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12623524 Sho Quality of Decision Making

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12623524 Sho Quality of Decision Making Resilient Organisations Research Report 2010/02 A Diagnosis of State Highway Organisations’ Decision-Making during Extreme Emergency Events Dr. Andre Dantas Dr. Sonia Giovinazzi Dr. Erica Seville Frederico Ferreira Resilient Organisations Research Programme “Building more resilient organisations, able to survive and thrive in a world of uncertainty, through research and practice” We live in an increasingly complex world dealing with a broad spectrum of crises arising from both natural and man-made causes. Resilient organisations are those that are able to survive and thrive in this world of uncertainty. Resilience integrates the concepts of Risk, Crisis Management, Business Continuity Planning and Organisational Leadership to provide a platform for developing more robust and agile organisations. Who we are: The Resilient Organisations Research Group (ResOrgs) is a multi-disciplinary team of 17 researchers and practitioners that is New Zealand based and with global reach. A collaboration between top New Zealand research Universities and key industry players, including the University of Canterbury and the University of Auckland, ResOrgs is funded by the NZ Foundation for Research, Science and Technology and supported by a diverse group of industry partners and advisors. The research group represents a synthesis of engineering disciplines and business leadership aimed at transforming NZ organisations into those that both survive major events and thrive in the aftermath. We are committed to making New Zealand organisations more resilient in the face of major hazards in the natural, built and economic environments. Resilient organisations are able to rebound from disaster and find opportunity in times of distress. They are better employers, contribute to community resilience and foster a culture of self reliance and effective collaboration. What we do: The ResOrgs programme of public good research is aimed at effective capability building through research activities with significant impacts on policy and practice. The group, in existence since 2004, has hosted an international conference, industry and sector workshops, produced over 30 conference and journal articles and 5 industry reports. These research outputs are already influencing government policy and industry practice. Our growing reputation has already resulted in many collaborations in Australia, the US, Canada and the UK, with a number of requests for the group to participate in a wide range of international projects. Activities and outputs of the group include informing and focusing debate in areas such as Civil Defence Emergency Management, post-disaster recovery, and the resilience of critical infrastructure sectors, in addition to core activities in relation to organisation resilience capability building and benchmarking. We have produced practical frameworks and guides and helped organisations to develop and implement practical resilience strategies suitable to their environment. Why we do it: In an increasingly volatile and uncertain world, one of the greatest assets an organisation can have is the agility to survive unexpected crisis and to find opportunity to thrive in the face of potentially terminal events. We believe such resilience makes the most of the human capital that characterises the modern organisation and offers one of the greatest prospects for differentiating the successful organisation on the world stage. This resilience is typified by 20/20 situation awareness, effective vulnerability management, agile adaptive capacity and world class organisational culture and leadership. More resilient organisations lead to more resilient communities and provide the honed human capital to address some of our most intractable societal challenges. 2 Executive Summary This report introduces the development and application of a method to analyse the decision making process of New Zealand’s State Highway Organisations (SHO) during extreme events. Building upon our previous research efforts (Dantas et al, 2007 and Ferreira et al, 2008), the aim is to obtain an unbiased and complete overview of the strengths and weaknesses of the current decision making. The report proposes procedures and metrics to analyse the quality of decision making, based upon the study of theoretical and practical concepts of decision making processes. The method used to analyse the quality of decision making was applied to 3 real events and 4 exercises, which have been observed since 2005. In addition to the real events, the exercises provide a realistic representation of the decision making processes likely to be implemented in the occurrence of extreme events and conditions. Above all, the research team’s assessment is that the exercises represented the most likely interaction between MCDEM / Regional Civil Defence / Lifeline groups and NZTA at national, regional and local levels. The results of the Quality of Decision Making (QDM) analysis indicate that SHO are capable, experienced and competent in dealing with major disruptions or crises that may affect the State Highway Network of New Zealand. SHO have achieved Good and Fair levels of resilience in terms of decision making activities during emergency response events and exercises. Depending on the event or exercise, this means that SHO can: - Be mostly or partially coordinated; - Be mostly or limitedly adaptable; - Be effective or partially effective in most circumstances; - Provide comprehensive or limited solutions delivery; and - Provide comprehensive or limited feedback to involved organisations. Our analysis revealed that SHO performed slightly better in real events than in simulation exercises. The differences in performance are mostly due to the fact that exercises have exposed more junior staff to situations which they do not yet fully understand and/or have the required experience to deploy and coordinate resources allocation. SHO’s major strengths were mostly observed in terms of their ability to perceive, assess and act based on outstanding experience and technical skills. These skills were most often derived from extensive networking (informal and professional) with key individuals involved in emergency response. Senior SHO staff demonstrated high levels of situation awareness and leadership in various situations. SHO’s major weaknesses in terms of decision making during an emergency response are mostly related to resource allocation and information sharing. Most decisions were made without clear and / or rationalised/ structured processes supporting them. Based on this report’s findings a series of recommended initiatives are listed. They comprise: • An extensive program to address the observed vulnerabilities; • A continuous program of event and exercise observation; • Creation of a decision making vulnerability matrix for use in exercise and event debriefs; • Training package for decision making simulations; • Standardisation of symbols for maps generated during emergencies; • A GIS-based information sharing framework; and • Use of GIS to support simulation exercises. 3 Acknowledgements This research report was partially supported by the Foundation for Research Science and Technology (FRST) of New Zealand. We would like to thank all NZTA staff, consultants and contractors who shared their knowledge and experience about emergency procedures and events. In particular, we would like to thank the following individuals and their respective organizations: - Alan Nicholson (University of Canterbury) - Andrew Newlands (University of Canterbury); - Andrew Smith (Fulton Hogan) - Brian Grey (NZTA); - Dave Brunsdon (Kestrel Group); - David Bates (NZTA); - Daya Govender (NZTA); - Dharmista Gohil (University of Canterbury); - Gavin Treadgold (Kestrel Group); - Ian Cox (NZTA); and - Jacinda Harrison (Ministry of Transport); - Jim Stevens (Auckland Regional Council – Civil Defence); - John Fisher (ECAN-Civil Defence); - John Lamb (Canterbury Lifelines Group); - John Reynolds (Opus International); - John Tailby (Opus International), - Jon Mitchell (Environment Canterbury – Civil Defence); - Mark Constable (Ministry of Civil Defence & Emergency Management); - Maurice Mildenhall (NZTA); - Michael Darnell (OPUS International Consultants) - Mike Skelton (MWH Global); - Murray Sinclair (Christchurch City Council – Civil Defence); - Peter Connors (NZTA); - Richard Smith (Ministry of Civil Defence & Emergency Management); and - Tom Wilson (University of Canterbury). 4 Table of Contents RESILIENT ORGANISATIONS RESEARCH PROGRAMME .............................................................................. 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .............................................................................................................................. 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................................. 4 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 6 2 OBSERVATION FRAMEWORK ........................................................................................................... 7 2.1 DECISION MAKING TASKS AND COGNITIVE ELEMENTS ..................................................................................... 8 2.2 SUCCESS INDICATORS AND VULNERABILITIES ................................................................................................. 8 3 QUALITY OF DECISION-MAKING (QDM) ANALYSIS METHOD .........................................................
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