mwanza Region Dr. Kaihula P. Bishagazi Saint Augustine University of Tanzania *Corresponding Mail: [email protected] Abstract: This paper presents findings of an empirical study carried out to identify barriers and enablers of women’s participation in the industrial economy in Tanzania, using a case study of Mwanza region, using a cross-sectional design to examine determinants of women participation in the industrial economy in Tanzania. Particularly, a mixed approach involving both qualitative and quantitative data was adopted. Generally, the study reached out to a total of 228 women and 21 Key Informants drawn from 12 sampled wards from two districts of Nyamagana and Sengerema. Data collection involved mainly two approaches: primary data collection through survey, Key Informant Interviews (semi- structured), informal interviews, Focus Group Discussions and secondary data through desk review. The study revealed that limited access to financing information, lack of formal education, lack of entrepreneurial knowledge/skills and lack of marketing information are major barriers for women wishing to participate in the industrial economy. Moreover, membership in CBO and self-confidence are the main enablers of women participation in the industrial economy. Therefore, sensitization programs and establishment of Business Development Services (BDS) at ward levels would help women to access skills and services which will empower them to actively and successfully participate in the industrial economy. Keywords: Industrial Economy, barriers, enablers; Business Development Services (BDS) Introduction example, according to Mlote (2018), 53 percent of Few topics have recently received more comments farmers in Tanzania are women but only 5 percent or been so studied than inequalities between men are involved in value addition/processing to and women in economic growth participation, the promote an industrial economy. difficulties in promoting it and the possible remedies Without bringing gender equality and integrating in overcoming obstacles to achieve it (Rifat & Ward, women into the economic activities, a great chunk 2018). In September, 2015, Tanzania adopted a list of human capital will remain deprived as a result of of 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) issued which Agenda 2030 will not be achieved holistically. by the United Nations (UN) which aim at From that end, women economic empowerment is accelerating the transition towards sustainable very crucial and thus adequate attention should be development by 2030 (Bishagazi, 2021). In order to given to this matter. According to World Bank (WB) achieve these goals, gender equality and women Report (2019), women in Tanzania are found at the contribution towards economic activities are bottom rung of poverty, of illiteracy and of perceived to be of high value. landlessness. The reality of women in Tanzania is A notable aspect in the implementation of the Five that they remain a vulnerable marginalized group Year Development Plans (FYDPs) in Tanzania is the that is yet to enjoy equality in status and access to importance of gender mainstreaming to ensure that services and resources in comparison to their women who are marginalized and yet an important counterparts, men (Idris, 2018). economic group in the society are not left behind in The economic disparity between men and women achieving an industrial economy (Kerega, 2018). has led to a widely differing access to resources and Despite the efforts, women have not been aligned decision making processes, which is partly the well with the Tanzania’s strategic plans. For 169 East African Journal of Education and Social Sciences (EAJESS) 2(2)169-178 reason why women’s socioeconomic and political within the community and their relationship to each status remain low. Katundu, Mhina, Mbeiyererwa other. Later, the development approaches proposed and Kumburu, (2013) conclude that, addressing the more emphasis on gender relations rather than gap between men and women requires attention to seeing women's issues in isolation (Boserup, Fei & the interplay between households, institutions and Toulmin, 2013). Women, especially those in the low- markets and how they affect women’s status. income strata, traditionally have contributed to productive activities such as agriculture (mostly The key issues discussed above make the analysis of small-scale), agro-processing crafts and home key determinants of women’s participation in the industries, trade and commerce. Improving the industrial economy crucial in Tanzania. Thus, this status of women is no longer seen as just a women’s paper presents findings of the study carried out to issue but as a goal that requires the active assess factors affecting women’s participation in the participation of men and women. This has come to industrial economy in Tanzania, a case of be known as the Gender And Development (GAD) Sengerema and Nyamagana Districts in Mwanza approach. The theory highlights changes in modern Region, which was selected mainly for two reasons: societies particularly conducive to women’s First, it ranks the second with higher rate of women empowerment through industrialization. than men in Tanzania (National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), 2012). Secondly, the region is endowed with Although the industrial sector has historically played vast of agricultural resources including livestock and a very minimal role in the Tanzania's structural fish products which are potential in boosting the transformation, the desire for the industrial industrial economy in Tanzania, particularly through economy is presently re-emphasized via the small scale industries. This study intended to guide Tanzania Development Vision, 2025 (Mlote, 2018). the government’s women economic empowerment The goal of the vision is to transform the economy strategies by identifying gender-smart policies and through industrialization thereby moving the solutions to boost participation of women in the country to middle-income status by 2025. The main industrial economy while at the same time objective of an industrial economy is to achieve the narrowing disparities existing between women and assigned target for the development of industries men. In doing so, the study intended to answer the and provide information about sources of industrial following key questions: growth (Rifat & Ward, 2018). The industrial sector of 1. What is the level of women’s participation Tanzania is comprised of manufacturing (53%), in the industrial economy in Mwanza processing (43%) and assembling industries (4%) Region? (Kerega, 2018). Since agriculture is the mainstay of 2. What factors hinder women participation in the Tanzanian economy, the manufacturing industry the industrial economy in Mwanza Region? is centered on the processing of local agricultural 3. What factors promote women participation goods. The agriculture sector must therefore be in the industrial economy in Mwanza transformed to feed the processing industries. This Region? can fully be achieved by involving women in the industrial transformation. Review of Literature Early approaches to women in economic However, women are faced with numerous development ignored the important role played by constraints that limit their ability to participate in women in their communities. In 1970s, a Woman In the industrial economy. This is revealed by Development (WID) approach emerged which numerous studies which have been conducted to recognized that more efficient and effective determine the main barriers to their participation in development requires the active participation of the industrial economy in various contexts. For both men and women (Boserup, Fei & Toulmin, example, Ayferam (2015) and Wendy, Siong and 2013). Profounders of this theory include Ester Chong (2014) found that imbalance between Boserup who advocated for the integration of business and household responsibilities and women into the global economies by improving insufficient business skills influenced the their status and assisting in total development. performance of micro enterprises owned by women. Yunis, Hashim, and Anderson (2019) stress Since mid-1980, there has been a growing the need for imparting to women skills necessary to consensus that sustainable development requires an cross-cultural barriers for them to come out openly understanding of women’s roles and responsibilities to undertake the enterprise development. Such skill 170 East African Journal of Education and Social Sciences (EAJESS) 2(2)169-178 development programs would include enhancement funds. This study therefore investigates on the of managerial skills, personal skills, negotiating skills, determinants of women’s participation in the self-awareness and assertiveness. They further state industrial economy in Mwanza Region. that the programs need to concentrate on educating men to develop within them an awareness of the Methodology influence of their behavior towards women. This part presents various aspects of the methodology under which this study was Parvin, Rahman and Jia (2012) investigated how conducted. difficult it was for women to run their own enterprises in Bangladesh and revealed
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