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Beta Diversity Patterns of Fish and Conservation Implications in The
A peer-reviewed open-access journal ZooKeys 817: 73–93 (2019)Beta diversity patterns of fish and conservation implications in... 73 doi: 10.3897/zookeys.817.29337 RESEARCH ARTICLE http://zookeys.pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research Beta diversity patterns of fish and conservation implications in the Luoxiao Mountains, China Jiajun Qin1,*, Xiongjun Liu2,3,*, Yang Xu1, Xiaoping Wu1,2,3, Shan Ouyang1 1 School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China 2 Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental and Chemical Engi- neering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China 3 School of Resource, Environment and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China Corresponding author: Shan Ouyang ([email protected]); Xiaoping Wu ([email protected]) Academic editor: M.E. Bichuette | Received 27 August 2018 | Accepted 20 December 2018 | Published 15 January 2019 http://zoobank.org/9691CDA3-F24B-4CE6-BBE9-88195385A2E3 Citation: Qin J, Liu X, Xu Y, Wu X, Ouyang S (2019) Beta diversity patterns of fish and conservation implications in the Luoxiao Mountains, China. ZooKeys 817: 73–93. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.817.29337 Abstract The Luoxiao Mountains play an important role in maintaining and supplementing the fish diversity of the Yangtze River Basin, which is also a biodiversity hotspot in China. However, fish biodiversity has declined rapidly in this area as the result of human activities and the consequent environmental changes. Beta diversity was a key concept for understanding the ecosystem function and biodiversity conservation. Beta diversity patterns are evaluated and important information provided for protection and management of fish biodiversity in the Luoxiao Mountains. -
屏東縣萬安溪台灣石魚賓(Acrossocheilus Paradoxus )之棲
生物學報(2006)41(2): 103-112 屏東縣萬安溪台灣石魚賓(Acrossocheilus paradoxus)之棲地利用 1 2* 孔麒源 戴永禔 1 國立屏東科技大學野生動物保育研究所 2 中原大學景觀學系 (收稿日期:2006.5.3,接受日期:2006.12.19) 摘 要 自 2005 年 7 月至 12 月以浮潛觀察法於屏東縣萬安溪調查台灣石魚賓 之棲地利用。依體長區分小 魚(1-4cm)、中魚(5-9cm)、大魚(>10cm)三種體型。棲地利用測量變數包括上層遮蔽度、水深、底層 水溫、溶氧與底質。小魚選擇各項棲地變數之平均值分別為:上層遮蔽度 16%、水深 85.2cm、底 層水溫 23.5℃、溶氧 9.2mg/L;中魚則為上層遮蔽度 17%、水深 105.8cm、底層水溫 23.6℃、溶氧 9.5 mg/L;大魚選擇上層遮蔽度、水深、底層水溫、溶氧則分別為 18%、106.9cm、23.9℃、8.9 mg/L。 三種體型台灣石魚賓 皆選擇岩壁(Bedrock)及大巨石(Boulder)為底質需求。小魚在雨、旱季間選擇水 深顯著不同;中、大魚則無差異。本研究結果顯示,台灣石魚賓 對棲地選擇依據二階段生活史而異; 對岩壁及大巨石之偏好與覓食無關,而與躲藏及障蔽功能有關。 關鍵詞:台灣石魚賓 、棲地利用、生態工法、水深、生活史、淡水魚、溪流、底質 緒 言 Day, 1996; 1997)。台 灣 石 魚賓 於不同溪流之族群之 間已有分化之現象,遺傳變異性以後龍溪為分界 台灣石魚賓 (Acrossocheilus paradoxus)屬鯉科 可分為南北二群集 (Tseng et al., 2000),然而依粒 (Cyprinidae) ,魚賓 亞科(Barbinae) ,光唇魚屬 腺體 DNA 則可分為北中南三大群類;濁水溪為 (Acrossocheilus),俗稱石斑、石賓或秋斑(Günther, 台灣石魚賓 親緣關係的輻射中心 (Hsu et al., 1868; Oshima, 1919; Sung, 1992; Sung et al., 1993; 2000)。 Tzeng, 1986b; Chen and Fang, 1999)。本種魚體延 台灣石魚賓 依賴視覺覓食,其主要覓食對象為 長且略為側扁,口下位,具 2 對鬚。體色黃綠, 水生節肢動物(Ciu and Wang, 1996)。台灣石魚賓 對 腹部略白,體側有 7 條黑色橫帶,幼魚期特別明 於環境因子之耐受限度,最高致死水溫在 35.5 至 顯,成魚時因體色變深而較不明顯。性成熟之 36.5℃之間,與魚體大小無關;最低致死水溫則 雌、雄個體吻部均有追星,尤以雄魚特別明顯且 在 5.5 至 7.0℃之間,並與魚體大小呈反比。台灣 尖刺(Tzeng, 1986b; Chen and Fang, 1999)。成 熟 雄 石魚賓 對於水中溶氧的消耗與水溫成正比;其致死 魚臀鰭基部與鰭條間薄膜上亦有角質化瘤狀凸 溶氧量亦與水溫高低有關。其養殖適溫約在 25 起(Ciu and Wang, 1996)。胸腰部脊椎骨間有成對 至 30℃之間(Peng, 1992)。台灣石魚賓 對 於 銅、鎘、 轉移關節突、腹鰭最外側鰭條並有韌帶與肋骨相 鋅等重金屬離子的急性毒性反應可作為水質檢 連接,此些構造皆有助於台灣石魚賓 適存在急流亂 測時的一項指標(Chen and Yuan, 1994)。 瀨之溪流環境中(Ciu and Wang, 1996)。 台灣北部南勢溪支流桶后溪台灣石魚賓 之生殖 台灣石魚賓 為台灣特有種之初級淡水魚。本種 季自 3 月至 10 月、生殖高峰在 4 至 6 月之時, 分布甚廣,台灣島西半部主要河川如淡水河、頭 -
Population Genetic Structure of Indigenous Ornamental Teleosts, Puntius Denisonii and Puntius Chalakkudiensis from the Western Ghats, India
POPULATION GENETIC STRUCTURE OF INDIGENOUS ORNAMENTAL TELEOSTS, PUNTIUS DENISONII AND PUNTIUS CHALAKKUDIENSIS FROM THE WESTERN GHATS, INDIA Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Marine Sciences of the Cochin University of Science and Technology Cochin – 682 022, Kerala, India by LIJO JOHN (Reg. No. 3100) National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources Cochin Unit CENTRAL MARINE FISHERIES RESEARCH INSTITUTE (Indian Council of Agricultural Research) P.B. No. 1603, Kochi – 682 018, Kerala, India. December, 2009. Declaration I do hereby declare that the thesis entitled “Population genetic structure of indigenous ornamental teleosts, Puntius denisonii and Puntius chalakkudiensis from the Western Ghats, India” is the authentic and bonafide record of the research work carried out by me under the guidance of Dr. A. Gopalakrishnan, Principal Scientist and SIC, National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources (NBFGR) Cochin Unit, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin in partial fulfillment for the award of Ph.D. degree under the Faculty of Marine Sciences of Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin and no part thereof has been previously formed the basis for the award of any degree, diploma, associateship, fellowship or other similar titles or recognition. Cochin (Lijo John) 16th December 2009 ®É¹]ÅÒªÉ ¨ÉiºªÉ +ÉxÉÖÖ´ÉÆÆÎ¶ÉE ºÉÆÆºÉÉvÉxÉ ¤ªÉÚ®Éä NATIONAL BUREAU OF FISH GENETIC RESOURCES NBFGR Cochin Unit, CMFRI Campus, P.B. No. 1603, Cochin-682 018, Kerala, India Fax: (0484) 2395570; E-mail: [email protected] Dr. A. Gopalakrishnan, Date: 16.12.2009 Principal Scientist, Officer-in-Charge & Supervising Teacher Certificate This is to certify that this thesis entitled, “Population genetic structure of indigenous ornamental teleosts, Puntius denisonii and Puntius chalakkudiensis from the Western Ghats, India” is an authentic record of original and bonafide research work carried out by Mr. -
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ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) Journal of Threatened Taxa 26 May 2019 (Online & Print) Vol. 11 | No. 7 | 13815–13950 PLATINUM 10.11609/jott.2019.11.7.13815-13950 OPEN www.threatenedtaxa.org ACCESS J Building TTevidence for conservation globally ISSN 0974-7907 (Online); ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) Publisher Host Wildlife Information Liaison Development Society Zoo Outreach Organization www.wild.zooreach.org www.zooreach.org No. 12, Thiruvannamalai Nagar, Saravanampatti - Kalapatti Road, Saravanampatti, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641035, India Ph: +91 9385339863 | www.threatenedtaxa.org Email: [email protected] EDITORS Typesetting Founder & Chief Editor Mr. Arul Jagadish, ZOO, Coimbatore, India Dr. Sanjay Molur Mrs. Radhika, ZOO, Coimbatore, India Wildlife Information Liaison Development (WILD) Society & Zoo Outreach Organization (ZOO), Mrs. Geetha, ZOO, Coimbatore India 12 Thiruvannamalai Nagar, Saravanampatti, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641035, India Mr. Ravindran, ZOO, Coimbatore India Deputy Chief Editor Fundraising/Communications Dr. Neelesh Dahanukar Mrs. Payal B. Molur, Coimbatore, India Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune, Maharashtra, India Editors/Reviewers Managing Editor Subject Editors 2016-2018 Mr. B. Ravichandran, WILD, Coimbatore, India Fungi Associate Editors Dr. B.A. Daniel, ZOO, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641035, India Dr. B. Shivaraju, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India Ms. Priyanka Iyer, ZOO, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641035, India Prof. Richard Kiprono Mibey, Vice Chancellor, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya Dr. Mandar Paingankar, Department of Zoology, Government Science College Gadchiroli, Dr. R.K. Verma, Tropical Forest Research Institute, Jabalpur, India Chamorshi Road, Gadchiroli, Maharashtra 442605, India Dr. V.B. Hosagoudar, Bilagi, Bagalkot, India Dr. Ulrike Streicher, Wildlife Veterinarian, Eugene, Oregon, USA Dr. Vatsavaya S. -
Phylogeography of the Taiwanese Endemic Hillstream Loaches, Hemimyzon Formosanus and H
Zoological Studies 46(5): 547-560 (2007) Phylogeography of the Taiwanese Endemic Hillstream Loaches, Hemimyzon formosanus and H. taitungensis (Cypriniformes: Balitoridae) Tzi-Yuan Wang1,2, Te-Yu Liao1,3, and Chyng-Shyan Tzeng1,* 1Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, 101 Kuang-Fu Road, Sec. 2, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan 2Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Sec. 2, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan. Tel: 886-2-27898756. Fax: 886-2-27898757. E-mail: [email protected] 3Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden (Accepted January 23, 2007) Tzi-Yuan Wang, Te-Yu Liao, and Chyng-Shyan Tzeng (2007) Phylogeography of the Taiwanese endemic hill- stream loaches, Hemimyzon formosanus and H. taitungensis (Cypriniformes: Balitoridae). Zoological Studies 46(5): 547-560. Variations in nucleotide sequences within the mitochondrial control region were used to deter- mine the paleogeography of speciation and diversification of 2 balitorids endemic to Taiwan. Examination of 11 populations of Hemimyzon formosanus and 5 populations of H. taitungensis respectively revealed 23 and 11 haplotypes within the mitochondrial control regions. Utilizing the neighbor-joining method and maximum-parsi- mony trees, we showed the presence of 3 groups and 2 subgroups in H. formosanus, and 1 group in H. taitun- gensis. The nested clade analysis, a method with a higher resolution, revealed that the 1 group of H. taitun- gensis could be further divided into 2 subgroups on the minimum spanning network. The nested clade analysis predicted the evolutionary divergence of populations in H. formosanus due to past fragmentation; furthermore, dispersion among populations of H. -
Population Structure of Denison's Barb, Puntius Denisonii
Journal of Phylogenetics & Evolutionary Biology Open Access www.omicsonline.org John et al., J Phylogen Evolution Biol 2013, 1:1 Phylogenetics & Evolutionary Biology http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/jpgeb.1000106 Research Article Open Access Population Structure of Denison’s barb, Puntius denisonii (Pisces: Cyprinidae): A Species Complex Endemic to the Western Ghats of India Lijo John1,2*, Reynold Peter2 and Gopalakrishnan A1 1National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources (NBFGR), Cochin Unit, CMFRI Campus, Kochi-682018, Kerala, India 2Genetics and Genomics Section, Marine Biotechnology Division, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, PB No. 1603, Kochi-682018, Kerala, India Abstract Genetic and morphologic variation, haplotype relationships, and structuring of populations within Puntius denisonii and its close related species Puntius chalakkudiensis have been tested using molecular and biometric data, to infer phylogeographic patterns. Sequences of mitochondrial DNA ATPase 8 and 6 genes, and morphometric data, were used to find population structuring. Specimens were collected from 7 locations in the southern region of Western Ghats, a global biodiversity hotspot in India. Biometric analysis revealed apparent heterogeneity in the morphology and color pattern between the species at juvenile and adult stages, and among different geographically separated populations of these species. High values for mean pair wise distances and a high proportion of the total variance attributed to differences between the geographically isolated populations with AMOVA, indicated clear population structuring within these species. Extremely high values for Pair wise FST and significantly lower Nm values observed among the populations studied, suggested little or no effective gene flow among them. Constructed phylogenies further confirmed a high degree of population structuring within the species, showing local endemism with population specific haplotypes forming a species complex. -
Phylogeographic Pattern of the Striped Snakehead, Channa Striata in Sundaland: Ancient River Connectivity, Geographical and Anthropogenic Singnatures
Phylogeographic Pattern of the Striped Snakehead, Channa striata in Sundaland: Ancient River Connectivity, Geographical and Anthropogenic Singnatures Min Pau Tan1*, Amirul Firdaus Jamaluddin Jamsari1, Mohd Nor Siti Azizah1,2 1 School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia, 2 Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia Abstract A phylogeographic study of an economically important freshwater fish, the striped snakehead, Channa striata in Sundaland was carried out using data from mtDNA ND5 gene target to elucidate genetic patterning. Templates obtained from a total of 280 individuals representing 24 sampling sites revealed 27 putative haplotypes. Three distinct genetic lineages were apparent; 1)northwest Peninsular Malaysia, 2)southern Peninsular, east Peninsular, Sumatra and SW (western Sarawak) and 3) central west Peninsular and Malaysian Borneo (except SW). Genetic structuring between lineages showed a significant signature of natural geographical barriers that have been acting as effective dividers between these populations. However, genetic propinquity between the SW and southern Peninsular and east Peninsular Malaysia populations was taken as evidence of ancient river connectivity between these regions during the Pleistocene epoch. Alternatively, close genetic relationship between central west Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysian Borneo populations implied anthropogenic activities. Further, haplotype sharing between the east Peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra populations revealed extraordinary migration ability of C. striata (.500 km) through ancient connectivity. These results provide interesting insights into the historical and contemporary landscape arrangement in shaping genetic patterns of freshwater species in Sundaland. Citation: Tan MP, Jamsari AFJ, Siti Azizah MN (2012) Phylogeographic Pattern of the Striped Snakehead, Channa striata in Sundaland: Ancient River Connectivity, Geographical and Anthropogenic Singnatures. -
Characterisation of Asian Snakehead Murrel Channa Striata (Channidae) in Malaysia: an Insight Into Molecular Data and Morphological Approach
Hindawi Publishing Corporation The Scientific World Journal Volume 2013, Article ID 917506, 16 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/917506 Research Article Characterisation of Asian Snakehead Murrel Channa striata (Channidae) in Malaysia: An Insight into Molecular Data and Morphological Approach Li Min Song,1 Kaviarasu Munian,1,2 Zulkafli Abd Rashid,3 and Subha Bhassu1,4 1 Genomics and Evolutionary Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetics & Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 2 Zoology Branch, Forest Biodiversity Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), 52109 Kepong, Selangor, Malaysia 3 Department of Fisheries Malaysia, Freshwater Fisheries Research Division, FRI Glami Lemi, Jelebu, 71650 Titi, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia 4 Centre for Biotechnology in Agriculture Research, Division of Genetics & Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Correspondence should be addressed to Subha Bhassu; [email protected] Received 19 September 2013; Accepted 23 October 2013 Academic Editors: A. C. Manna and A. Walley Copyright © 2013 Li Min Song et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Conservation is imperative for the Asian snakeheads Channa striata, as the species has been overfished due to its high market demand. Using maternal markers (mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene (COI)), we discovered that evolutionary forces that drove population divergence did not show any match between the genetic and morphological divergence pattern. However, there is evidence of incomplete divergence patterns between the Borneo population and the populations from Peninsular Malaysia. -
Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction Du Branch Patrimoine De I'edition
The Demographic History and Population Structure of Three Species of Wolffishes Across the North Atlantic Ocean by Megan R. McCusker Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia April 2009 © Copyright by Megan R. McCusker, 2009 Library and Bibliotheque et 1*1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-50075-0 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-50075-0 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par Plntemet, prefer, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans loan, distribute and sell theses le monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non sur support microforme, papier, electronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation. -
Zoological Studies 50(5): 657-664 (2011)
Zoological Studies 50(5): 657-664 (2011) Synonymization of Pararasbora, Yaoshanicus, and Nicholsicypris with Aphyocypris, and Description of a New Species of Aphyocypris from Taiwan (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) Te-Yu Liao1,2, Sven O. Kullander1, and Hung-Du Lin3,* 1Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden 2Department of Zoology, Stockholm Univ., SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden. E-mail:[email protected] 3Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung Univ., Tainan 701, Taiwan (Accepted April 1, 2011) Te-Yu Liao, Sven O. Kullander, and Hung-Du Lin (2011) Synonymization of Pararasbora, Yaoshanicus, and Nicholsicypris with Aphyocypris, and description of a new species of Aphyocypris from Taiwan (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). Zoological Studies 50(5): 657-664. The genus Aphyocypris is a group of small fish distributed in East Asia. Aphyocypris amnis sp. nov. is characterized by the lateral line turning upward at a vertical from the posterior end of the anal-fin base, 3 scales between the lateral line and posterior end of the anal-fin base, and the last 5-7 scales of the lateral line running along the midline of the caudal peduncle. A ventral keel is present between the pelvic-fin base and anus. Aphyocypris amnis sp. nov. is found only in the Shuili River, a tributary of the Choshui River in central Taiwan. Pararasbora Regan, 1908, Yaoshanicus Lin, 1931, and Nicholsicypris Chu, 1935 are synonyms of Aphyocypris Günther, 1868. http://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/50.5/657.pdf Key words: Sun-Moon Lake, Lake Candidius, New species, Synonymization, Taiwan. Pararasbora moltrechti Regan, endemic to are (1) to describe the new species of Aphyocypris central Taiwan and the only species in its genus, from the Choshui River and (2) to examine is a small cyprinid fish, usually placed in the interrelationships among Aphyocypris Günther, subfamily Danioninae (Chen and Chang 2005). -
Author's Personal Copy
Author's personal copy Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 52 (2009) 544–549 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ympev Short Communication Molecular systematics of the Cyprinoidea (Teleostei: Cypriniformes), the world’s largest clade of freshwater fishes: Further evidence from six nuclear genes Wei-Jen Chen *, Richard L. Mayden Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, 3507 Laclede Ave., St. Louis, MO 63103, USA article info abstract Article history: Received 12 December 2008 Ó 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Available online 21 January 2009 Keywords: Cyprinidae Cyprinioidea Cypriniformes Psilorhynchus Tinca Leptobabrus Nuclear gene Phylogenomics Taxonomic chaos 1. Introduction Previous systematic analyses investigating monophyly and in- ter-relationships of the Cyprinidae have focused largely on mor- With over 210 genera and 2010 described species, the fam- phology or mitochondrial gene/genome sequences. Chen et al. ily Cyprinidae is currently the largest family of freshwater (1984) was the first such study to propose a ‘‘phylogenetic” fishes (Nelson, 2006). Over the years, the Cyprinidae has been hypotheses” of cyprinid inter-relationships based on morphologi- divided into different ‘‘groupings” for either taxonomic conve- cal data. Later Cavender and Coburn (1992) reanalyzed the data nience or to represent presumed natural groups; usually these matrix of Chen et al. (1984), recovering a tree of equal length but groupings have been recognized at or below the level of sub- of a different topology to that recovered by Chen et al. (1984) family (Cavender and Coburn, 1992; Howes, 1991; Nelson, (Fig. 1B). Cavender and Coburn (1992) also proposed an alternative 2006). -
{Replace with the Title of Your Dissertation}
Systematics, Gill Raker Morphology, and Pharyngeal Arch Development of Suckers (Cypriniformes: Catostomidae) A Dissertation SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY Michael Vincent Hirt IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Andrew M. Simons, Advisor June 2015 © Michael Vincent Hirt 2015 Acknowledgements I thank my advisor, Andrew Simons, for his support and guidance throughout my graduate career. His wisdom and advice were invaluable. I am very fortunate to have had a mentor as insightful and supportive as he has been. I am eternally grateful for all he has done to help me and I would not be where I am today without his guidance and support. I thank him for his continued friendship and encouragement and look forward to future collaborations. I would also like to thank my other committee members Sharon Jansa, Susan Weller, and David Fox for their useful comments and guidance. I thank Miles Coburn for first giving me a chance and starting me on my academic journey. His patience and wisdom put me on the right path and gave me a good start to my career. Although his advice and kind words are deeply missed, he is not forgotten. I thank Peter Hundt, Brett Young, Brett Nagle, Andrew Simons, Tim Adams, Dominik Halas, Peter Cullen, Konrad Schmidt, Daemin Kim, Pamela Weisenhorn, Ben Lowe, and Mark Hove for their help collecting suckers. Peter Hundt and Brett Young, in particular, were indispensable in the field. I would also like to thank Mark Hove for his help and advice on aquaculture techniques.