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Violence Against Women and Girls in Albania

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Violence Against Women and Girls in Albania NATIONAL POPULATION SURVEY Violence Against Women and Girls in Albania 2018 NATIONAL POPULATION SURVEY Violence Against Women and Girls in Albania This survey was conducted by INSTAT with technical expertise provided by and report writing led by Dr. Robin Haarr, interna- tional consultant, supported by UNDP and UN Women and financial contribution through the Government of Australia in the framework of the regional gender statistics and SDGs project “Women Count” and the Government of Sweden in the frame- work of the UN Joint Programme on Ending Violence Against Women in Albania. Opinions and views expressed in this report do not necessarily reflect those of UNDP, UN Women and their donors. March 2019 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements 6 Definitions 8 Acronyms 11 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 12 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 24 Background to this study 26 National Domestic Violence Surveys in Albania 27 Legislative and Policy Reforms and Programme Development since the 2013 NDVS 29 -Legislative and Policy Reforms since the 2013 NDVS 30 -Strengthening VAWG Administrative Data since the 2013 NDVS 32 -Improvements to Provision of Services for VAWG Survivors since the 2013 NDVS 38 -Awareness-Raising and Prevention of VAWG since the 2013 NDVS 38 Why Conduct a 3rd National VAWG Survey in Albania 40 CHAPTER 2: RESEARCH DESIGN 42 Measuring VAWG Prevalence 45 -Development of the 2018 National VAWG Survey in Albania 45 -Maximizing Disclosure 46 -Sample Design 47 -Data Collectors 47 -Survey Administration in the Field 48 -Ethical Considerations 48 -Sample Weighting 48 -Data Processing, Analysis and Reporting 49 CHAPTER 3: CHARACTERISTICS OF INTERVIEWED WOMEN 50 Characteristics of Eligible Women 50 Demographics of Interviewed Women 51 -Pregnancy and Children 54 -Birth Control 55 -Sexually Transmitted Infections 56 CHAPTER 4: VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS AT A GLANCE 58 Experiences of Violence against Women and Girls 58 Relationship between Non-Partner Violence and Domestic Violence 60 Experiences of Child Sexual Abuse 61 CHAPTER 5: SOCIAL NORMS RELATED TO VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS 62 The Power of Social Norms 63 Distinguishing Social Norms, Attitudes and Behaviours 65 Social Norms Related to Intimate Partner Domestic Violence 65 Social Norms Related to Sexual Violence against Women 66 Perceived Seriousness of VAWG 67 Importance of Laws Related to VAWG 67 4 Violence Against Women and Girls in Albania CHAPTER 6: INTIMATE PARTNER DOMESTIC VIOLENCE 68 Intimate Partner Domestic Violence Sample 69 Experiences of Intimate Partner Domestic Violence 70 Coercive Controlling Behaviours 72 Economic Violence 74 Psychological Violence 76 Physical Violence 79 Sexual Violence 81 When Intimate Partner Domestic Violence Begins 82 Physical Violence During Pregnancy 84 Domestic Violence Injuries 85 Disruptions to Work Due to Domestic Violence 87 Sexual Violence, Use of Birth Control and Risk of STDs 89 Alcohol and Domestic Violence 90 Children’s Exposure to Domestic Violence 93 Help-Seeking Behaviours 96 Divorce and Separation Due to Domestic Violence 99 Domestic Violence Perpetrators 100 Household Income and Domestic Violence 101 CHAPTER 7: NON-PARTNER VIOLENCE 102 Experiences of Non-Partner Violence Since Age 15 103 Experiences of Child Sexual Abuse 105 Perpetrators of Non-Partner Physical Violence 105 Perpetrators of Non-Partner Sexual Violence 106 Help-Seeking Behaviours for Non-Partner Violence 106 CHAPTER 8: SEXUAL HARASSMENT 109 Experiences of Sexual Harassment 110 Relationship Between Age and Sexual Harassment 111 Places Where Sexual Harassment Occurs 112 Perpetrators of Sexual Harassment 114 CHAPTER 9: STALKING 117 Experiences with Stalking 118 Relationship Between Age and Stalking 119 Perpetrators of Stalking 120 CHAPTER 10: CONCLUSIONS 123 Prevalence Rates of Different Population Samples 124 ANNEX A: Example Measures, Indicators and Questions Related to Social Norms 127 ANNEX B: Unweighted Tables 128 REFERENCES 134 ENDNOTES 138 Violence Against Women and Girls in Albania 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research report on violence against women and like to acknowledge and thank UNDP Albania for girls in Albania is the product of close cooperation supporting this research project, including Ms. En- of the Albanian Institute of Statistics (INSTAT), the tela Lako, Dr. Edlira Papavangjeli and Ms. Elona Dini United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), for their professional advice and guidance. We would United Nations Entity fo Gender Equality and the also like to thank and acknowledge the international Empowerment of Women (UN Women) with finan- consultant, Dr. Robin Haarr, who advised INSTAT on cial support of UN Women, Government of Austra- the revision of the questionnaire and survey meth- lia and Government of Sweden. This project is based odology, and carried out data analysis and report upon the recognition that national data on violence writing in close collaboration with INSTAT staff. against women and girls in Albania is necessary for the development of policies and action plans for response, We also wish to acknowledge the technical experts, intervention, and protection in domestic violence cas- representatives of government agencies, particu- es, and other forms of violence experienced by wom- larly from the Ministry of Health and Social Protec- en and girls, including dating violence, non-partner tion, and representatives of UN Women Albania violence, sexual harassment, and stalking. and other international organizations, civil society organizations, members of academia and other ex- We wish to extend special thanks and acknowledge- perts of statistics and gender-based violence for ment to the management, staff and external contrib- their valuable insight and comments and feedback utors of INSTAT as the main technical institution that on the preliminary data and the draft report. Finally, designed and implemented this 3rd National Survey we would like to acknowledge and thank the wom- on Violence against Women and Girls in Albania, en who participated in this research, and who gave based upon experiences of the 1st and 2nd National their time to answer our questions and share their Surveys of Domestic Violence against Women con- personal experiences. We apologize to anyone who ducted in 2007 and 2013. Dr. Delina Ibrahimaj, in her may inadvertently remain unnamed. capacity as INSTAT General Director, consecutively provided administrative and technical management The 2018 National Violence Against Women and of this project. We would like to thank INSTAT staff Girls Survey was undertaken with the support and for their professional work and support. We would involvement of the following agencies and experts: Director of Publication Ms. Delina Ibrahimaj, Ph.D Director-General of INSTAT INSTAT Team of Experts Ms. Blerina Metanj (Subashi) 6 Violence Against Women and Girls in Albania SPECIAL THANKS TO Director of Publication Ms. Delina Ibrahimaj, Ph.D Director-General of INSTAT INSTAT Team of Experts Ms. Blerina Metanj (Subashi) Head of Social Development Statistics Sector Head of Social Development Statistics Sector Ms. Isida Gorce Specialist of Gender Statistics, Social Development Statistics Sector Mr. Rudin Hoxha Specialist of Population Projections, Population Statistics Sector Ms. Albana Berbiu Specialist of Crime Statistics, Social Development Statistics Sector UNDP Albania Ms. Entela Lako Dr. Edlira Papavangjeli Gender Equality Programme Manager Ms. Elona Dini Gender Equality Expert Dr. Robin Haarr UNDP International Consultant UN Women Ms. Estela Bulku Head of Programme Unit, Albania Ms. Agustela Nini Pavli Technical Project Analyst, Albania Ms. Ala Negruta Regional Specialist on Gender Statistics, ECA Ms. Juncal Plazaola Castano Policy Specialist, Violence against Women Data, HQ Survey Coordinator Ms. Emira Galanxhi Violence Against Women and Girls in Albania 7 DEFINITIONS Coercive “A strategic course of oppressive been in family relationships, regardless Controlling behaviour designed to secure and of whether the perpetrator shares or Behaviours expand gender-based privilege by used to share the same dwelling with depriving women of their rights and the victim” (amended 2018). liberties and establishing a regime of domination in personal life.”1 Article 130/a of the Criminal Code of Albania defines domestic violence as Dating “Patterns of abusive behaviours, “beating and any other act of violence Violence including emotional, physical, against the person who is spouse, sexual and financial abuse used former-spouse, or former cohabitant, to exert power and control over a next to kin or relatives by marriage dating partner.”2 with the author of the penal offense, Similarly, the European Institute with the consequence of attacking his for Gender Equality defines dating physical, psycho-social and economic violence as a “type of intimate integrity.” Article 130/a also recognizes partner violence occurring between “serious threat for murder or hard injury two people in a close relationship.”3 against the person who is spouse, former spouse, cohabitant or former Domestic “All acts of physical, sexual, cohabitant, next to kin or relatives Violence psychological or economic violence by marriage with the author of the that occur within the family or penal offense, of the consequence of domestic unit or between former attacking his psychical integrity.” or current spouses or partners, whether or not the perpetrator shares or has shared the same Economic ”Acts of control and monitoring of residence with the victim.”4 Violence the behaviour of an individual
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