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Mic 69-4119

MURRAY, Robert Joseph. THE USE OF CONDITIONAL SENTENCES IN SAINT JOHN CHRYSOSTOM'S HOMILIES ON THE GOSPEL OF SAINT JOHN.

The Ohio State University, Ph*D., 1960 Language and Literature, classical

University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan THE USE OF CONDITIONAL SENTENCES IN SAINT

JOHN. CHRYSOSTOM1 S HOMILIES ON THE

GOSPEL OF SAINT JOHN

DISSERTATION

Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University

By

ROBERT JOSEPH MURRAY, A.B., M.A.

******

The Ohio State University I960

Approved by

Adviser “

Department of Classical Languages TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION ...... 1

II. REAL CONDITIONS ...... 11

III. EVENTUAL CONDITIONS ...... 50

IV. POTENTIAL CONDITIONS ...... 103

Potential Optative

V. UNREAL CONDITIONS ...... 123

Similes Potential Indicative

VI. MISCELLANIA ...... '« 148

Irregular Conditions Conditional Participles Indirect Questions

VII. CONCLUSION...... 165

BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 180

AUTOBIOGRAPHY...... 184

ii CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Of the several great doctors of the Greek Church,

none have produced works of greater literary worth than

John of Antioch, who later became known as "Chrysostom."

The "golden-mouthed" orator was born of well-to-do parents

sometime between 34-4 and 354, most likely in 354. Al­

though his mother was widowed at an early age, she managed

to afford John an excellent education, which included .

the opportunity to study under Libanius. This famous

rhetor was one of the leading figures of the Second

Sophistic, a movement which attempted, with some success,

to revive the language and style of the Attic Greek of

the fourth century before Christ.

After his conversion to the Christian faith in 372,

John turned to the pursuit of sacred studies under Dio­

dorus of Tarsus, a proponent of the Antiochene school of

Scriptural exegesis, which stresses literal rather than allegorical interpretation. For several years he lived

the strict ascetic life of a hermit, but was eventually forced by ill health to return to Antioch. In 386 he was ordained presbyter, and for the next twelve years was

the regular preacher for Flavian, Bishop of Antioch. In

398 he was brought to Constantinople and made patriarch

of the city. But his uncompromising attitude against

vice and luxury won him many enemies, among them the

empress Eudoxia, the powerful minister Eutropius, and many members of the clergy. Furthermore, Theophilus,

Patriarch of Alexandria, had little love for John, whose

See was steadily rising in power and replacing Alexandria as the chief Patriarchate in the East. After several clashes with the growing ranks of his enemies, Chrysostom was banished in 404. Three years later he died in exile.

The corpus of Chrysostom's Opera is extensive, filling eighteen volumes of Migne's Patrologia Graeca.

Besides his many letters, most of which were written while he was in exile, John wrote treatises on various subjects, such as monastic life, virginity, and the priesthood.

This last is one of his most famous works. He also de­ livered many orations on contemporary events, the best known being, perhaps, the orations On the Statues, and

1. There are numerous works dealing with the life of Chrysostom. The facts presented here have been taken from Berthold Altaner, Patrologie (Freiberg: Herder and Co., 1950), pp# 278-289; and J.F. D*Alton (ed.), Selections from St. John Chrysostom (London: Burns, Oates, and Washbourne. Ltd.,1940), pp. I-38 . Both of these books provide extensive bibliographies. those against Eutropius. Finally, there are large num­ bers of homilies, or explanatory sermons, on Genesis,

Isaias, Psalms, the Gospels of St. Matthew and St. John, the Acts of the Apostles, and all the Pauline epistles except the Epistle to the Galatians.

Although Chrysostom has been read and appreciated for centuries, the text of a great number of his works has never been subjected to critical treatment. One example is the series of eighty-eight homilies on the

Gospel of Saint John. There are seven editions of this series, but each is either a reprint of an earlier edition, or based on an eclectic and incomplete collection of material from manuscripts or printed editions.

The following list of editions will give the his­ tory of the text of Chrysostom's Johannine Homilies.

Commelin: the editio nrincens. edited by Hieronymus

Commelin, published in Heidelberg in 1603, and based

on three manuscripts which belong to two separate

traditions.

Savile: edited by Henry Savile and published at Eton

in 1613. The first forty-six homilies are based on

a manuscript of Magdalen College as corrected by

Commelin's edition. The last forty-two are based

on Commelin as corrected by a Paris manuscript. Morel: a reprint of Commelin, published in Paris by

Carolus Morel, 1636-1642.

First Benedictine: edited by Bernard de Montfaucon,

published in Paris, 1718-1738, and for the most part

combining the Morel and Savile editions.

Second Benedictine: edited by Theobald Fix, published

in Paris, 1834-1839, and based mainly on the First

Benedictine, with some textual changes and variant

readings from Paris manuscripts 705, 706, and 709,

and Savile's edition.

Migne: a reprint of the Second Benedictine published

in the Patroloeia Graeca series in 1862.

Salesian: another reprint of the Second Benedictine,

published in Turin, 1944-1948, in the Corona Patrum

Salesiana. Series Graeca.^

All the editions, then, are basically Commelin's, Savile's,

or a combination of the two, with arbitrary use of what­

ever manuscript evidence happened to be available at

the time.

The present work has been undertaken primarily with

the hope of making some contribution to aid the future editor who will prepare a critical edition of Chrysostom's

Homilies on John. A statistical study of syntactical

2. See Paul W. Harkins, "The Text Tradition of Chrysostom's Commentary on John," Theological Studies. XIX (1958), 404-412. usage should prove useful when decisions must be made between two possible manuscript readings. At the same time, however, such a study of Chrysostom's grammar can help the student of the history of the language by furnishing a partial basis for comparison of the Greek of an educated man of the fourth century after Christ with the Greek which is generally taken as the norm, that of the fourth or fifth century before Christ.

I have chosen to treat conditional sentences because such a study not only furnishes information about the various types of conditions, but also because, when apodoses are considered, it touches upon many other points of grammar, such as imperative, potential indica­ tive and optative, various subjunctive uses, etc.

Specifically, we shall first consider those sentences containing a protasis introduced by et or one of its com­ pounds. This will include, in addition to conditional sentences, those sentences containing protases of a con­ cessive nature. We shall also treat potential optative and potential indicative constructions, since these so often occur either after a conditional expression or with a condition somehow Implied. Finally we shall take up the question of participles with conditional or con­ cessive force, and non-conditional uses of the particle cts viz. to introduce indirect questions and similes. 6

The Salesian text3 has been used as the basic text

of this study primarily because, while its text is prac­

tically identical to that in Migne,4, it is both more readily available and, because of its smaller format, more suited to easy reference. It has several disadvan­ tages, however. It has no apparatus criticus. it is not divided into chapters, and it is filled with misprints.

For this reason Migne has been used constantly as a con­ trol and for the critical apparatus. The Savile edition^ has been consulted only for vexed passages for which the footnotes in Migne offer no solution.

Throughout this thesis passages have been identified in the following manner. First, the number of the homily is given, next the chapter (according to Migne's divi­ sion), and finally the page and line numbers in the Sale­ sian text. If a passage is from one of the scriptural quotations printed before each homily, the abbreviation

"Introd.” is given in place of the line number.

3. John Chrysostom, Le Omelie su S. Giovanni Evangelista, edited by D. C. Tirone, 0 ,S.B. ("Corona Patrum Salesiana, Serie Greca," vols. X-XIII; Turin: Societa Editrico Internazionale, 1944-1948).

4. John Chrysostom, Opera Omnia Quae Extant, vol. VIII ("Patrologiae Cursus Completus, Patrologia Graeca," edited by J. P. Migne, vol. LIX; Paris: apud J. P. Migne, lo62).

5. John Chrysostom, Opera Omnia, edited by Henry Savile, vol. II (Eton: John Norton, 1613). Despite the fact that the Salesian text includes

four volumes, the volume number is not given with the

reference. It is simple enough to determine the volume,

since the eighty-eight homilies are equally divided,

twenty-two to a volume.

Parentheses around a reference show that it is a

variant reading taken from the apparatus in Migne or

in rare cases from Savile. When totals are enclosed

in parentheses, they include all instances of a certain

type, including variant readings.

The footnotes in the Migne edition contain an in­

complete reprinting of the apparatus of the Second Bene­

dictine, which, in its turn, is incomplete and vague.

Except for the three codices used by Fix, manuscripts

are identified only by such indefinite and uninstructive

words as "multi," "quidam," "alii," "unus," etc. One

other manuscript, referred to as "ms. orient." was used

by Savile only for Homily 58 but it is quoted often in

Migne for that one homily.?

Whenever a point of grammar is discussed in the fol­

lowing chapters, the discussion applies both to classical

Attic Greek usage and to the usage of Chrysostom unless

6. I.e., Paris mss. 705» 706, and 709.

7. See Migne, col. 3 1 fn, a. otherwise specified. It will soon become clear that

Chrysostom seldom deviates from Attic norms. Even syntax which is unusual and textually doubtful will be compared as far as possible with Attic precedent.

In the process of assigning conditions to various types, the following system has been followed. If two protases of different classes share one apodosis, the reference is listed twice. If one et is followed by two different constructions, the reference again is listed twice. For example, in 59» IV, 337* 5-7 et 66 Tig rt^VTjg eCr), Mai ircl Tig t<3d aWcou epxeTai Gdpag ou6fc o(3o\6v X.a(3etvb AecrtoT^g fijiwv ^rtaioxtfverai. this sentence will be listed as a potential and as a real condition. If several heterogeneous apodoses share one protasis, the sentence is listed only once, accord­ ing to the type of protasis.

Many of the constructions cited are quotations or paraphrases of Scripture. In such cases, the locus in the New Testament or Septuagint is given within paren­ theses immediately after the reference. If a paraphrase from Scripture involves a significant change in grammar, the difference is shown in a footnote.

For the purpose of saving space and avoiding undue repetition, the following abbreviations have been adopted. Abbreviations

abs ♦ absolute

acc. accusative aor. aorist apod. apodosis

cod. (codd.) codex (codices) cond. conditional fn. footnote fut. future gen. genitive hort. hortatory imperat. imperative impf. imperfect ind. indicative inf. infinitive

Introd. Introduction

LXX Septuagint ms. (mss.) manuscript (manuscripts)

N.T. New Testament opt. optative part. participle perf. perfect plpf. pluperfect pot. potential pres • present 10 prot. protasis rel. relative

Sal. Saleslan text subj. subjunctive subord• subordinate temp. temper al

Abbreviations of Grammatical Works Commonly Cited

G.G. W.W. Goodwin and C.B. Gulick, Greek Grammar. 1930.

H.A. James Hadley and Frederic Allen. A Greek Grammar for Schools and CollegesT 18B1?.

K.G.II,1 Raphael Kiihner and Bernhard Gerth. Ausfuhrliche Grammatlk der eriechischen Sgrgche. zwelter Tell, erster Band,

K.G.II,2 Kiihner-Gerth, zwelter Tell, zwelter Band, 1904.

G.M.T. William W. Goodwin, Syntax of the Moods and Tenses of the Greek Verb. 1&97.

S.C.G. Basil L. Gildersleeve, Syntax of Classical Greek from Homer to Demosthenes, vol. I, 1900. CHAPTER II

REAL CONDITIONS

In this study, the different types of conditional sentences will be divided as far as possible into the four main categories recognized and described by Schwyzer, viz -, real, eventual, potential, and unreal.^- Although this breakdown and, more specifically, this terminology may not meet universal approval, Schwyzer's work is generally accepted as the best Greek Grammar now available.

In the first type of condition (realer Fall) the hypothesis is presented as pure assumption without in­ dication of its relationship to reality.^ This corresponds to Goodwin1s "Simple Supposition,"3 which implies nothing

1. Realer. eventueller« ootentlaler. and irrealer Fall. Eduard Schwyzer, Griechlsche Grammatlk. zwelter Band (Muller's "Handbuch der klassischen Altertumswissen- schaft," zweite Abteilung, erster Teilj Munich: C.H. Beck'sche, 1950), pp. 682 ff.

2. "Die Voraussetzung wird als reine Annahme hingestellt ohne Andeutung ihres Verhaltnisses zur Wirklichkeit." Schwyzer, p. 684.

3. William Goodwin, Syntax of the Moods and Tenses of the Greek Verb (Boston: Ginn and Co., 1897), sections 402 ff.; and William Goodwin and Charles Gulick, Greek Grammar (Bostons , Ginn and Co., 1930), sections 1400 ff.

11 12

as to the fulfillment of the condition. Goodwin's thesis

that such a supposition is particular has, however, been

questioned, and, I feel, rightly, by Gildersleeve.4'

This first type of condition can be general, even though

i&v with subjunctive more often has the generic sense.

According to Stahl, "Der Indikativ mit el bezeichnet

die Annahme eines Falles, den der Redende als wirklich

hinstellt."** He hastens to add that the type of condi­

tion in question does not indicate that the hypothesis

is possible, but only that it is assumed by the speaker

to be possible. Thus a real condition is concerned not

with objective reality, but only with the view of the

speaker, or the impression which he is trying to give.

Robertson claims that the first class of condition

"assumes the condition to be a reality."^ In this,

however, he seems to be pushing much too far Stahl's

"assumed as possible."

A conditional sentence expressing a pure assumption

or simple supposition has el with indicative in protasis

4. Basil Gildersleeve, "On el with the Future Indicative and with the Subjunctive in the Tragic Poets," TAPA. VII (1876), 6-7 .

5. J. M. Stahl, Kritlsch-hlstorische Syntax des grlechischen Verbums der klasslschen Zelt (Heidelbergs Carl Winter, 1907), p. 382.

6 . A. T. Robertson, A fframmflr of the Greek New Testament in the Light of Historical Research (New York; Hodder and Stoughton, 1914), p. 1007* and regularly indicative in apodosis. The apodosis may

also contain, however, imperative, potential optative,

hortatory subjunctive, in fact, almost any form of the

verb.

A negative in protasis is usually although ou

is possible, especially when it negates one word instead

of the whole clause.? This rule will hold generally for

all conditions, not just the first type. The negative

particle used in apodosis depends upon the type of verb

exactly as in a simple sentence. Thus ouis used with

indicative and potential optative, with imperative,

hortatory subjunctive, etc.

It will be noticed in this chapter that Chrysostom

regularly follows Attic usage as it has just been described.

Real conditions most often contain indicative in both protasis and apodosis. Any tense of the indicative may be used, although some combinations are not very common. As Stahl points out, when one fact is conditioned by another, the action of the conditioning clause (pro­ tasis) will ordinarily not follow the action of the o conditioned clause (apodosis). Thus a past protasis can be followed by a past, present, or future apodosis;

7. G.G., 1394; G.M.T. 384.

8. Stahl, pp. 383 ff. 14

a present protasis by a present or future apodosis;

and a future protasis only by a future apodosis.

The exceptions--when the action of the protasis can be subsequent to that of the apodosis— take place either when the continuation of the action rather than the action itself depends on the fulfillment of the condition, or when the apodosis is not a conditioned fact (Tatsache), but a judgment (Urteil). For example, in Iliad I, 178,

el nd\a xdpiepoS eoai, 8e6s rcov aol to 7 * egcoxe. it is the validity of the judgment, and not the fact expressed, which depends on the condition.9

Included also in the following listings are those sentences with no verb in apodosis. This is especially common when the verb can be readily supplied from the context, and often in fact from the protasis, or when some form of "to be" is understood. This is, of course, a common Attic practice in simple sentences as well.^

The combination consisting of indicatives in both protasis and apodosis is common in Chrysostom.

Examples; 84, II, 389, 23-24 el ydp tv aol t6 nav

K£tT aliCav efcp&v ouk dnoM3ei£;

9. For manv examples of this from classical Greek, see Stahl, pp. 383-386.

10. James Hadley and Frederic Allen. A Greek Grammar for Schools and Colleges (New York; American Book Co., 188^), sections 611-613 and 905. Also Stahl, p. 421. 61, III, 391, 12-13 e l 7&P *I

no\X$ pa\\ov to6t<|).

Pres. Ind. In prot. and apod.

2, V, 53, 17-19 3, IV, 75, 9 4, 11, 107, 8-9 5, I, 129, 21 5, I, 131, 3-411 5, II, 137, 10-13 9, II, 205, 4-7 10, 1 , 211, 14-17 11, I, 231, 8-9 ,2 (13, III, 275, 21-24) 14, IV, 303, 5-6 15, III, 321, 9-12 16, II, 335, 10-11 (John 1, 25) 16, II, 335, 19 (John i, 25) 18, I, 379, 22-24 18, II, 385, 6-9 18, IV, 399, 9-1113 24, 1 , 29, 4-6 25, I, 51, 25-26 (25, ill, 65, 24-25) 26, I, 75, 23-261? 26, II, 77, 27-79, 2 28, 11 , 123, 4-5 29, II, 141, 6-7 30 , II, 159, 4 31 , IV, 197, 25-26 33, I, 231,27-233,2 34, II, 255,28-257,2 38 , 1 , 327, 19-23

11. Morel has no verb in protasis.

12. Many codd. have pres, ind. instead of impf. ind. in prot.

13 - "Qaidam" have pres. opt. in apod.

14, "Quidem" have pres. ind. instead of pot. opt. (pres.) in apod.

15. Savile has av with pres. sub;), in prot. 16 40, I, 403, 17-19 (41, I, 427, 6-7)16 (41, I, 427, 23-25)17 1fl 41, IX, 431, 19-20 (John V, 47)18 45, III, 17, l8-2ll9 45, IV, 25, 4-5 46, I, 33, 23-24 47 , I, 53, 4-8 49 , II, 107 , 20-22 51, I, 143, 13-14 51, I, 147, 27-28 (Matt, xii, 27) 51, III, 155,26-157,4 51, III, 157, 15-17 52, II, 171, 25-26 54, II, 213, 7-9 (John vlii, 39)20 54, III, 221, 5 55, II, 237, 13-14 55, III, 241, 4-6 57, III, 281, 5-6 57, III, 281, 17-21 59, 11 , 325, 5-6 59, IV, 337, 5-7 60, II, 345, 17-19 60, V, 363, 13-18 60 , VI, 367, 8-11 61, II, 383, 17-1921 61, IV, 397, 7-8 62, III, 415,25-417,1 63 , IV, 447, 20-23 63, IV, 447, 24-26 64, II, 461, 24-26 64, II,.463, 9-10 65, III, 495, 30

16. Savile has a prot. here. Sal. omits it.

17* Morel has pres, instead of impf. ind. in apod.

18. N.T. has fut. ind. in apod.

19* Occasionally, as here, one clause will be the protasis of one condition and the apodosis of another (see Schwyzer, p. 687). This dual role of one clause as both protasis and apodosis is not uncommon in Chrysostom.

20. N.T. has impf. ind. (vel imperat. vel pot. ind.) in apod.

21. First Benedictine omits el. 17

It 9, 7-9 , % II, 27, 15-16 69 I, 39, 7-10 70 II, 63, 21-22 73 I, 117! 6-7 74 III, 145, 2-3 I, 151,25-153,1 767 t II, 189, 2-4 77 I, 197, 19-22 II, 201, 8-9 II, 231, 21-22 78i III, 239, 15 (Gal. v, 18) X, 257, 11-13 11 II, 287, 20-21 80 III, 295, 7-8 81 II, 311, 13-14 81 III, 315, 19-21 III, 361, 26-27 P IV, 369, 1-2 84 II, 389, 23-24 85 V, 431, 22-24 88 II, 497, 23-2422

Totals 80 (84)

Pres. ind. in prot. and fut. ind. in apod,

3 , I, 61, 7-9 3, VI, 87, 20-22 4, II, 107, 7-8 10, 11, 219,27-221,3 15, II, 317, 2-5 r< 16 , III, 341, 20-25 18, III, 393, H - 1 2 19, III, 411, 16-25 21, III, 451, 4-9 22, III, 475, 1-4 26, II, 77, 16-20 27, II, 101, 17-19 27, H I , 105, 22-23 31, V, 199, 12-19 32, I, 207, 20-22 32, III, 223, 20-21 33, III, 245, 18-21 37, III, 321, 6-7 38, IV, 347, 18-20 38, IV, 347, 20-21

22. "Alii1' have aor. subj. in prot. Total: 42

Pres, ind, in prot. and perf, ind, in apod.

3, V, 89, 8-10 8, I, 177, 8-10 15, II, 317, 11-14 15, III, 321, 12-14 41, III, 437,28-439*2 62, III, 417, 11-1324

Total: 6

Pres. ind. in prot. and impf. ind. in apod.

(5, I, 131, 8)25 13, III, 275, 20-21 41, I, 427, 23-2526

23. First Benedictine omits el.

24. rtept\eCeTcn in Sal. is misprint of Ttepix^eCeTai.

25. The protasis is from Savile.

26. Morel has pres, for impf. ind. in apod. 19 46, I, 31,11-33,1 54, II, 213, 20-21 (John vill, 39)2” 72, I, 91, 25-2628 85, v, 431, 3-5

Total: 6 (7)

Pres. ind. in prot. and aor, ind. in apod.

6, I, 155, 14-16 12, I, 243,26-245,5 25, II, 53, 24-25 29, II, 143, 2-4 46, II, 43, 9-10 50, I, 127, 7-8 58, I, 289, 5-7 75, III, 163, 19-22 83, II, 353, 8-10 Total: 9

Pres. ind. in prot. and ellipsis2 ' of verb in apod.

1, II, 9,22-11,1 2, IV, 45, 15-16 3, II, 63, 14-17 3, III, 69,23-71,2 3, VI, 89, 16-19 4, I, 99, 22-24 7, II, 169, 17-22 8, I, 181, 1-2 11, I„ 229, 5-830

27. Savile has av in apodosis. N.T. has [av].

28. "If you seek to learn the reason for this, it was an action of love." It will be noted that the apodo­ sis in this statement is not the conditioned fact at all. A more precise formulation of the apodosis would be, "... you will find that it was an action of love." See Stahl, pp. 425 ff. Although such partial ellipsis is not un­ common in Chrysostom, further instances will not be in­ dicated unless there is a special reason for doing so.

29. By ellipsis we mean simply the omission of the verb and not necessarily the omission of a verb which would ordinarily have been expressed. See G .M. T.. p. 175, fn. 1. 30. Savile and cod. 705 have pres. opt. in prot. 20

12, III, 257, 25-28 14, I, 285, 21-24 15, I, 311, 2-5 19, III, 415, 1-3 23, X, 5, 29 24, I, 29, 7-10 25, I, 53, 13-15 26, III, 85, 20-22 32, ill, 223, 5-8 36, II, 301, 21-23 38, IV, 351, 19-20 39 IV 385 3 40, I, 399, 12-13 , 40, III, 415, 14-16 41, II, 435, 14-15 42, IV, 459, 21-23 45, III, 19, 11-12 46, I, 35, 18-19 46, IV, 51, 3-4 47, I, 55, 22-23 49, II, 107, 7-8 49, III, 113, 23-24 49, III, 113, 25-26 49, III, 119, 4-5 50, I, 127, 8-9 51, III, 159, 8-11 53, ill, 197, 18-21 55, III, 241, 2-4 55, III, 241,25-243,1 55, III, 243, 4-6 57, I, 269,30-271,1 57, II, 273, 21-22 57, II, 279, 22-24 57, III, 279,27-281-5 58, III, 301, 9-1231 60, III, 353, 20-22 60, VI, 369, 23-25 61, II, 383, 2-4 62 , IV, 421, 20-22 63, IV, 449, 8-10 65, II, 491, 9-10 75, IV, 171, 9-11 75, V, 173,27-175,2 75, V, 175, 23-24 77, 1 , 199, 26-27 77 , IV, 211, 18-19

31. "Ms. orient." has perf. Instead of pres. ind. in prot. 21

77, IV, 213, 8 -10 77, V, 219, 21-22 79, IV, 269, 5-6

Total: 66

Fut. ind. in prot. and pres. ind. in apod.

•3fl TV "2AX OA tTT m 11 10^32

56,JVJ) I,A, <^7249, , 10-11 J.1 (Ezek. xviii, 3)33 79, I, 253, 11-12 79, I, 257, 19-20

Total: 5

Fut. ind. in prot. and apod.

3, V, 83 , 22-26 4, IV, 117, 3-4 32, III, 221,29-223,3

6b, II, 27, 23-26 (Jer. xiii, 23) 75, II, 159, 12-14 87 , III, 481, 5-9

Total: 9

Fut. ind. in prot. and ellipsis of verb in apod.

1. IV, 19, 3-5 28, I, 109, 9-11 55, I, 229, 25-26

Total: 3

32. N.T. has pres. ind. in prot.

33* 1XX has an eventual condition 22 Perf. ind. in prot. and pres. ind. in apod.

5, I, 129, 20-21 4 6 , i, 35, 11-12 60 , III, 351, 27-28 60, V, 363, 25-2734 66 , III, 517,27-519,2 71 , II, 75, 22-23 (John xiil, 17) 81, I, 307, 17-18 84, III, 399, 11-12

Totals 8

Perf. ind. in prot. and fat. ind. in apod.

4, II, 105, 23-24 5, II, 133, 10-14 26, I, 73, 26-27 26, II, 77, 10-14 51, H I , 159, 12-15 62, I, 409, 18 (John xi, 12)

Total: 6

Perf. ind. in prot. and apod.

5, II, 137, 3-4 15, II, 313, 20-21 50, I, 125, 8 75, V, 175, H - 1 2 (II Tim. ii, 9)^

Total: 4

Perf. ind. in prot. and impf. ind. in apod.

5, II, 133, 22-23

Total: 1

Perf. ind. in prot. and aor. ind. in apod.

85, III, 419, 15-17

Total: 1

34. Sal. has subj. in apod., but it is probably a misprint since Migne has ind.

35« N.T. has rel. clause instead of prot. 23 Perf. ind. in prot. and plpf. Ind. in apod,

46, II, 41, 23-25

Total: 1

Perf. Ind. in prot. and ellipsis of verb in apod.

5, II, 137, 8-10 19, II, 409, 2-3 31, I, 177, 4-6 39, IV, 391, 6-8 51, II, 151, 7-9 57, I, 271, 8 (58, III, 301, 9-12 P°

Totals 6 (7)

Impf. Ind. In prot. and pres. ind. in apod,

(13, III, 275, 1-3)37 13, III, 275, 21-243° 34, I, 251, 12-14 38, II, 335, 22-24 76, II, 183, 25-26 IV, 211, 16-18 “ 443,26-445,1

Total: 6 (7) Impf. ind. in prot. and fut. Ind. in apod.

47, I, 59, 11-13 64, III, 467, 11-14 69, II, 41, 5 Total: 3

Impf. ind. in prot. and perf. ind. in apod.

5, I, 127, 9-10 5, I, 129, 8-10

36. "Ms. orient." has perf. instead of pres. ind. in prot.

37* Sal. has no verb in prot. Many mss., however, read tjv. 38. Many mss. have pres. ind. in prot. 24

54, II. 211, 11-1339 85, I, 407, 25-26

Totals 4

Impf. Ind. In prot. and apod.

2, II, 31, 10-11 14 II, 289, 6-7 14 II, 289, 7-8 22 II, 465, 15-17 23 III, 21, 20-22 27 I, 93, 5-6 27 I, 93, 6-8 30 II, 163, 22-23 31 IV, 193, 1-2 33 II, 237, 26-28 33 III, 239, 15-18 40 II, 407, 3-5 41 II, 435,27-437,1 46 II, 41, 6-8 54 I, 205,28-207,2 II, 235, 19 58 III, 301, 16-18 60 I, 345, 10-12 60 III, 351, 18-19 62 II, 411, 13-15 71 III, 83 , 8-9 73 II, 121, 17-20 75 I, 151, 22-23 77 II, 203, 3-4 V, 217, 23-24 11 I, 225, 22-24 84 I, 385, 12-13 85 II, 415, 10-14 Totals 28 Impf. Ind. in prot. and aor. ind. in apod.

4, I, 99, 19-20 25, II, 61, 6-8 27, I, 89, 8-10 30, II, 159, 19-20

39 . Morel and Savile have no condition here Totals 9

Impf, ind, in prot. and plpf. ind. in apod.

50, I, 125,25-127,2 68 , I, 23, 22-23 78, III, 241, 6-7

Totals 3

Impf. Ind. in prot. and ellipsis of verb in apod

9, II, 201, 5-7 17 III, 365, 14-17 21 II, 447, 17-19 23 III, 17, 15-16 31 III, 189, 11-12 34 III, 265, 25-28 II, 275,28-277,1 46 I, 33, 12-13 z 49 II, 111, 25-26 56 I, 249,27-251,2 61 III, 391, 12-13 62 II, 413, 1-2 64 I, 455, 14-17 64 III, 469, 19-20 70 II, 59, 24-26 1 III, 79, 15-16 I0 II, 285, 13-15 81 I, 301, 8-9 84 II, 391, 6-8 85 I, 405, 16-17 Totals 20

Aor. ind. in prot. and pres. ind. in apod.

4, II, 101, 16-19 17, III, 365, 3-540 28, III, 123, 18-23 40, III, 415, 12-13

40. "Quidam'1 omit the prot. 26

58, IV, 303, 8-23 , 60, VI, 369, 9-11 (John xiii, 14) 61, II, 387, 4-6 (John x, 35 and 36) 67, III, 17, 14 71, I, 71, 12-13 (John xiii, 14) 82, II, 329, 6-7 83, V, 375, 17-19 84, III, 397, 17-19 85, II, 415, 6-8

Total: 13

Aor. ind, in prot, and fut. ind. in apod.

13 IV, 281, 3-6 14 I, 285, 16-21 27 I, 91, 14-16 27 II, 95,26-97,3 39 III, 375, 5-8 40 IV, 419, 18-22 47 I, 57, 6-7 I, 59, 8-11 i II, 91, 6-12 60 I, 341, 26-28 (Rom. v, 10) 60 IV, 357,27-359,1 67 III, 17, 14-15 69 II, 41, 12-13 73 III, 131, 12-1341 74 I, 137, 13-14 77 II, 203, 9 (John xv, 20) 77 II, 207, 5-7 II, 207, 7 (John xv, 20) 11 VI, 435,24-437,1 86 IV, 459, 20-26

Total: 20

Aor, ind. in prot. and impf. ind. in apod.

6 , I, 159, 4-6 22, III, 469, 28-29 28, II, 119, 15-16 31, IV, 193, 20 34, I, 247, 6 (Luke xii, 4 9 ) ^

41. 7tapco|uuev in prot. may be either aor, or impf.

42. N.T. has pres. ind. in apod, here and in the following example. 27 4 5 , III, 19, 11 (Luke xii, 49) 48, II, 93, 8-9 , 73, I, 117, 23-26 78, I, 227, 11-14

Totals 9

Aor. Ind. In prot. and apod.

2, IV, 43,25-45,2 5, I, 127, 25-27 13, IV, 277, 14-15 16, III, 337, 19-21 (39, IV, 393, 3-4)43 40, III, 415, 18-19 61, III, 391, 2-3 62, II, 411, 8-11 66, III, 515, 21-22 (66, III, 515,25-517,l)44 ,c 74, I, 139, 4-5 (John xiv, 9)45

Totals 9 (11)

Aor. ind. in prot. and plpf. ind. in apod.

8, I, 183, 13-15 87, II, 471, 14

Total! 2

Aor. Ind. In prot. and ellipsis of verb In apod.

1, II, 9, 13-17 4, II, 105, 19-20 (8, I, 177, 12-16)46 8, I, 183, 7-1047 ii, i, 233, 5-io 14, II, 293, 12-14

43. "Alii” have a condition here. Sal. does not.

44. "Alii" have a condition here. Sal. does not.

45. N.T, has a part, as prot., perf. ind. in apod,

46. Morel has aor. ind. instead of opt. in prot.

47. "Alii" omit et. 28

19 X, 401, 4-5 III, 245, 6-7 33 3 § II, 281, 2-3 35 II, 281, 13 39 II, 369,26-371,1 40 II, 403, 22 40 II, 407, 18-19 46 III, 47, 9-11 49 II, 111, 24-25 ?2 I, 165, 11 (Rom. Ill, 3) 61 III, 389, 22-23 66 III, 519, 16-18 70 XI, 63, 5-7 71 II, 73, 23-24 72 I, 91, 4-6 72 I, 93, 9-10 V, 219, 13-14 11 V, 375, 19-22 Total 23 (24)

Plpf. Ind. In prot. and pres. ind. in apod.

76, I, 179, 2-5

Totali 1

Plpf. ind. in prot. and fut. ind. in apod.

64, III, 469, 12-14

Totals 1

Plpf. ind. in prot. and impf, ind. in apod.

64, III, 469, 13-14 72, IV, 109, 8-10 88, I, 491, 7-8

Totals 3

Plpf. ind. in prot. and ellipsis of verb in apod.

35, II, 281, 20

Total: 1

It also happens on occasion that protasis or apodosis will contain two or more verbs of different tenses, or 29 that there will be two or more protases or apodoses of different tenses*

Pres, and fut. ind. in prot, and pres. ind. in apod.

Total: 1 (2)

Pres, and fut. ind. in prot. and fut. ind. in apod.

3, III, 73, 16-1749

Total: 1

Pres, and perf. ind. in prot. and pres. ind. in apod.

71, II, 75, 26-29

Total: 1

Pres, and perf. ind. in prot. and impf. ind. in apc;%

39, I, 365, 3-5 75, IV, 167, 8-12

Total: 2

Pres, and perf. Ind. in prot. and ellipsis of verb in apod.

17, IV, 369,22-371,1 Total: 1

Pres, and impf. ind. in prot. and ellipsis of verb in apod.

7 8 , III, 241, 1-2

Total: 1

48. "Alii11 have pres, instead of fut. ind. in apod.

49. "Alii" have pres. ind. in apod. 30 Pres, and aor. ind. in prot. and pres. ind. in apod.

45, II, 15, 25-27 52, I, 165,25-167,2 53, I, 189, 22-24 69, II, 39, 22-23 Totals 4

Pres, and aor. ind. in prot. and fut. ind. in apod.

27, I, 89, Introd. (John iii, 12) 27, I, 91, 8-10 (John iii, 12)

Total: 2

Pres, and aor. ind. in prot. and perf. ind. in apod.

28, I, 113,25-115,1 39, I, 363, 3-5 Totals 2

Pres, and aor. ind. in prot. and aor. ind. in apod.

66, III, 515, 19-21 77, II, 207, 8-11 Total: 2

Pres, and aor. ind. in prot. and ellipsis of verb in apod.

53, I, 189, 1-4 83, V, 373, 20-22 Total: 2

Perf. and aor. ind. in prot. and fut. ind. in apod.

40, IV, 419, 12-18

Total: 1

Perf. and aor. ind. in prot. and impf. ind. in apod.

.85, IV, 423, 22-24

Total: 1 31 Plpf. and aor. ind. in prot. and impf, ind. in apod.

17, II, 361, 12-14

Totals 1

Plpf. and aor. ind. in prot. and ellipsis of verb in apod.

46, II, 41, 19-23

Totals 1

Pres., impf., and perf. ind. in prot. and ellipsis of

verb in apod.

5, II, 133, 14-17

Totals 1

Aor., perf., and pres. ind. in prot. and impf. ind. in

apod.

3, IV, 77, 10-20

Totals 1

Impf., aor., and pres. ind. in prot. and ellipsis of verb in apod.

4, III, 111, 10-13

Totals 1

Pres. ind. in prot. and perf. and pres. ind. in apod.

29, II, 141,24-143,1

Totals 1

Pres. ind. in prot. and pres, and aor. ind. in apod.

(29, I, 133, 6)5° Totals (1)

50. This whole sentence is omitted by Sal. and Migne. But see fn. a, col. 167, in Migne. 32

Perf. ind. in prot. and perf. and pres. ind. in apod.

83, XV, 373, 10-12

Total: 1

Impf. ind. in prot. and fut. and impf, ind. in apod.

64, III, 469, 12-15

Total: 1

Impf. Ind. in prot. and aor. and impf. ind. in apod.

34, II, 257, 16-18

Total: 1

Aor. ind. In prot. and pres, and perf. ind. in apod.

86, II, 449, 1-3

Total: 1

Just as the verb in apodosis may be omitted, so the verb of the protasis is often left unexpressed.51

In this type of sentence, et p.'n with noun, adjective, participle, etc., is especially common and often has the force of the English "except1* — cf. Latin nisi.

The understood verb is usually some form of "to be" or else it will be easily supplied from the context, or from the apodosis itself.

For the sake of simplicity, all protases introduced by et which are not obviously unreal are assumed to be real conditions. I shall not try, then, to determine

51. Stahl, pp. 418 ff.; G.M.T.. 476-478; G.G., 1424a; H.A., 905. 33 whether an indicative or optative verb has been omitted.

Examples: 38, IV, 351, 18-19 el *y&p oug 0£\ei [£a>o-

noiei], Stfvatcu feauTov rtoieiv.

66, II, 511, 22-23 ovx £Xoii£v {3aai\£a, et KaCoapa.

Ellipsis of verb in prot. and pres. ind. in apod.

3, V, 85, 9-11 3 , V, 85, 11-13 4, II, 103, 27 4, II, 105, 18-19 5, 1 , 129, 22-23 (5 I, 131, 3-4)52 13 III* 275, 1-353 15 II, 313, 2-3 (Matt, xi, 27) 15 II, 313, 19-20 (Matt, xi, 27) III, 319, 3-4 (Matt, xi, 27) 16 IV, 343, 17-18 18 IV, 395, 9-11 22 III, 473, 25-28 27 I, 91, 19-21 III, 169, 10-12 32 38 IV, 351, 18-19 40 III, 411, 24-27 42 IV, 463, 15-16 43 I, 471, 15-16 45 III, 19, 23-24 49 II, 107, 11-12 I, 189, 1-3 u II, 253,28-255,1 11 277 4-5 II I,’287,’l8-19 (Matt, xii, 24) III, 329, 11-12 (John x, 10) 60P I, 343, 22-23 (Luke x, 22) 60 II, 349, 20-21 60 IV, 361, 9 (Rom. xiii, 1) 60 V, 367, 4-5 62 V, 425, 13-15 66 II, 511, 22-23 (John xix, 15) 70 I, 51, 17-18 (John xviii, 23)

52. Sal. has pres. ind. in prot., but Morel has no verb.

53* Many codd. have tjv in protasis. 3* 70, XI, 63, 18-20 (John xiii, 10) 73, II, 121, 23-24 (John xlv, 6 ) 73, II, 123, 4-5 (John xiv, 6)^4 73, II, 123, 15-16 (John xlv, 6 ) 73, II, 123, 22-23 (John xiv. 6 ) 73, II, 125, 7-8 (John xlv, 6 ) 76, I, 183, 15-17 76, II, 183, 26-27 78, IV, 247, 19-20 80, I, 285, 1-3 82, II, 331, 2-4 83, V, 375, 19 , 84, II, 393, 4-5 (John xix, 15) 86 , III, 455, 12-13 (John xiv, 6 ) 86, III, 455, 14-15 (I Cor. xil, 3 ) Totals 47 (48)

Ellipsis of verb in prot, and fut, ind, in apod,

2, V, 53, 11-12 5, I, 129, 4-5 5, IV, 151, 8-11 16, III, 341, 18-20 23, II, 15, 11-12 (Matt, xvi, 4) 23, III, 17,28-19,1 (Matt, xii, 39; cf. Matt, xvi, 4) (25, 11, 57, 8-11)55 38, IV, 3^5, 11-14 53, III, 197, 17-18 60, TV, 357, 25 72, II, 99, 23-24 (Matt, xii, 39) 73, II, 123, 25-26 73, II, 123, 28-29

Total: 12 (13)

Ellipsis of verb in prot. and perf. ind. in apod.

2, III, 39, 6-7 5, II, 135, 2 15, II, 313, 6-8 15, II, 315, 4-5 (John vi, 46) 26, I, 75, 1-2 27, I, 89, Introd. (John iii, 13)

54. First Benedictine omits the prot.

55• The prot. does not occur In Sal., but It does occur in Morel. 35 27, I, 93, 11-13 (John iii, 13) 32, II, 215, 18*6 39, IV, 383, 24-26 (I Cor. ii, 11) 39, IV, 383,26-385,1 (I Cor. ii, 11) 46, I, 35, 3-5 (John vi, 46) 46, I, 37, 4-5 (John vi, 46) 47, II, 61, 24-26 (John iii, 13) 50, II, 127, 17-18 (John vi, 46) 51, II, 151, 10-11 (Horn, iv, 14) 78, II, 235, 19-20 (I Cor. ii, 11)

Total: 16

Ellipsis of verb in prot. and impf. ind. in apod.

2, IV, 41, 4-5

I1; 47lt127-28 (John vi, 22) 43, I, 473, 7-8 (John vi, 22) 51, II, 155, 4-5 60, II, 347, 10-11 60, II, 347, 15-16 78, III, 241, 2-3 86, II, 447, 4-5

Total: 9

Ellipsis of verb in prot. and aor. ind. in apod.

14 I, 285, 5-6 22 I, 463, 8-9 (Matt, xv, 24) 31 II, 181, 1-2 (Matt, xv, 24) 33 I,T 231,OOT 21-22Ol -OO 38 II, 331, H - 1 2 43 I, 473, 5-7 48 II, 89 , 6-7 (Gal. i, 19) 52 III, 173, 15-17 I, 317, 7-8 61P I, 379, 1-2 66 II, 511, 17-18 (Matt, xv, 24) 80 I, 285, 5-6 (Matt, xv, 24) 81 II, 311, 5-6 (John xvii, 12) 81 II, 311, 25-26 (John xvii, 12) 83 IV,TV 371 'JOT , 18-19 lfl.lQ Total: 15

56. Savile has no prot. 36

Ellipsis of verb in prot. and plpf. ind. in apod.

I, 229, 23-25 III, 24-1, 7-8

Total: 2

Ellipsis of verb in prot. and apod.

2, IV, 45, 16 2, IV, 45. 17-18 3, III, 73, 17-18 4, II, 101,25-103,1 §, 129,...... 24-25 5; 1; 131, 1-2 14 I, 287, 16-17 (II Cor. iii, 11) 16 X, 327, 2-3 17 iv, 371, 10-11 18 IV, 395, 24-26 23 I, 5, 21-23 23 III, 23, 18-19 26 I, 69, 9 (II Cor. v, 17) 26 ri, 77, 26 30 II, 163, 13-14 32 III, 225, 15-16 33 II, 233, 16-18 34 III, 265, 24-25 32 IV, 385, 3-4 48 III, 95, 13-14 51 III, 159, 11-12 54 II, 213, 3-4 III, 241, 1-2 P I, 271, 1-2 60V III, 351, 23-24 60 IV, 361, 7-9 61 II, 385, 5 61 III, 391, 13-14 62 I, 409, 9-10 62 III, 415, 3-4 62 V, 425, 19 66 II, 513, 7-8 69 II, 45, 8-9 71 I, 71, 28 73 II, 123, 24-25 II, 123, 27-28 III, 191, 21-22 l II, 287, 12-14 80 II, 287, 17-18 84 III, 395, 27-28 86 II, 447, 20-21 Totals 43

Ellipsis of verb and impf, ind, in prot, and impf. ind, in apod.

36, I, 295, 20-22

Total: 1

In real conditions, the verb of the apodosis need not always be indicative. It may be almost any verb form. Not uncommon in the apodosis of a real condition is imperative^ or subjunctive used as imperative.

This latter occurs most often in the eighty-eight homi­ lies as lit] eopu^opg.

Examples 46, IV, 49, 1-2 ei Tig Kavaoviai, xcapfic TadTTjv f)H^T0) t*iv myytjv nal xaTcnJrvx^Ta) t6 navaog.

Pres. Ind. in prot. and imperat. In apod.

2, V, 53, 4 2, V, 53, 6-9 4, if, 103, 4-7 5, II, 135, 22-23 15, II, 315,26-317,2 16, IV, 345, 11-12 (19, III, 411, 13-14)50 22, I, 457, 11-13 29, II, 141, 18-20 32, I, 209, 8-9 (John x, 37) 32, I, 209, 9-10 (John x, 38)

57. Schwyzer, p. 684; G.M.T.. 403; H.A., 893b.

58. This construction is from "quibusdam" mss. Sal. has neither prot. nor imperat. 38

33, II, 237, 22 (John x, 24)59 38, IV, 349, 25-26 38, V, 355, 9-11 39, IV, 393, 12-13 (Matt, xlx, 21) 40, III, 411, 18-19 (John x, 38)60 42, IV, 461, 5-6 43 , I, 471, 12 (Matt, xiv, 28) 46, IV, 49, 1-2 , 51, I, 143, 11-12 (John vil,37) 52, iv, 181 23-25 56, III, 261, 24-26 59, IV, 335, 8-9 60, II, 351, 11 (Matt, xxvli, 40) 60, III, 353, 19-20 61, I, 377, 8-9 (John x, 24) 61, I, 379, 8-9 (John x, 24) 61, I, 379, 18 (John x, 24) 61, II, 387, 15-16 (John x, 37) 61, II, 387, 16-17 (John x, 38) 61, IV, 397, 19-21 63, IV, 449, 24-25 64, I, 457,24-459,1 (John x, 37) 74, II, 139,27-141,1 (John x, 37) 74, II, 141, 14-16 76, II, 185, 24-25 76, II, 185, 25-26 77, IV, 215, 5-7 (79, III, 265, 19-21)62 82, IV, 341, 12-14 83, I, 351, 13 (John xviii, 8) 83 , I, 351, 15-16 83, H I , 3ol, 25-26 87, III, 477, 1-8 88, I, 487,17-489,3 Total: 43 (45)

Pres. ind. in prot. and imperat. subj. in apod.

2, IV, 41, 23-24 15, I, 311, 12-13 20, I, 421, 9-10

59* Sal. has et for el by typographical error.

60. In N.T. this is an eventual condition.

61. In N.T. this is an eventual condition.

62. Sal. has no condition here, but Morel does. 39

29 II, 139, 17-18 31 I, 171, 5-7 38 IV, 349, 7-8 39 IV, 385, 6-7 41 II, 433,27-435,1 60 II, 345, 21-22 60 II, 347, 17 74 II, 141, 7-8 75 II, 157, 24-25 77 IV,,213, 27 IV, 213i 27-28 11 I, 281, 5-8 80 II, 285, 16-17 82 I, 323, 15-16 82 I, 325, 9-10 83 V, 375, 23-25

Total 19 Perf. Ind. In prot. and Imperat. in apod.

45, I, 7, 10-11

Total: 1

Perf. ind. in prot. and imperat. subj. in apod.

62, III, 419, 5

Total: 1

Impf. ind. in prot. and imperat. in apod.

60, II, 349, 23-25

Total: 1

Aor. ind. in prot. and imperat. in apod.

5, IV, 145, 11 18, IV, 399, 3-5 19, I, 405, 8-10 70, I, 51, 16-17 (John xviii, 23) 74, II, 139, 17-18 83 , III, 36I, 24-25 (John xviii, 23) 86 , I, 443, 11-12 (John xx, 15) 86 , I, 443, 14-15

Total: 8 40

Aor. ind. in prot. and imperat. subj. in apod.

31, IV, 195, 14-15 39, III, 377, 2-3 39, IV, 383, 22-23 88, II, 499, 22-23

Total: 4

Ellipsis of verb in prot. and imperat. in apod.

1, IV, 17, 25-28 2 V 53 5-6 35>, ill,’283, 27-28 (John xiv, 11) 53, III, 199, 16-17 54, III, 217, 13-14 56, III, 261, 19-20 74, II, 141, 18 (John xiv, 12) 77, IV, 213, 16-17

Total: 8

Another possibility is for the verb in apodosis to be hortatory subjunctive.63

Example: 3, VI, 93, 12 et toCvuv ^Tti9up,ou^ev £rtiTuxeiv 6 6 |r|s, cpetiYWiiev 66£au.

Pres. ind. in prot. and hort. subj. in apod.

3, VI, 93, 12 4, V, 123, 5-8 23, I, 3, 6-8 23, III, 23, 17-18 28, III, 129, 12-14 36, II, 303, 1-3 353 , 24-25 387 ^ 7 ~~355.~-^=8 __ 79, IV, 271, 22-:. 82, i l l , 339, 2-3 Total: 10

63. Schwyzer, p. 684; G.M.T.. 403* 41

Aor• ind* in prot* and hort. subj. in apod*

45, IV, 21, 28-29 85, IV, 437, 20-22^4

Total: 2

Ellipsis of verb in prot. and hort. subj. in apod.

39, IV, 395, 16 -17 64...... IV. 479. 6- 7 79, IV, 271, 22-23

Total: 3

Aor. and perf. ind. in prot. and hort. subj. in apod.

47, V, 77, 8-18

Total: 1

Only twice does a real condition occur in the Johan- nine homilies as a part of a subjunctive purpose clause, and one of these is a direct quotation from the New Tes­ tament. 39, I, 359, 7 - 9 Vva KoiiCoTiTai EKacrros t £i 5 i&

tou aw^arog.. .etTe &ya06v, eite ko.k6v. (II Cor. v, 10)

This Is still in keeping with classical usage.8?

Pres. ind. In prot. and subord. subj. in apod.

38, V, 357, 14-16

Total: 1

Ellipsis of verb in prot. and subord. subj. in apod.

39, I, 359, 7-9 (II Cor. v, 10)

Total: 1

64. First Benedictine has no real condition here.

65. G.M.T.. 481. 42

Potential optative may also occur as the apodosis of a real condition.66 This combination, by Its contras­ ting verb forms, stresses either the objective quality of the protasis or the subjective quality of the apodosis.^7

Example: 82, II, 333, H |jl^i t o u t 6 £o t i v , ,?i6£u)s av £poCp.riv t o ^s d m iX&yovTag.

Pres. ind. in prot. and pot. opt. (pres.) in apod.

1, I, 3, 16-5, 7 4, ii, 105, 5-6 4. Ill, 107, 18-19 16, IV, 343,26-345,4 25, III, 65, 24-2568 26, III, 8 5 ,23-87,2 27, I, 93, 3-5z 39, IV, 387, 16-17 43, II, 477, 22-23 61, II, 387, 7-9 62, III, 417, 1-2 80, III, 297, 7-10 82, II, 333, 11

Total: 13

Pres. ind. in prot. and pot. opt. (aor.) in apod.

2. V, 49, 6-9 28, II, 121,26-123,4 49, II, 107, 24-25 56, I, 249, 16-18 60, II, 347, 2-3

Total: 5

66. Schwyzer, p. 684; G.M.T., 403 and 503*

67. Stahl, pp. 386 ff.

68. "Quidam" have pres. ind. in apod• 4 3 Fut. Ind. in prot. and pot. opt. (pres.) in apod.

2, III, 39, 19-22

Total: 1

Perf. ind. in prot. and pot. opt. (aor.) in apod.

12, III, 257, 10-11

Total: 1

Aor. ind. in prot. and pot. opt. (pres.) in apod.

24, III, 41, 15-21 82, I, 323, 21-23

Total: 2

Ellipsis of verb in prot. and pot. opt. (aor.) in apod.

39, IV, 391, 14-15 71, II, 75, 11-12

Total: 2

Aor. and pres. Ind. in prot. and pot. opt. (pres.) in apod.

12, I, 241, 6-9

Total: 1

Aor. and pres. ind. in prot. and pot. opt. (aor.) in apod.

39, IV, 393,20-395,1

Total: 1

Pres., aor., and perf* ind. in prot. and pot. opt. (aor.) in apod.

72, II, 95, 16-19

Total: 1 44

Aor. and fut. ind. in prot. and pot. opt. (pres.) in apod,

17, IV, 371, 26-29

Totals 1

Likewise, potential indicative can be the apodosis

of a real condition.Ordinarily potential indicative

is a past indicative with the modal particle. Occasion­

ally, however, the modal particle may be omitted with

such impersonal verbs as edai, exp'fy*, etc.?0 in Chrysos­

tom this combination is not infrequent. It should be

added, however, that a real condition often shares its

apodosis with an unreal protasis. Thus it is natural

that such an apodosis be potential indicative.

Example: 64, II, 463, 12-13 t6 ouojia clvtov ToaatiTTiv etX £v tu x tu , rt<3g au auTbg euX'HS £6efj0r); Pres. ind. in prot. and pot. ind. (impf.) in apod.

(54, II, 213, 20-21)71

Total: (1)

Pres. ind. in prot. and pot. ind. (aor.) in apod.

18, I, 379, 2-6 26, I, 73, 15-18 42, II, 449, 10-12 75, III, 163, 6-8 Total: 4

69. Schwyzer, p. 684; G.M.T.« 403 and 503*

70. Gl.M.T.. 415; G.G., 1410. 71* Savile adds av in apod. Sal. has none. Impf. Ind. in prot. and pot. Ind. (aor.) in apod.

17, III, 365, 6-12 50, II, 133, 26-27 58, II, 295, 9-13 64 l/455, 6-9 64, II, 463, 12-13

Totals 5

Aor. ind. in prot. and pot. ind. (aor.) in apod.

3, IV, 79, 17-20 12, I, 243, 4-11 19, I, 405, 17-20 21, II, 443, 24-29 23, III, 19, 15-18 29, I, 133,25-135,1 39, IV, 385, 21-25 46, I, 33, 13-15 46, I, 37, 10-11 46, III, 47, 14-17 49, II, 109, 7-9 55, II, 237, 23-25 75, III, 163, 9-12 86, III, 453, 16-17^' ~ 88, I, 491, 11-15

Totals 15

Pres. ind. in prot. and pot. ind. (impf.) without av in apod.

3, III, 73, 6-9 64, I, 459, 12-15

Total: 2

Aor. ind. in prot. and pot. ind. (impf.) without av in apod.

3, III, 71,24-73,2

Total: 1 A real condition may depend on an infinitive con­

struction, like a complementary Infinitive, infinitive

of result, infinitive of indirect discourse, etc*?2

When a statement is shifted from direct to indirect dis

course, the main verb may be put into the corresponding

tense of the infinitive. A subordinate clause which

in the direct statement would contain an indicative

can show indicative in indirect discourse, and must

show it if the main verb is primary.73

Example: 5, II, 135, 3 “5 Y&P, ei ti YevTyrov £oti,

t o u t o elrcov 6t* auTou YEYevfjaSai,....

Pres. ind. in prot. and inf. in apod.

5, II, 135, 3-5 Total: 1

Impf. ind. in prot. and inf. In apod.

67, I, 9, 10-11

Total: 1

Plpf. ind. in prot, and inf. in apod.

86 , II, 445, 19-22

Total: 1

72. G..M,_T.. 479.

73. G.M.T.. 683 and 689; G.G., 1509 and 1512; Stahl, pp. 65a ff. 47 A condition may be used to modify a participle and not a whole clause. Such a participle may or may not be a participle of indirect d i s c o u r s e , ?4

Examples: 59, III, 329, 24-26 6e Ck v u c u > £ai>T6v outo)

KpaTouvTa,..., el' y e notp.'fiu auTos £o t i .... 85, V, 429, 6-8 .. .

Pres, ind. in prot. and part, in apod.

20, I, 421, 2-5 55, II, 235, 22-23 59, III, 329, 24-26 85, V, 429, 6-8

Total: 4

Impf. ind. in prot. and part, in apod.

6, I, 159, 18-19

Total: 1

Aor. ind. in prot. and part, in apod.

2, I, 25, 21-22

Total: 1

Ellipsis of verb in prot. and part, in apod.

34, I, 247, 16-17 35, II, 281, 22-23 40, I, 403, 2-3 42, II, 451, 18-19 56, III, 261, 6 85, I, 407, 18-19 Total: 6

74. G.M.T.. 479, 1 and 3 48

If the apodosis is easily understood from the con­ text, or if the writer is striving for rhetorical effect, the apodosis may be omitted.75 Such a construction is used by Chrysostom occasionally, especially in answer to a rhetorical question, e.g., 8 7 , III, 477, 12-14s tC ouv £otC "'Yrto|a6vo|i£v"; £t 0\C>|f£ts

Tobg SiayyM-ob?, ei OTevf|i> {3a6C£op.ei> 2>66v. Many of the constructions listed in this section, how­ ever, are no more than conditional sentences from Scripture, of which Chrysostom has quoted only the protasis.

Pres. ind. in prot. and ellipsis or omission of apod.

(17, IV, 371, 14-15)76 38, II, 337, 14-16 (Matt, vi, 30) 49, III, 115, 17-18 (John vii, 23) 87 , III, 477, 13-14

Totals 3 (4)

Perf. ind. in prot. and ellipsis of apod.

5, II, 135, 6 59, II, 321, 12-13

Total: 2

75. Schwyzer, p. 687: Raphael Kiihner and Bernhard Gerth, Ausfuhrliche Gr^mmatik der griechischen Snrache. zweiter Tell, zweiter Band (Hannover und Leipzig: Hahnsche Buchhandlung, 1904), pp. 484-485; G.M.T.. 482 and 490; G.G., 1426 and 1430.

76. Sal. has an eventual condition, but “quldam" have a real condition. 49 Omission of verb in prot* and omission of apod.

71, I, 73, 13-14 (John xiii, 14)77

Total: 1

Aor. and pres. ind. in prot. and omission of apod.

30, I, 155, 5 (John iii, 12)

Total: 1

Finally, there are a few real conditions whose

apodoses contain more than one mood.

Pres. ind. in prot. and lmperat. and fut. ind. in apod.

71, II, 75, 7-9

Total: 1

Ellipsis of verb in prot. and imperat. and pres. ind.

in apod.

37, II, 315, 24-25 Total: 1

Pres, and aor. ind. in prot. and pot. opt. (pres.) and aor. Ind. in apod.

59, II, 323,30-325,4

Total: 4

77* In N.T. there is no ellipsis. Chrysostom has quoted only a few words. CHAPTER III

EVENTUAL CONDITIONS

In Schwyzer's method of division, the second type of condition is the "eventual,11 in which the realization of the hypothesis is to be expectedMore specifically, it expresses either a condition which the speaker as­ sumes will happen, or a general (allgemein) condition which does not belong to past time*2 In either case the condition must refer to future or general time and never to past time.

This second type corresponds to Goodwin's "vivid future" and "present general"^ and to Gildersleeve's anticipatory condition,4, which can be either particular or generic, depending on the apodosis.

1. "Die Verwirkllchung der Voraussetzung 1st alien- falls zu erwarten." Schwyzer, p. 684.

2. K.G.II,2, p. 473; Stahl, p. 390.

3. G.M.T., 444 and 462; G.G., 1403 and 1413.

4. Basil L. Glldersleeve, "The Conditional Sen­ tence in Pindar," A.J.Ph.. Ill (1882), 436. The protasis of such a condition is expressed by

£dp, av, or xau (for nal £dv) followed by subjunctive.

Present subjunctive expresses action which is iterative,

continuous, and usually contemporaneous (gleichzeltlg)

in relation to the main verb. The perfect is practically

the same as the present except that it has the conno­

tation of completion. The aorist, on the other hand,

expresses an act which is considered as a simple occur­ rence and is usually prior to the main action. Thus in vivid future conditions, the aorist subjunctive ordinarily has the force of a future perfect#

One should note that, basically, the tenses of subjunctive differ only in aspect, or kind of action.

The time relationship just described is not essential to the subjunctive forms, although it generally fits the individual sentences. It is natural enough that a con­ tinuous or habitual action (present subjunctive) in protasis usually will, at least during some part of its duration, coincide temporally with the main action. And a subordinate action which is punctiliar (aorist sub­ junctive) will ordinarily suggest priority of action.^

5. James H. Moulton, A Grammar of New Testament Greek, vol. I, Prolegomena (.Edinburghs T. and T. Clark, 1908), p. 186. Also Schwyzer, pp. 248 ff. and 297 ff*5 K.G.11,1, pp. 182 ff.. and 11,2, pp. 474-475; Stahl, pp. 165-168; G.M.T., 87, 90, 104, 464. As in the real condition, so here the verb of the

protasis may be omitted. It will often be some form of the verb "to be" or will be easily supplied from the context.^

The apodosis may contain any form of the verb which expresses future or general time, most often future or present indicative.

Included also in this section are those temporal and relative clauses which contain subjunctive and the modal particle. This is not meant to indicate that subordinate clauses introduced by oTav, og av, etc., have necessarily a conditional force, nor that clauses introduced by £dv are necessarily temporal.7 These tem­ poral and relative clauses merely follow exactly the same formulation as eventual conditions (i.e., subjunctive with av in protasis and a non-past verb in apodosis).

In Saint John Chrysostom, temporal clauses of this type are almost always introduced by OTav. Occasionally, however, irteiddv or eoog av occurs, and rarely fy>Cxa av.

Relative clauses are introduced by a relative pronoun or adjective with av, or occasionally by ev0a av or ortov av.

Generally, Chrysostom follows very closely the classical usage.

6. See above, p. 32, fn. 51.

7. See Schwyzer, p. 684, fn. 1, and K.G.II,2, p. 474. Examples: 52, IV, 181, 10-11 (present general) t6 'y&p a\ag &&v o£k ear tv a\ag.

72, III, 107, 13-14 (vivid future) o u t cog 6(j,dg arcavTeg

Inatv^aovTat, oTav tfiwoiv ip,dg p.inou^voug t^v £p,fr|v

&7d7tT|V .

5, III, 141, 5-7 (present general) okmep ouv t6

3, I, 61, 3-7 z 3, II, 65, 15-16 3, V, 85, 9-11 4, II, 107, 9 5, III, 141, 10-11 5, IV, 145, 16-17 5, IV, 147, 15-16 5, IV, 147, 20-21 5, IV, 147, 21-22 9, II, 207, 2-4 11,12 I,— 229,28-231,1 — - - II, 251, 7-9 13 iv, 279, 23-26 15 h i , 321, 4-5 18 II, 381, 18-20 19 III, 413,28-415,1 20 III, 431, 15-16 20 III, 431, 17-18 20 III, 433, 6-8 21 II, 449, 4-5 22 II, 463, 11-12 24 I, 31* 14-15 (John iii, 2 ) 24 II, 31, 26-27 (John iii, 2) 24 II* 35, 8-9 (John iii, 2 ) 24 II, 35, 23-25 25,, III, 61, 13-15 (26, I, 75, 23-26)8 32, III, 223,27-225,2

8 . Savile has an eventual condition where Sal. has a real condition. 54

33, III, 243, 25-27 37 HI 3231 8-9 37, III, 323, 16-17 38, IV, 347, 22-23 38 , IV, 349, 15-16 (John v, 19) 40, I, 397, Introd. (John v, 31) 40, I, 397, 13-14 (John v, 31) 40, I, 399, 8-9 (Johnvlil, 14) 40, I, 399, 22-23 (John viii, 13)9 40, I, 401, 5-7 (John viii, 14) 41, I, 425, 25 42, IV, 461, 21-22 42, IV, 463, 19-23 44, II, 493, 3-5 45, IV, 25. 5-6 48, III, 95, 18-19 52, II, 171, 8-9 (John viii, 14) 52, II, 171, 14-15 (John viii, 14) 52, II, 171, 24 (John viii, 16)10 52, II, 171, 28-29 (John viii, 16) 52, III, 175, 22-23 (John viii, 16) 52, IV, 181, 10-11 53, III, 199, 9-11 ,n 55, I, 233, 16-17 (John viii, 54)11 55, II, 235, 8-9 55, III, 239,26-241,1 56, I, 245, 4-5n 58, II, 297, 7-8 58, IV, 303,26-305,3 60, VI, 371, 5-6 61, I, 381, 18-20 (John iii, 2) 62, V, 427, 23-25 63, IV, 447, 3-4 68, II, 29, 29 71, II, 73, 22-23 71, II, 75, 23 (John xiii, 17) 71, II, 77, 5 (Johnxiii, 17) 71, III, 79, 10-11 71, III. 83 , 15-16 72, I, 87, 7 (John xiii, 17) 72, I, 87, 16-17 (John xiii, 17) 72, II, 99, 6-8

9. N.T. has no condition*

10. The verb in prot., wpCvo>, may also be aor. subj

11. N.T. has aor. subj. in prot. 55

(73 , III, 131, 6-9)12 74, III , 147 , 5-6 76 I, 181, 14-15 76 ifl , 191 , 11 0 76, III , 191 , 17-18 76, III , 191 , 19-20 77, iv, 217, 6-7 IV, 217, 7-9 78, I, 227, 21-22 78, IV, 243, 10-12 78, IV, 245, 13-1613 78, IV, 245, 16-17 79, III , 263 , 8 79, III , 265 , 23-24 79, IV, 271, 4-5 IV, 271, 8-10 80, III , 291 , 18-19 80 III , 293 , 17-18 8 0 , III , 293 , 23-24 81 , II, 307, 25-26 §3* III , 361 , 0-7 (John v, 31) II, 413, 12-14 II, 415, 19-21 VI, 433, 22-24 86 , IV, 457, 14-17 86 , IV, 459, 4-5 Totals 94 (96)

Cond: aor. subj. In prot. and pres. Ind. In apod.

3, II, 69, 4-6 3 VI 93 5-7 5\ Ilf, 143, 12-13 (John vl, 44) 5, IV, 149, 7-8 5, IV, 149, 22-23 8 , II, 189, 17-20 10, II, 219, 3-8 10, III, 223, 18-21 12, III, 257, 23-24 (13, I, 261, 7-14)14

12. "Multi11 have pres. Instead of aor. subj. in prot.

13. "Alii" have perf. ind. in apod.

14. Morel has two pres, indicatives in apod, where Sal. has one fut. and one pres. 56

14 V, 301, 7-8 20 III, 431. 14-15 23 I, 3, 4-6 24 I, 29, 14-15 (John vii. 51) 24 II, 35, 16-17 (John H i , 3) 24 II, 35, 18-20 24 II, 35, 23-25 24 II, 37, 6-9 25 I, 47 , Introd. (John iii, 5) 25 I, 49, 7-9 (John iii, 5) 25 I, 49, 24-25 (John iii, 5) 25 I, 51, 8-10 (John iii, 5) 26 I, 69, 10-12 (John iii, 5) 26 III. 81, 22-24 27 I, 89,13-91,1 27 III, 103, 7-11 30 II, 163,26-165,2 32 II, 213, 7-8 ,* 34 I, 247, 4-5 (Matt, x, 38)15 II, 259, 6-8 31 35 I, 271, 27-28 35 I, 271,28-273,1 III, 287, 15-18 3 1 I, 293, 22-24 II, 297, 8-11 3£ II, 301, 19-20 3§ 3£ II, 305, 1-4 3§ I, 325, 4-6 38 IV, 353, 8-11 39 I, 365, 8-10 41 II, 433, 17-20 42 IV, 463, 10-11 II, 17, 1-2 (John vi. 44) 46 I, 33, 20-21 (John vi, 44) 47 I, 53, Introd. (John vi, 53) 47 I, 53, 9-11 (John vi, 54) 4 I 55, 16-17 4 III, 95,30-97,2 51 III, 157, 1-4 52 I, 165, 22-23 (John vii, 51) 54 II, 211, 4-6 (prot. is from John viii, 36) 55 II, 239, 10-11 55 II, 239, 18-19 55 II, 239, 19-20 56 II, 255, 2-4 (I Cor. xii, 16) 56 III, 265, 7-8 57 I, 271, 13-14

15. N.T. has an ind. rel. clause instead of the prot, 57 57, III, 283, 9-10 58, II, 297, 6-7 58, IV, 305, 27-29 58, IV, 305,29-307,216 58, V, 307, 18-20 58, V, 307, 27-28 58, V, 311, 7 59, I, 313, 12-13 59, I, 313, 14-15 59, IV, 333, 18-20 60, VI, 367, 19-22 61, IV, 399, 9-11 62, IV, 425, 8-9 62, V, 427, 22-23 63 , IV, 449, 2-3 63, IV, 449, 7-8 (Matt, v, 32)1" 64, II, 465, 1-2 65, III, 495, 3-4 66, II, 511, 1-3 (John xil, 24) 67 , I, 5, 15t16 67, III, 15, 23-25 (Matt. ill, 29) 68, II, 31, 13-14 69, I, 39, 13 (John xil, 47) 70, I, 57, 9-10 (John vi, 44) 70, II, 61 , 20-21 (John xiii, 8) 71, I, 73, 11-12 73, II, 125, 4-5 (John vi, 44) 73, III, 129, 11-13 73, III, 131, 6-9 74, III, 147, 9-10 (Luke xiv, 33) 75, II, 159, 23-25 (John xiv, 21)20

16. ”Ms. orient.” reads £\ei5on for oe This is apparently a future ind., although it may pos­ sibly be aor. subj. See William Veitch, Greek Verbs, Irregular and Defective (Oxfords Clarendon Press, I071) p. 245. 17. N.T. has a part, or rel. clause for the prot.

18. '•Multi” have pres. subj. in prot.

19. N.T. has an ind. rel. clause instead of the prot.

20. N.T. has a part, for the prot. 58

75 II, 161, 1-2 (Matt, x, 38)21 75 V, 173. 1 77 II, 195, 2-3 79 III, 267, 1-2 79 IV, 271, 5-7 79 V, 273, 19-21 V, 275, 8-10 So9 II, 289, 2-3 80 III, 293, 24-25 81 III, 313, 14-16 81 III, 317, 7-8 81 III, 317, 15-16 V 275 1-2 84 Ii, 39i, 13-14- (John xix, 12) 85 I, 407,28-409,2 86 III, 455, 10-11 (John vi, 44) (86, IV, 455,27-457,l)22 86 IV, 457, 5-6 87 Ilf, 479, 17-18 88 III, 503, 14-18 88 III, 503, 18-21 88 III, 503, 20-21

Total: 108 (110)

Condi perf. subj. in prot.and pres. ind. in apod.

29, II, 139, 16-17 (John iii, 27) 29, II, 139, 25-26 (John iii, 27) 29, II, 141, 16-17 (John iii, 27) 30, III, 165, 21-24 45, III, 17, 18-20 (John vi, 65) 47, II, 67, 6-7 (John vi, 65) 53, III, 199, 11-12 75, v, 175, 16-17 81, I, 301, 15 (John vi, 65)

Total: 9

Cond: ellipsis of verb in prot. and pres. ind. in apod.

28, I, 115, 12-13 75, V, 173, 2 (fcia)

Total: 3

21. N.T. has an ind. rel. clause Instead of the prot.

22. Morel has pres, instead of fut. ind. in apod. Cond: pres, and aor. subj. in prot. and pres. ind. in

apod •

37, III. 321, 11-12 (I Cor. xiii, 3) 56, III, 265, 16-18

Totals 2

Conds aor. subj. and ellipsis of verb in prot. and pres,

ind. in apod.

79, IV, 269, 24-27

Total: 1

Temp: pres. subj. in prot. and pres. ind. in apod.

2, IV, 45, 23-24 2, IV, 47, 6-8 2, V, 49, 4-5 3, II, 67, 2-4 3, III, 69, 24-25 3, IV, 77, 3-5 3, IV, 81, 8-9 3, VI, 91, 21-23 3, VI, 93, 1-4 4, III, 107, 22-24 g, II, 173,^21-24 I, 179, 6-9 11, II, 233, 21-24 11, II, 235, 5-6 12, I, 245, 17-21 13, IV, 281, 12-13 14, III, 297, 9-12 15, II, 311, 25-28 17, III, 363, 24-26 18, I, 379, 18-21 20, III, 429,26-431,1 21, II, 449, 6-8 21, III, 453, 12-15 24, II, 33, 12 27, I, 91, 25-27 27, III, 105, 1-523 28, III, 129, 9-10

23* Sal. has OTav followed by one pres. opt. and 2 pres, subjunctives. Sav. and 706 have only pres. opt. 60

30 II, 159, 6 31 III, 187, 18-23 33 III, 239, 18-22 34 II, 253* 22-23 34 III, 267, 14-16 (I Thess. v, 3) III, 287, 12-14 3? II, 299,25-301,1 3§ III, 337, 26-28 3§ 3§ IV, 347, 1-3 38 IV, 349, 22-23 39 II, 367, 10-11 40 I, 401, 3-5 42 I, 441, 7-8 42 I, 441, 9-10 42 I, 441, 10-11 42 II, 447, 21-22 42 II, 447, 23-24 42 II, 449, 1-3 42 III, 453, 18-19 42 III, 453, 19-21 44 I, 481, 2-4 45 II, 15,27-17,1 47 V, 77, 21-22 48 I 85, 5-7 48 I, 85, 7-9 o 49 III, 115, 18-19 50 I, 123, 14-15 (John vii,"*27) 50 I, 123, 22-23 (John vii, 27) 50 I, 125, 3-4 50 I, 125, 4 50 II, 127, 11-12 (John vii, 27) 50 II, 129, 4-6 50 TTT 1 PP-P4 51 II,’151,’25-26 (John vii, 27) 52 I, 163, 15-16 52 III, 177, 2-4 52 III, 177, 15-16 52 III, 177, 17-18 53 II, 193, 3-4 53 III, 199, 4-6 54 I, 203, 1-3 54 III, 215, 22-23 (John viii, 44) 55 I, 227, 1-2 55 III, 243, 2-4 56 I, 251, 14-16 56 II, 255, 19 56 II, 261, 1-2 (John ix, 5) II, 325, 7-8 60V vi, 367, 11-15 61

60 VI, 369, 9-1524 61 379, 6-7 61 I, 379, 7-8 IV, 447, 20-23 64P I, 453, 15-16 64 I, 455, 2-5 64 I, 455, 5-6 64 I, 455, 10-11 64 IV, 479, 18-20 66 II, 509, 12-13 66 III, 513, 16-17 £7 3, 4-5 I, 5, 10-12 P III, 17, 7-8 P II, 43, 13-14 69P II, 45, 6-8 69 III, 47, 3-4 70 I, 55, 1-2 70 I » 6 ~ 7 o 70 II, 5Zx 59, 7-8 70 II, 59, 26-28 71 I, 71, 2-4 72 II, 99, 14-15 75 III, 165, 18-20 iv, 167, 20-23 767f II, 185, 17-18 77 IV, 211, 19-21 I, 253, 27 (John xvi, 21) II, 285, 21-23 80 II, 287, 15-16 82 I, 323, 26-28 82 I, 325, 2-4 III, 361. 12-14 P V, 375,28-377,2 83 V, 377, 2-4 P II, 413, 5-6 II, 415, 2-4 P 85 V, 429, 26-28 Totals 114

Temp: aor. subj. in prot. and pres. ind. in apod,

1* 1» 3* 1-4 2, IV, 47, 2-5 2, IV, 47, 8-14 2, V, 49, 5-6

24. Morel has pres. ind. in prot. 5, I, 131, 4-6 5, II, 131, 19-20 5, IV, 149, 3-5 7 , I, 167, 7-12 12, I, 245, 21-24 13, I, 263, 9-12 18 , I, 375, 15-16 18, I, 375,18-377,1 18, I, 381, 8-9 18, III, 391, 2-4 22, I, 461, 19-21 22, III, 473, 2-7 24, III, 43, 3-5 28, I, 111, 12-14 28, III, 129, 1-2 29, III, 151, 4-5 29, III, 151, 5-6 31, III, 189, 17-19 3 1 , IV, 199, 10-11 33, II, 233, 29-30 34 , I, 249, 14-17 3 5 , 1 , 273, 1-3 35, III, 283, 21-22 36 , I, 293, 12-13 (38, I, 327, 20-23)25 38 , III, 341, 17-19 3 8 , IV, 347, 3-5 39, I, 361, 11 39, I, 365, 5-7 . 39, III, 377, 8- 39, IV, 389, 17-18 42, I, 441, 4-7 42, IV, 461, 19-22 42, IV, 461, 24-26 43, II, 475, 21-23 46, II, 43, 4-5 47, V, 77, 19-21 51, I, 143, 5-7 51, I, 147, 10-12 55, 1 , 227, 7-9 o 55, II, 239, 17-18 56, III, 265, 4-6

25. Savile has aor. subj. in prot. Sal. has perf. subj • 63

58 IV, 307, 8-10 II, 323, 15-16 (John x, 4) 61P III, 389, 8-9 62 I, 403, 1-3 62 III, 415, 6-7 64 I, 455, 1-2 65 III, 497, 2-5 III, 499, 12-13 u II, 513, 6-7 (John xii, 24) I, 3, 6-7 ^ V I, 5, 23-25 I, 25, 6-7 68 II, 31, 10-11 72 III, 105, 2-3 IV, 169,30-171,2 7 l I, 177, 4-6 7f76 I, 177, 7-9 77 I, 195, 1-2 77 I, 199, 18-19 III, 209, 13-15 (Matt, v, 11) II, 231, 21-22 78 II, 233, H - 1 2 81 III, 315, 17-19 84 III, 399, 10-11 87 IV, 485, 6-7

Totals 74 (75) Temps perf. subj. In prot. and pres. ind. in apod.

25, III, 61, 12-15 27, II, 95, 24-26 38, I, 327, 20-2326

Total: 3 Temp: ellipsis of verb in prot. and pres. ind. in apod

3, II, 67, 4 3 , II, 67, 7 40, I, 401, 5-7

Totals 3

26. Savile has aor. subj. in prot 64 Temp: pres* and aor* subj* in prot. and pres, ind* in

apod.

24, III, 39, 17-21 25, III, 65, 15-17 50, III, 139, 9-11 80, III, 295, 18-20

Total: 4

Temp: pres, and perf. subj. in prot, and pres. ind. in

apod.

55, I, 231, 15-18

Total: 1

Rel: pres. subj. in prot. and pres. Ind. in apod.

3, II, 69, 1-4 3 , V, 83, 12-13 12, II, 251, 5-6 14, II, 291, 15-17 16, III, 137, 15-17 18, II, 383,26-385,2 18, IV, 395, 12-13 22, III, 475, 13-14 24, II, 35, 13-14 38, IV, 347, 16-17 (John v, 19) 3 8 , IV, 349, 17-18 (John v, 19) 38, IV, 353, 6-7 (John v,19) 39, I, 3§3, 18-19 (John v, 19) 41, II, 437, 5-6 (49, III, 115, 2-5)27 75, V, 173, 13-14 79 , IV, 271, 1-3 88, III, 501, 8-9

Total: 17 (18)

27. Sal. has perf. and pres. ind. in apod. Morel and Savile have no perf.

28. 5>s av introduces the prot., apparently with the meaning of "according as." Reis aor. subj. in prot. and pres. Ind. in apod

5, III, 141, 5-7 1$ I, 245, 18 13 if, 26$, 6-7 (John i, 33) 14 I,’285, 7-8 14 III, 297, 13-14 17 II, 359, 4-6 (John i, 33) 17 II, 361, 2-4 (John 1, 33) 27 III, 105, 1-2 44 II, 489, 23-2429 III, 17, 18-19 46 III, 47, 3-5 46 IV, 49, 18-19 65 III, 495, 19 III, 81, 20-21 767\ III, 189,27-191,1 79 V, 273, 12-13 81 I, 305, 3-4 88 II, 495, 13-14 88 III, 501, 9-11 88 III, 501, 13 88 III, 503, 16-18 Totals 21

Reis ellipsis of verb in prot. and pres. ind. in apod.

80, III, 295, 12-1330 Totals 1

Conds pres. subj. in prot. and fut. ind, in apod.

(1, III, 17, 22-24)31 2, II, 31, 3-5 2, V, 51, 11-14 2, V, 53, 9-13 3 , I, 63, 5-6 3, 1 , 63, 6-7 5, I, 127,28-129,2 5, iv, 151, 10-11

29. Prot. is introduced by ono>q av — "however."

30. Notice the clause immediately preceding this in Sal., in which the prot. has av and pres. ind.

31. Sal. has aor. subj. in prot. "Quidam" have pres. subj. 6 I, 155, 9-11 7 I, 165, 7-10 7 I, 165, 13-15 7 II, 173,26-175,332 8 I, 179, 13-16 9 I, 193, 1-2 9 II, 207, 17-2133 13 I, 265, 8-12 13 IV, 281, 16-20 15 II, 313, 26 17 IV, 371, 2-7 17 IV, 371, 19-22 19 I, 401, 9-10 21 III, 451, 6-9 22 I, 457, f-8 22 I, 457, 8-9 24 III, 45, 11-13 25 III, 63, 11-13 30 III, 167, 7-9 30 III, 169, 4-5 31 I, 175, 15-16 40 I, 399, 3-4 41 I, 423,17-425,1 42 IV, 463, 17-19 44 II, 491, 26-27 45 IV, 23, 25-27 48 II, 89, 23-24 (4 , III, 97, 6-8)34 49 I, 105, 9-11 (John vii, 17) 49 I, 105, 24-25 (John vii, 17) 49 I, 105, 26-27 49 III, 119, 21-22 50 II, 133, 9-11 5° III, 139, 3-4 50 III, 139, 4-5 53 III, 197, 11-13 53 III, 197, 13-14 53 III, 197, 15-17 53 III, 199,28-201,2 53 III, 201, 2-3

32. "Quldam" have pres, and fut. Ind. in apod.

33• Savile and some codd. have av with fut. ind. in apod.

34. Savile has pres. subj. instead of aor. subj. in prot. 67 58 xv, 303, 23-26 59 IV, 331, 13-14 59 IV, 331, 16-18 59 IV, 331, 24-25 6o; iv; 359; 26-27 60, VI, 369, 19-20 61, IV, 395, 27-29 62, V, 427, 3-4 62, V, 427, 25 (63, III, 441, 21-22)J5 67 I,JL ^ 7,( y if17-18 \vUIiil(John Aliixii. 26) 69 III, 47, 26-27 (Isa. 1, 18) 70 III, 65, 23-24 (Isa. 1, 18) 70 III, 65, 24-25 (Isa. i, 18) 70 III. 67, 9-10 72 I, 87, 12-14 72 III, 105, 24 75 I, 149, 7-8 (John xiv, 15) 75 I, 149, 10-11 II, 159, 22 (John xiv, 15) 7f 7£ II, 185, 4-5 (John xiv, 15) 76 II, 189, 4-6 76 III, 191,26-193,2 77 IV, 211, 13 77 IV, 217, 5-6 78 IV, 249, 4-5 IV, 267, 22-23 So9 III, 291, 5-6 81 III, 315, 11-13 82 II, 329, 11-12 (John xiii, 35) 82 II, 329, 15-16 82 IV, 343, 7-8 P II, 357, 27-28 §3 V, 379, 1-2 85 VI, 437, 14-16 86 I, 445, 15-16 (John xiv, 3 and 16) 86 IV, 457, 11-12 86 IV, 457, 17-1936 86 IV, 457, 19-21 III, 477, 21-23 P8 7 III, 477, 23-26 88 I, 491, 3-4 (Matt, xxvi, 35)

35* Morel and Savile have pres. Instead of aor. subj. in prot.

36. Morel has pres. ind. in prot. 68

88, III, 503, 6-7 88, III, 503, 12-14

Total: 89 (92)

Cond: aor. subj. In prot. and fut. Ind. in apod,

X, II, 11, 24-25 1, III, 17, 18-21 1, III, 17, 22-2437 1, IV, 19, 1-2 2, III, 37, 17-19 2, III, 37, 19-21 2, V, Jl, 15-19 3, I, 59, ,21-25 3, II, 63; 17-19 10, II, 219, 25-27 10 II, “ 221, 2-3 ‘ ‘ 13 I, 261,14-263,1 14 III, 2$9, 5-6 15 I, 309, 17-20 15 I, 309, 20-24 15 I, 309, 23-25 17 IV, 371, 7-11 19 III, 413, 7-8 22 III, 473, 19-21 24 II, 33, 17-18 (Mark xi, 3) 25 III, 63, 15-17 25 III, 65, 2-4 25 III, 65, 5-7 25 III, 65, 7-8 25 III, 65, 8-11 25 III, 65, 11-12 2f III, 65, 21-23 26 III. 85, 11-13 27 I, 89 , Introd. (John iii, 12) 27 I, 91, 9-10 (John iii, 12) 27 III, 107, 9-10 28 III, 127, 23-2630 29 III, 149, 11-12 29 III, 151, 13-17 31 V, 201, 15-18

37- ,,Quidam,, have pres. subj. in prot.

3 8 . ^Quidam” have aor. and fut. ind. in apod. Notice that the future which is replaced by the aor. is a less common form— ave\ounev. 69 32 I, 207, 22 32 I, 207, 25-26 „ 32 IX, 213, 26 (John vi, 35)jy 3+ III, 263, 22-23 III, 267, 5-7 32 3§ h 327, 9-12 3§ IV, 343.28-345,1 38 V, 355,25-357,6 39 II, 371, 3-4 (John viii, 52) 39 iv, 389, 12-13 40 I, 399, 19-21 40 IV, 419, 23-25 41 I, 427, 16-17 (John v, 43) 43 II, 47*, 7-8 44 II, 489, 24-26 44 II, 489,26-491,1 44 II, 491, 23-27 ^ n40 46 I, 37, 18-19 (John viii, 51) 48 III, 97, 6-841 49 I, 105, 16-17 49 III, 119, 17-19 51 III, 157, 21-22 52 IV, 181, 12-13 53 I, 187,27-189,1 (John viii, 24) 53 III, 199, 1-2 53 III, 199, 7-8 53 III, 201, 7-8 54 IV, 223, 27-28 55 I, 229. 20-21 (John viii, 51)*^ 57 III, 281. 21-22 V, 309, 8-9 58 V, 309, 9-10 58 V, 309, 11-12 59 I, 313, 13-14 59 II, 321, 19-20 59 III, 327, 24-25 (John x, 9) IV, 331, 18-19 60P IV, 359, 9-11 60 v, 361, 27-29

39. N.T. has a part, in place of the prot.

40. N.T. has subj. as emphatic fut. denial in apod.

41. Savile has pres. subj. In prot.

42. N.T. has subj. as emphatic fut. denial In apod. 70

60 V, 363, 8-13 60 VX, 369, 22-23 61 Iii, 395, 4-10 61 IV, 399, 16-18 62 Iii, 417, 4-5 (John xi, 25) 62 III, 419, 2 (John xl, 25) 62 III, 419, 9-10 62 V, 427, 2-3 62 V, 429, 1-3 £3 II, 44i, 7 (John xi, 25) 63 II, 441, 17-18 (John xi, 40) 63 III, 441, 21-22 (Matt, xvii, 20)43 (64, III, 471,28-473,2)44 64^ III, 473, 4-6 64 IV, 479, 22-23 66 III, 519, 20-23 £7 I, 3, 7-i0 I, 5, 16-17 §7 TT i ^ 9 9 - 9 4 §7 Iii, l£, 8-9 (John xii, 32) §7 III, 45,27-47,3 69 III, 47, 23-25 69 III, 47,29-49,1 69 III, 49, 14-15 70,v , II, 63, 8 (70,(7 III. 67, 4-5)45 7373, I, 115, i3-14 73 II, 123, 28-29 73 II, 125, 6-7 (John xii, 32) III, 127, 23-25 ? l II, 187, 9-10 IV, 211, 14-16 I, 229, 3-4 (John xvi, 7) 7178 I, 229, 5-6 V, 277, 7-8 81P iii, 3i5, 5-7 81 III, 319, 2-6 82 II, 329, 13-15

43. Morel, Savile, N.T. have pres. subj. in prot.

44. Sal. has pres, and fut. ind. in apod. "Alii” have two futures. 45. Morel has fut. ind. in apod, in place of hort. subj. 46. N.T. has pres. subj. in prot. 86, IV, 457, 1-4 87 , I, 463, Introd. (John xx, 25) 8 7 , I, 463, 8 (John xx, 25) 87, H I , 479, 7-8 87, III, 481, 5-8

Totals 123 (125)

Conds perf. subj. In prot. and fut. Ind. In apod.

32, III, 223, 10-12

Total: 1

Conds ellipsis of verb in prot. and fut. ind. in apod.

27, III, 107, 4-7 60, IV, 359, 27-28 85, VI, 435, 12-15

Totals 3

Conds pres, and aor. subj. in prot. and fut. ind. in apod.

(31, 1 , 173, 25-28)48 66, III, 517, 18-19 ,Q 76 , II, 185, 6-7 (John XV, 7)49 79, V, 275,24-277,1

Total: 3 (4)

47. Morel has pres. ind. in apod.

48. Sal. has no verb in apod., but Morel adds fut. irrd~.

49. N.T. has two aor. subjunctives in prot., and imperat. and fut. ind. in apod. , 7 2

Cond: pres, and perf. subj. in prot. and fut. ind. in apod.

86 , IV, 459, 17-19

Totals 1 Temps pres. subj. in prot. and fut. ind. in apod.

2, I, 25, 5-7 2 , II, 31, 8-14 2, III, 37, 21-23 3, I, 61, 8-11 3, VI, 91, 4-6 3, VI, 91, 19-20’° 3, VI, 91,25-93,I 51 3, VI, 93, 10-11 8 , I, 183, 16-20 1 3 , IV, 281, 5-6 17, IV, 369, 4-8 25, III, 63, 3-4 28, II, 123, 5-6 37 , III, 321, 6-7 38, V, 357, 6-10 40, I, 399, 4-5 _ 41, ill, 437, 12-15 47, V, 77, 22-24 50, III, 137, 18-19 50, III, 139, 24-26 51, III, 159, 14-15 54, III, 221, 18-19 54, IV, 223, 25 „ 54, IV, 223, 27-28 61, IV, 399, 1-4 64, I, 455,24-457,I52 67, III, 17, 12-13 69, III, 49, 4-7 74, II, 143, 7-8 74 , III, 147, 15 75, III, 165, 9-11 77, V, 217, 13-18

50. "Alii" have ote for OTav.

51. "Quidam" omit verb in prot.

52. "Multi" have aor. and pres. subj. in prot. 73

78, I, 229, 7-9 o 78, III, 237, 16-18 79, II, 261,26-263,1 80, III, 291,19-293,2 82, III, 337, 9-13 85, VI, 435, 17-20 87, IV, 483, 5-6

Total: 39 Temp: aor. subj. in prot. and fut. ind. in apod.

2, I, 23, 7-11 2, V, 51,26-53,2 3, I, 61, 21-23 3 , VI, 87, 21-22 4, IV, 117, 2-3 6 , I, 155, 4-7 8 , I, 177, 6-7 21, I, 437,28-439,1 23, III, 17 ,27-28 (John viii, 2 8 ) 23, III, 19, 6-9 25, i n , 63, 17-21 28, I, 113, 10-12 (Matt, xxv, 31 and 33) 29, III, 151, 6-8 31, V, 201, 3-6 32, III, 225, 16-17 33, II, 235, 19-20 (John iv, 25) 33, II, 235,28-237,2 (Gen. xlix, 10) 338, IV, 351, 1-2 42 IV, 463,24-465,1 50 II, 129, 12-13 (John vii, 31) 50 II, 129, 21-22 (John vii, 31) 50 III, 139, 14-18 51 I, 143, 8-9 51 I, 145, 20-21 (John vii, 31) 51 III, 159, 3-7 52 IV, 181, 13-14 53 I, 191, 4-5 (John viii, 28) 53 II, 191, 15-17 53 II, 191, 23-25 53 III, 201, 8-10 55 I 233 4 55 I,’ 233,’ 5-6 (John viii, 28) 58 v, 309, 27-28 60 II, 345, 19-20 60 IV, 359, 1-3 60 IV, 359, 19-27 60 V, 361, 18-21 60 VI, 371, 14-17 61 I, 381, 21-22 (John vii, 31) 74

61 IV, 395, 24-27 62 II, 409, 27-28^3 68 I, 19, 6-7 (John xii, 32)?4 69 III, 47, 3 69 III, 49, 7-9^ 70 II, 63, 13-16 72 II, 99, 21-22 (John viii, 28) 72 III, 107, 13-14 72 IV, 109, 11-13 (Matt, xxiv, 12)55 72 IV, 109, 20-23 72 IV, 109, 23-24 72 IV, 109,24-111,2 75 II 159 3-4 Ilf, 207, 14-16 (John XV, 26) U I, 229, 13-16 78 II, 231, 1-4 III, 267, 17-18 88 I, 489, 23-24 (John xxi, 18) Total 57 Temp: perf. subj. In prot. and fut. Ind. In apod.

49, III, 119, 22-23

Total: 1

Temp: ellipsis of verb in prot. and fut. ind. in apod.

(3 , VI, 91,25-93,l )56 Totals (1)

Temp: pres, and aor. subj. in prot. and fut. ind. in

apod.

50, III, 137, 23-26 55, H I , 241, 6-9 61, IV, 395,29-397,6

53. Morel has £nei6^ with fut. ind.

54. N.T. has t&v for otciv. 55. N.T. has a prepositional phrase in place of the prot.

56. "Quidam" omit the verb in prot. Sal. has pres. subj 7 5 (64, I, 455,24-457,l)57 79, III, 263, 12-14

Total! 4 (5)

Rel: pres, subj, in prot, and fut, ind. in apod

2, II, 31, 6-8 3, I, 61,23-63,2

Total! 2

Rel: aor. subj. in prot. and fut. ind. in apod.

28, I, 115, 8-9 (Gen. ii, 17) 32, I, 205, Introd. (John iv, 13) 32, I, 205, 10-11 (John iv, 13) 32, I, 209, 18-19 (John iv, 13) 32, I, 209, 25-26 (John iv, 13) 32, II, 213, 15 ea 46, I, 37, 14-15 (John vi, 58)*° 49, III, 117, 19-20 (Gen. xvii, 14)59 54, III, 217, 7-8 (Gen. iii, 5) 60, IV, 357, 22-23 62, III, 415, 13-14 (John xi, 22) 64, IV, 475, 17-18 65, III, 493, 12-13/ 71, II, 73,26-75,1 (Matt, v, 19) 74, II, 143, 1-2 (John xiv, 13) 75, I, 149, 8-9 (John xiv, 14)60 76, II, 185, 4 (John xiv, 14) 76 , II, 185, 6-7 (John xv, 7)61

57* "Multi" have aor. and pres. subj. in prot. Sal. has only pres.

58. N.T. has a part, instead of the prot.

59. I*XX has an infl. rel. clause. In Sal., the prot. is introduced by iyns £&v. For this use of idv after a relative, especially in N.T., see Moulton, pp. 42-43. 60. The prot. is introduced by 0 N.T. has only Idv. This is the case also in the following reference.

61. N.T. has pres. subj. in prot. 78 , XI, 231, 26 (John xvi, 13)62 78, III, 239, 26 (John xvi, 13) 79, I, 257, 19*20 82, I, 323, 6-763 86, IV, 461, 4-5 87 , IV, 485, 2-4

Total: 24

Cond: pres. subj. in prot. and pres, and fut. ind. in

apod.

(7, II, 173,26-175,3)64 78 , IV, 243, 7-10

Totals 1 (2)

Cond: aor. subj. in prot. and pres, and fut. ind. in apod.

10, II, 221, 8-9 13, I, 261, 7-1465 54, I, 203, Introd. (John viii, 31*32) 54, I, 205, 3*5 (John viii, 31*32) 64, III, 471,28-473,2 (John xi, 48)66

Total: 5

Cond: ellipsis of verb in prot. and pres, and fut. ind. in apod.

88, III, 501, 23-26

Total: 1

62. N.T. has an ind. rel. clause in this and in the following reference.

63. "Alii" omit av in prot.

64. Sal. has two futures in apod. "Quidam" have one fut. and one pres.

65* Morel has no fut. in apod.

66. '•Alii" and N.T. have no pres, in apod. 77 Often the verb of the apodosis Is omitted If It can be readily supplied.^?

Examples 4, V, 119, 26-27 av Y&p 0£\o)[iev, 6uucit6v

6iaKpotfoaa0cn t6 ftd0og.

Cond: pres. subj. In prot. and ellipsis of verb in apod.

2, V, 49, 20-23 2, V, 51, 5-6 4, V, 119, 26-27 6, I, 159, 25-27 1?, IV, 371, 11 28, I, 115, 24-25 29, I, 131, 2-3 33, H I , 243, 12-14 3 3 , III, 243, 17 38, V, 353, 22-24 41, III, 439, 12-15 52, I, 161, 1-2 54, II, 213, 12-13 60, IV, 359, 7-9 60, V, 365, 19-20 61, IV, 399, 6-8 63, IV, 447, 10-11 65, III, 495, 13-15 68, I, 19, 1-2 73, III, 129, 20-21 79, IV, 267, 25 83, V, 375, 26 87, III, 477, 10-11 87, III, 477, 11 88, II, 495, 11 (John xxi, 22) 88, II, 495, 14-15 (John xxi, 22) 88, II, 495, 22-23 (John xxi, 22)

Total: 27

Cond: aor. subj. in prot. and ellipsis of verb in apod.

4, V, 119, 11-12 7, II, 171, 10-12 16, IV, 343, 11-13 23., HI, 23, 19-21 27, III, 107, 6-7

,. 67* See above, p. 14. Total 21 Cond: perf. subj. In prot. and ellipsis of verb In apod.

16, IV, 343, 22-26 66, III, 517, 9-10 81, III, 315, 13-15

Total: 3

Cond: ellipsis of verb in prot. and apod.

46, IV, 49,32-51,1 62, V, 425, 21-22 62, V, 425, 22-23 71, II, 73, 24

Total: 4

Cond: pres, and aor subj. in prot. and ellipsis of verb in apod. 68 31, I, 173, 25-28

Total: 1

68. Morel has fut. ind. in apod 79 Temp: pres, subj. in prot. and ellipsis of verb in apod.

1, II, 11, 1-269 1, II, 13, 7-9 3, III, 69,26-71,2 4, II, 105, 14-15 5, I, 127, 20-23 8, I, 179,26-181,1 10 I, 211, 4-5 11 I, 229, 4-5 14 I, 285, 22-24 17 IV, 369, 22-23 21 II, 447, 1-2 25 III, 61, 17-18 27 II, 99, 2-4?° 28 III, 125, 2-4 30 I, 157, 21-25 40 IV, 417, 14-23 41 I, 429, 9-13 49 II, 107,28-109,2 49 III, 119, 13-15 51 III, 157, 8-11 59 II, 325, 8-9 IV, 331, 20-21 61P III, 393, 17-19 63 III, 443, 11-13 IV, 445, 23-24^1 IV, 447, 4-5 66% II, 509, 14 69 II, 43,27-45,1 IV, 169, 4-5 78 I, 223, 4-5 82 I, 323, 17-19 82 X, 323, 19-21 IV, 373, 3 IV, 373, 3-4 H86 IV, 459, 9-12

Total: 35

69. "Unus" has aor. subj. in prot.

70. Savile has pres. ind. in prot.

71. "Alii" have no prot. 80 Temp: aor. subj. in prot. and ellipsis of verb in apod.

(1, II, 11, 1-2)72 3, IV, 77, 13-1^ (I Cor. xv. 27) 22, II, 467, 8 (John ii, 10) 31, III, 185, 14-16 41, II, 433, 14-17 53, H I , 199, 24-26 56, III, 265, 11-12 72, III, 105, 3-5 78, I, 223, 5-7 # 82, I, 321, 12-13 (Luke vi, 26) 83, III, 363, 11-12 (85, II, 411, 28-29)73 88, I, 491, 24-26

Total: 11 (13)

Temp: perf. subj. in prot. and ellipsis of verb in apod.

25, III, 61, 15-17

Total: 1

Temp: pres, and aor. subj. in prot. and ellipsis of verb

In apod.

48, II, 89, 26-27

Total: 1

Rel: pres. subj. in prot. and ellipsis of verb in apod.

21, II, 445,25-447,1 32, III, 221,29-223,1 50, III, 139, 20-21 60, IV, 355, 22-23

Total: 4

Rel: aor. subj. in prot. and ellipsis of verb in apod.

1, II, 9, 8 27, I, 91, 10-12

72. "Unus" has aor. instead of pres. subj. in prot.

73* l,Quidamt' have no verb in apod. Sal. has inf. 81

30, II, 159, 27-28 (Matt, xl, 6) 58, V, 309, 26-27 (Ps. xclv, 12)

Totals 4

After an eventual protasis, perfect indicative may

occur.

Examples 79, III, 265, 8 av ^ ^rciGuiifjapc afrrou,

veuCHTitai.

Conds pres. subj. in prot. and perf. ind. in apod.

6, I, 157, 1-3 24, III, 43, 18-19 37, III, 323, 1-2 41, I, 429, 17-18 76 , if, 187, 14-15 (78, IT, 245, 13-16)75

Total: 5 (6)

Cond: aor. subj. in prot. and perf. ind. in apod.

28, 1 , 115, 4-6 34, III, 263, 19-20 (Matt, vl, 14)' 34, III, 263, 20 (Matt, vi, 15) 63, IV, 447, 13-14 71, Ilf, 81, 2-3 79, XII, 26^, 8 79, III, 265, 8-9 88, III, 501, 22-23

Totals 8

74. Schwyzer, p. 684, and K.G.II.2, p. 475* both state that the apod, may be an ind. "eines Haupttempus." Neither refers specifically to the perfect. But Stahl says that the apod, may be perfect "im Sinne des Futurums" (p. 391), or "empirisches Perfektum" (p. 394). Also see G.M.T.. 466 and 154.

75. "Alii" have perf. instead of pres. ind. in apod.

76. Here and in the following reference, N.T. has fut. ind. in apod. 82

Cond: ellipsis of verb in prot. and perf. ind. in apod.

10, II, 217, 18-22

Total: 1

Temp: pres. subj. in prot. and perf. ind. in apod.

3, VI, 89, 8-11 8, II, 187, 8-9 26, I, 75;26-77,1 45, III, 17, 9-10 71, III, 79, 22-24"

Total: 5

Temp: pres, and aor. subj. In prot. and perf. ind. in apod.

84, III, 399, 18-20

Total: 1

Rel: pres. subj. in prot. and perf. ind. in apod.

3, II, 67, 10-11 8 0 , III, 297, “10-11

Total: 2

Rel: aor. subj. In prot. and perf. ind. in apod.

5, III, 141, 1-3 86, III, 453, 25 (John xx, 23)/0 86, IV, 455, 24-25 (John xx, 23)

Total: 3

77* The verb in prot. (&^t5vriTai) may also be aor. subj. Morel and Savile have pres. ind. in prot.

78 . Here and in the following reference, N.T. has av tivcdv instead of cov av. Cond: aor. subj. in prot. and pres, and perf. ind. in

apod.

58, IV, 305, 8-12

Total: 1

Temp: pres. subj. in prot. and pres, and perf. ind. in

apod.

4, V, 117, 21-26

Total: 1

Rel: pres. subj. in prot. and pres, and perf. ind. in apod.

49, III, 115, 2-579

Total: 1

Aorist indicative may be used in the apodosis of

Q a an eventual condition, when it has gnomic sense.

Example: 63, IV, 447, 14-15 ouTOjg & 8e6e|i6vos 7UvainC, av £i£pav exTI* i|io(xe^OEv. Cond: pres. subj. in prot. and aor. ind. in apod.

5, I, 127, 3-4 51, III, 155, 22 57, III, 281, 27-29 63 , IV, 447, 14-15

Total: 4

79. Morel and Savile have no perf. in apod.

80. Schwyzer, p. 684; K.G.II,2, p. 476; G.M.T.. 466; G.G., 1404.

81. The verb in prot. may also be aor. subj. Cond: aor, subj. in prot, and aor, ind, in apod,

4, II, 103, 10-11 14, I, 285, 4-6 46, IV, 49, 31-32 48, III, 95, 29-30 48, III, 97, 3 56, II, 255, 9-10 57, H I , 283, 2-3 61, III, 387,26-389,1 69, III, 49, 9-10 75, V, 175, 10-11 77, I, 195, 3-7 82, IV, 341, 9-12 83, V, 375, 15 84, III, 397, 6-8

Total: 14

Cond: pres, and aor. subj, in prot. and aor. ind. apod,

13, I, 263, 5-7 Total: 1

Temp: pres, subj. in prot. and aor. ind. in apod.

4, III, 109, 5-8 57, III, 283, 1-3 77, V, 217, 21-22

Total: 3

Temp: aor. subj. in prot. and aor. ind. in apod.

2, IV, 43,25-45,2

Total: 1

Rel: pres. subj. in prot. and aor. ind. in apod.

38, v, 353, 25-26 Total: 1 8 5 Rel: aor. subj. in prot. and aor. Ind. In apod.

5, III, 139, 26-27 80, III, 297, H - 1 2

Total: 2

Cond: pres. subj. in prot. and pres, and aor. ind. in

apod •

79, V, 27?, 6-8 Total: 1

Cond: aor. subj. in prot. and pres, and aor. ind. in

apod.

38, V, 353,26-355,1 Total: 1

Cond: aor. subj. in prot. and fut. and aor. ind. in .

apod.

(28, III, 127, 23-25)82

Totals (1)

Another common future expression which occurs in

apodosis is imperative8^ or subjunctive used with

imperative force.

Examples: 48, III, 95, 28-29 xav a^tivaaeai potion, aCYhaov,

63, IV, 451, 5-6 t& Tffc rtdpvtlS av exTlG* OTfjg ev enxXTiaCq,.

82. Sal. has two futures in apod. "Quidam" have one aor. and one fut.

83. Schwyzer, p. 684; G.M.T.. 445; K.G.II,2, p. 474. 86 Cond: pres* subj* in prot* and imperat. in apod.

4. IV, 113, 12-13 16, IV, 345, 12-17 32, I, 209, 9-10 (John x, 38) 48, III, 95, 28-29 51, I, 143, Introd. (John vii, 37) Qil 57, II, 279, 20-21 (Matt, v, 29 and xviii, 9)°4 60, VI, 371, 11-13 61, II, 387, 16-17 (John x, 38) 63, IV, 449, 4-6 (I Cor. vii, 13)85 67, I, 3, Introd. (John xii, 26) I, 149, Introd. (John xiv, 15) u IV, 24$, 3-4 3, V, 377, 6-8

Total: 13

Cond: pres. subj. in prot. and imperat. subj. in apod

53, III, 197, 23-24 63 , IV, 451, 5-6 77, IV, 213, 3-6

Total: 3

Cond: aor. subj. In prot. and Imperat. in apod.

38, II, 333, 4-6 53, II, 195, 16-17 75, IV, 169, 5-6 77, IV, 213, 1-2 o, 83, V, 377, 15-16 (Matt, v, 39)

Total: 5

Cond: aor. subj. in prot. and imperat. subj. in apod.

28, II, 117, 9-11 49, III, 119, 3-4

Total: 2

84. N.T. has a real condition.

85. N.T. has a real cond. or ind. rel. clause.

86. N.T. has an Ind. rel. clause Instead of the prot. Cond: perf, subj, in prot. and imperat. in apod.

4, IV, 113, 14-16 31, V, 201, 24-26

Total: 2

Cond: ellipsis of verb in prot. and imperat. in apod.

1. IV, 19, 2-3 48, III, 95, 19-20 57, IX, 279, 21-22 (John xviii, 8)8 '

Total: 3

Cond: pres, and aor. subj. in prot. and imperat. in

apod.

1, III, 15,28-17.1 (Isa. i, 19) 13, I, 263, 3-5 (Ezek. ii, 5)

Total: 2

Cond: pres, and aor. subj. in prot. and imperat. subj.

in apod.

82, III, 337, 16-17

Total: 1

Temp: pres. subj. in prot. and imperat, in apod.

26, III, 85, 18-20 42, IV, 463, 5-7 47, I, 53, 1-2 52, IV, 181, 27 77, IV, 213, 6-8 85, VI, 437, 3-6 87, I, 467, 13-15

Totals 7

87, N.T. has a real condition. 88

Temps pres. subj. in prot. and imperat. and imperat. subj. in apod.

84, III, 395, 24-27

Totals 1

Temps aor. subj. in prot. and imperat. in apod.

4, IV, 115, 8-9 4, V, 117, 18-19 21, III, 449,27-451,2 4 III, 67, 20-21 4 III, 95, 23-24 52 IV, 181,27-183,1 IV, 213,28-215,1 11 III, 315, 15-17 IV, 373, 12-14 P V, 375, 6-7 84P III, 395, 29 85 V, 429, 4-5 86 I, 463, 11-13

Total 13 Temps aor. subj. in prot. and imperat. subj. in apod.

5, III, 141, 25-26 11, I, 233, 10-11 61, II, 385, 12-13 70, I, 57, 13-14

Totals 4

Temps pres, and aor. subj. in prot. and imperat. in apod.

52, IV, 181, 24-26

Totals 1

Reis pres. subj. In prot. and imperat. in apod.

22, II, 463, 15-16 (John ii, 5)

Totals 1 The apodosls of an eventual condition may contain 00 hortatory subjunctive.00

Examples 83 , V, 377, 16-17 av p£v ouv t& ^ ovTa

nal 6 tii toi5t o avr&v IX.ewp,ev. Conds pres. subj. In prot. and hort. subj. in apod.

84, III, 395, 7-9

Total: 10

Cond: aor. subj. in prot. and hort. subj. in apod.

Total: 5 Cond: perf. subj. in prot. and hort. subj. in apod.

39, IV, 391, 3-4

Total: 1

88 . Schwyzer, p. 684; G.M.T.. 445.

89* Morel inverts the entire sentence, so that the hort. subj. in Sal. becomes a subj. in prot., and the subj. in prot. of Sal. becomes a fut. ind. in apod. 90 Cond: ellipsis of verb in prot* and hort. subj. in apod.

39, IV, 391, 4-6 45, III, 23, 10-11 79, V, 273,28-275,2

Totals 3

Temps pres. subj. in prot. and hort. subj. in apod.

26, III, 85, 16-18 31, I, 173,28-175,3 40, IV, 417, 8-9 77, IV, 211, 9-10 82, I, 321, 1-3

Total; 5

Temps aor. subj. in prot. and hort. subj. in apod.

46, IV, 51, 13-16

Total: 1

Reis aor. subj. in prot. and hort. subj. in apod.

68, III, 33, 7-8

Total: 1

In a construction which is relatively rare in Attic but which occurs frequently in the New Testament, sub­ junctive (usually aorist) is used with 06 n-'fi to express a strong denial of a future event.9° it is worth noting that all except one of the examples of this constructional

In Chrysostom’s Homilies on John are direct quotations

90‘. G.M.T.. 295; G.G., 1369. Schwyzer, p. 317, gives a short bibliography concerning the use and origins of this construction. Moulton, pp. 187-189, gives a full treatment of the construction as it occurs in N.T.

91. At least, all examples Involved in conditional sentences. 91 from Scripture. The one exception (28, II, 117, 6 -8 )

is a close paraphrase of John iii, 5* It is quite

possible either that Chrysostom is quoting exactly a

text of the New Testament which was common in the fourth

century, or that he is paraphrasing, but keeping the

s criptural "flavor,"92

Cond: aor. subj. in prot. and subj. as emphatic future denial in apod.

12, III, 259, 19-20 (Ezek. xiv. 14-16) 28, II, 117, 6-8 (John iii, 5 K 3 35, II, 279, 23-24 (John iv, 48) 35, H I , 283, 21-22 (John iv, 48) 51, III, 159, 8-11 (Matt, v, 20) 78, I, 227, 25-26 (John xvi, 7) 86 , III, 453, 13 (John xvi, 7)

Total: 7

Temp: pres. subj. in prot. and pres. ind. and subj. as emphatic future denial in apod.

45, IV, 25, 28-30 (I Thess. v, 3)

Total: 1

An eventual condition may depend on a subjunctive verb in a subordinate clause.9* Most often this subjunc­ tive is the verb of a purpose clause, introduced by iva.

92. Thus we may quote a biblical passage incor­ rectly and still use some archaism, such as, "Our Father, Who- livest in Heaven..."

93* N.T. has pres. ind. in apod. 94. G.M.T.. 481.

j 92

In a few cases, however, it depends on a subjunctive

in another eventual condition or in a noun clause intro­ duced by iva.95

Example: 5, III, 143, 14-16 ...iva xav rtepl t o u IlaTp&s dxodofls Tt t o i o u t o v > |it) t o O IlaTpbs eivai \2vns clvt&

Hovou, &k\& nal ToO Ytou. Cond: pres. subj. in prot. and subord. subj. in apod.

45, III, 21, 23-25

Total: 1

Cond: aor. subj. in prot. and subord. subj. in apod.

5, III, 143, 14-16 55, H I , 241, 19-21 62, II, 413, 13-14 77, III, 209, 5-6 Total: 4 Temp: pres. subj. in prot. and subord* subj. in apod.

20, III, 433, 12-14 60, VI, 367, 11-13 85, III, 419, 4-5 Total: 3 Temp: aor. subj. in prot. and subord. subj. in apod.

18, I, 377, 7-9 , 18, III, 389, 22-26 23, II, 15, 27-28 31, II, 181, 10-11 34, II, 259, 19-20 36, I, 295, 13

95, For the post-classical substitution of I'va with subjunctive for an infinitive, see especially Moulton, pp. 206-209. Also Schwyzer, p. 3°4, and Friedrich Blass and Albert Debrunner. Grammatlk des neutesta- mentllchen Griechisch (GBttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1949), paragraph 380• 37, I, 307, Introd. (John v, 7) 37, I, 309, 5-6 (John v, 7) 39, II, 367, 15-16 42, II, 451, 17 60, II, 351, 7-10 65, II, 489, 1-2 73, I, 115, 23-24 75, IV, 167, 17-18 (John xiv, 29 and xiii, 19) 77, III, 209, 3-4 18

Total: 17

Rel: pres. subj. in prot. and subord. subj. in apod.

30, I, 157, 21-24

Total: 1

Rel: aor. subj. in prot. and subord. subj. in apod.

2, V, 51, 9-10 96 77, II, 201, 7-8 (John xv, 16K Total: 2

In one instance, the apodosis of an eventual protasis contains av with aorlst subjunctive: 39, II, 365, 21-22 t C av eim]T£ oTav AkoAotite auTofl cpGE'yyon^vov...;

The apodosis seems surely to have a future meaning (cf. the translation in Migne, "quid dicetis") and is, I be­ lieve, the only such occurrence in the Johannine Homi­ lies. Subjunctive with av to express a future act is common in Homer, but is not used in Attic.97 it apparently

96. The prot. is introduced by o £Av. N.T. has o n av.

97* Schwyzer, p. 3115 G.M.T.. 284; G.G., 1305b. 94 comes back into use in the early centuries after Christ.9®

There is a strong possibility, however, that this reading is only an orthographic error. A minor change to t C av

eiJtoixe gives a potential optative, which is common in

Chrysostom.

Temp: aor. subj. in prot. and aor. subj. with modal particle l),i apod.

39, XI, 365, 21-22

Total: 1

The second type of condition may also have poten­ tial optative in its a p o d o s i s . 99

Examples 56, II, 257, 10-11 ocp0a\p,6g xav drtppTiap6vog p, ovx av i6oi rtoTi ov6£v.

Cond: pres. subj. in prot. and pot. opt. (pres.) in apod.

19, II, 407, 26-27

Total: 1

Cond: pres. subj. in prot. and pot. opt. (aor.) in apod.

20, III, 431, 4-6 37, I, 307, 7-10 75, IV, 167, 23-24

Total: 3

93. A.N. Jannaris, An Historical Greek Grammar (London: MacMillan and Co., 1897), paragraph 1922 and Appendix iv, 12.

99. Schwyzer, p. 684; K.G.II,2, pp. 475-476; Stahl, p. 394; Q.A,?., 445. Cond: perf. subj, in prot, and pot. opt. (aor.) in apod.

56, II, 257, 10-11

Total: 1

Temp: pres. subj. in prot. and pot. opt. (pres.) in apod.

2, V, 47, 25-27 3, V, 83,30-85,1 3, V, 85, 6-9 9, II, 205, 9-14 27, I, 91, 22-24 42, IV, 463, 1-3

Total: 6

Temp: pres. subj. in prot. and pot. opt. (aor.) in apod.

2, V, 49, 8-10 10, II, 217, 8-12101 28, III, 129, 5-8 36 , II, 305, 5-6 38, V, 357, 10-14 68, II, 27, 19-21

Total: 6

Temp: pres, and aor. subj. in prot. and pot. opt. (aor.) in apod.

(10, II, 217, 8-12)102

Total: (1)

100. Morel omits av in apod.

101. Savile has pres, and aor. subj. in prot. Morel has pres. subj. and pres. ind. in prot.

102. Sal. has two pres, subjunctives in prot Savile has one pres, and one aor. subj. 96 Temp: pres. subj. in prot. and pres, ind. and pot. opt. (aor.) in apod.

2, IV, 45,25-47,1

Total: 1

Only once is potential indicative used in the

apodosis of an eventual condition.

Cond: aor. subj. in prot. and pot. ind. (aor.) in apod.

46, IV, 49, 14-16

Total: 1

An eventual condition may depend on an infinitive in

indirect discourse, articular infinitive, complementary

infinitive, or infinitive In a result construction.1^3

Example: 71, II, 77, 22-24 .. .nai6et5wv avTobg Tobg

KaxaSs rtoiouvtag ebepYETeiu, xau n^vaxuv duidTtog cxovTeg,

Cond: pres. subj. in prot. and inf. in apod.

1, IV, 21, 14-16 3, VI, 91, 8-12 5, II, 135, 3-5 12, III, 255, 26-27 (John xxi, 25)10* IV, 393,26-395,2 28, I, 111, 20-22

103* G.M.T.. 479. Also see above, p. 46.

104. This same idea is handled as an unreal condition in 87, I, 469, 10-11. The unreal seems more appropriate, although N.T. also has an eventual condition. The tense of the inf. is also somewhat of a problem. The aor. XOJpTicjai should represent past time, but the eventual prot. and the sense call for future. The preferred N.T. reading here is x^P'faei-v. This construction occurs again in 8 8 , II, 497,26-499,1. 97 39, IV, 389, 26 (Coloss, iii, 13) 48, II, 91, 5-6 60, VI, 371, 6-8 71, II, 77, 22-24 76, II, 187, 16-17 85, II, 411, 26-28 88, II, 497,26-499,1 (John xxi, 25)

Totals 13 ■« Cond: aor. subj. in prot. and inf. in apod,

4, V, 121, 21-24 12, II, 253, 11-13 23, II, 15, 21-23 32, II, 217, 3-4 34 , III, 263, 12-15 82, I, 321, 6-7

Totals 6

Cond: ellipsis of verb in prot. and inf. in apod.

2, IV, 43, 12-13

Total: 1

Temp: pres. subj. in prot. and inf. in apod.

11, II, 239, 9-11 13, I, 265,29-267,l105 26, III, 83 , 17-19 42, I, 441, 2-3 73, II, 125,28-127,1 77, II, 205, 7-9 88 , II, 499, 12-14

Total: 7

105. What part the inf. cryEiv is playing in th^s sentence is hard to determine. Savile’s reading of (ryovTes is much more satisfactory, since this construction is immediately preceded and followed by participles. The whole sentence hangs together loosely. See below, p. 99, fn. 109. 93 Temps aor. subj. in prot. and inf, in apod,

3, X, 57, 6-7 18, II, 385, 23-25 60, II, 349, 22-23 63, IV, 451, 2-3 85, II, 411, 28-29106

Total: 5 Reis pres. subj. in prot. and inf. in apod.

2, III, 39. 18-19 3, VI, 91, 8-9 20, III, 429, 24-25 37, II, 315, 20-22 39, I, 361, 12-13107 61, III, 393, 26-27

Total: 6

A participle may be modified by an eventual con' dition.108

Examples 3, VI, 89, 14-15 nav ti KdTopGouvTes, nat toOto &

48, II, 91, 10-12

Totals 1

Cond: aor. subj. in prot. and part, in apod.

3, VI, 89, 14-15 on T API PI -PP 72! 1 ) 87 /lntrod. (John xiii, 20)

Total: 3

106. In some mss., the inf. is omitted. 107* The prot. is introduced by av — "as." 108. See above, p. 47. 99 Temps pres, subj, in prot, and part, in apod.

13, I, 265, 27109 (13 , 1 , 265,29-267,1) 13, I, 267, 3-4 a 71, III, 8 1 , 17-18 81, II, 311, 19-20

Totals 4 (5)

Temps aor. subj. in prot. and part, in apod.

35, II, 287, 2-5 Totals 1

Temps perf. subj. in prot. and part, in apod.

47, V, 79,28-81,3 Totals 1

Reis pres. subj. in prot. and part, in apod.

59, II, 321, 18-19 Totals 1

Reis aor. subj. in prot. and part, in apod.

9, I, 193, 8-9 Totals 1

It is not unusual for the apodosis of the condition to be left unexpressed.***'

109. oTav t Ckttjtcli , X.£*y o v t £s . This expression is_ elliptical. More completely it would bes OTav rtepl t o u t 6k q u \£,yii)Oi , X^YOVTes.... The same will hold for the two following conditions.

110. Savile has a part, in place of the inf. in apod.

111. See above, p. 48. 100

Examples 60, IV, 355, 19-20 av Tfitg AjiapTCas fp<3v

KoYi^tyieScx auuExSg, av 7tev0u>iiev, av SaKptiooiiev. (sc, fplv

■Y^v o i t * av fi rtpaoTTig.)

Cond: pres, subj. In prot. and ellipsis of apod.

17, IV, 371, 14-15112 49, I, 105, 25-26 (John vii, 17) 49, I, 105, 27-28 55, II, 235, 7 (John vili, 54)113 58, III, 299,30-301,1 (John ix, 31) 60, IV, 355, 19-20 64, II, 461, 3 II, 187, 1-3 (John xv, 10)11* II, 497, 10 (John xxl, 22)

Total: 9

Cond: aor. subj. in prot. and ellipsis of apod.

24, II, 37, 13 (John iii, 3) 26, I, 69, 3-5115 29, III, 151, 3-4 31, I, 175, 24-25 38, V, 355, 20-21 41, II, 429, 23 (John v, 43) 47, II, 61, 20-22 (John vi, 62)116 52, I, 167, 13 (John vii, 51) 53, II, 195, 26-27 (John viii, 31) 54, I, 205, 12 (John viii, 3l5 54, I, 205, 16 (John viii, 31) 54, II, 211, 2 (John viii, 36) 64, II, 461, 3 (Ezek. iii, 11) 66, II, 511, 25-26 (John xii, 24) 76, II, 185, 2 (John xv, 7)

112. "Quidam" have no condition.

113. N.T. has aor. subj. in prot.

114. N.T. has aor. subj. in prot.

115. The prot. depends on an impf. ind., but its true apod, is omitted: o^fiTat o t i o& |i6vov...

116. N.T. has pres. subj. in prot. 101

81. I, 301. 15-16 (John vi, 44) 87 , I, 465, 2 87, I, 465, 2-3 Totals 18

Conds perf. subj. in prot, and ellipsis of apod.

47, II, 67, 14-15 (John vi, 65) 70, I, 57, 10-11 (John iii, 27)

Totals 2

Temps pres. subj. in prot. and ellipsis of apod.

(3 , II, 65, 15-17)117 51, II, 149, 19-20 8 0 , II, 289, 18 82, II, 329, 1-2

Total: 3 (4)

Temps aor. subj. in prot. and ellipsis of apod.

5, IV, 145, 25-26 23, III, 17, 26-27 (John xii, 32) 45, II, 17, 3-4 (I Cor. xv, 24) 50, II, 129, 23-24 (John vii, 31) 53, II, 191, 9-10 (John viii, 28) 57, HI, 281,30-283,1 60, IV, 357, 23-24 70, I, 57, 17 (I Cor. xv, 24) 88, I, 491, 18-19 (John xxi, 18)

Totals 9

Temps pres, and aor. subj. in prot. and ellipsis of apod.

77, IV, 215, 10-13 Totals 1

117. Sal. and Migne read otj,...

62, III, 415, 16 (John xxi, 22) 62, I H , 417, 3-4 (John xxi, 22) 79, I, 257, 9-11 (John xv, 16)118

Totals 3 so 118. 00a £&v introduces the prot. Gf. N.T. Also see Migne, col. 428, fn. d. CHAPTER IV

POTENTIAL CONDITIONS

The third type, the potential condition, is one in which the hypothesis is presented as a subjective assump­ tion.* This assumption, which, in fact, may or may not be possible, is presented as a mere concept. Thus it is called by some an "ideal" condition.2 Goodwin pre­ fers the term "future less vivid" and describes it as one in which "a supposed future case is stated less dis­ tinctly and vividly than the subjunctive would state it."^

In contrast with types I and II, the potential con­ dition stresses the subjective nature of the supposition.

And although both the eventual and the potential con­ ditions always have a future meaning, the potential has no suggestion of expectation. We may say then that it implies less probability.

1. "Die Voraussetzung wird im Gegensatz zum objek- tiven realen Fall als subjektlve Annahme hingestellt." Schwyzer, p. 685.

2. E.g., Stahl, p. 396; Gildersleeve, A.J.Ph. (1882), p. 436.

3- G.M.T.. 455.

103 104

The ordinary formula for a potential condition in

Attic Greek is et with optative in protasis, followed

by optative with av in apodosis. The apodosis may con­

tain, however, primary indicative, optative which is not

potential, imperative, subjunctive, or potential in­

dicative .*

The tenses of the optative mood differ basically

only in aspect, although, just as in eventual conditions,

an aorlst in protasis may incidentally express action

prior to that of the main verb.'

The most common classical combination (optative

in protasis and potential optative in apodosis) does

occur in Chrysostom, but it is relatively uncommon. It

is used only eleven times in the eighty-eight homilies.^

Examples 87, IV, 483, 13*14- et |i£\\oi|J.ev avid, naT-

optiTTeiv £*r£pois, t C y ^voit* av fyuSv &0?u(&Tepov,...;

Pres. opt. in prot. and pot. opt. (aor.) in apod.

4, III, 107, 15-17 20, III, 431, 3-6 (28, III, 123, 15-16)7 46, II, 39,28-41,2

4. Schwyzer, p. 685.

5. K.G.11,1, pp. 185-187.

6 . For a discussion of the status of the optative mood in Chrysostom's time, see below, pp. 175-176.

7. Savile, 705* and 706 add a potential prot. to what is, in Sal., pot. opt. with no prot. 105

62, II, 411, 11-16 65, II, 491, 6-8

Total: 8 (9)

Aor, opt, in prot, and pot, opt. (aor,) in apod,

3, VI, 87, 24-25 30, II, 161, 18-19 51, I, 147, 16-18

Total: 3

The bloase Indlkativ is used after a potential con­ dition to show that the apodosis is an expression of reality, and often serves to stress, by contrast, the uncertainty of the protasis.® Goodwin considers such a combination a mixed condition, and further holds that future indicative in apodosis is a construction which belongs to the "earlier language.Nevertheless, exam­ ples of indicative apodoses are quoted in Kuhner-Gerth not only from Homer, but also from Herodotus, Thucydides,

Plato, and Xenophon.10

Chrysostom uses future indicative in the apodosis of a potential condition more often than any other form.

8. Stahl, p. 397; K.G.II,2, p. 478.

9. G.M.T.. 499.

10. K.G.II,2, p. 478. 106

Example: 3, VI, 91, 18-20 el Y&p IQ £ \o i\lev nal TatiTtis irtiTuxetv Tffa 66111?, 6 t t e a^Tfjg l7nT eu|6pe0a.

Pres. opt. In prot. and fut. Ind. In apod.

2, I, 25, 4-7 2, III, 39, 22-25 3, IV, 75, 27-28 3 , V, 83, 26-30 3, V, 87, 13-14 3, VI, 91, 18-20 4, I, 101, 1-4 5, if, 133, 10-14 8 , I, I 83, 22-26 8, II, 185, 5-7 11, I, 229^ 2-311 11 i i , 235, 3 -5 z 20 III, 429, 25-26 21 II, 441,22-443,2 21 III, 449, 8-14 29 I, 135, 22-23 38 II, 335, 24-27 40 I, 397, 1-4 50 III, 137, 20-23 I, 271, 6-8 64V II, 461, 5-7 66 II, 511, 8-10 67 III, 17, 18-20 75 IV, 169, 1-3 III, 241. 12-13 81 I, 303, 8-10 81 II, 311> 16-17 86 I, 445, 8-10 88 III, 503, 25-28

Total: 29

11. The apodosis is fut. ind. with av. Whether this is a legitimate Attic construction is debatable. See A.C. Moorhouse, "av with the Future," Classical Quarterly. XL (1946), 1-10; and Basil L. Gildersleeve, Syntax of Clas­ sical Greek from Homer to Demosthenes (New York: American Book Co., 1900), vol. I, paragraph 432. Also Schwyzer, pp. 351-352; k .g .11,1, p. 209; GJf.T.. 196-197; G.G., 1303. Perhaps anacoluthon, suggested by Goodwin and Gildersleeve, is the easiest explanation here, since the av is separated from the fut. ind. by the prot. 107 Aor, opt. in prot. and fut. ind. in apod.

5, I, 129, 5-8 6, I, 155, 12-1412 14. IX, 289,28-291,2 15 3°7 ’ H 15 I, 307, 6-8 19 I, 401, 5-8 25 III, 63, 9-13 38 III, 343, 21-23 40 I, 399, 10-12 51 I, 143, 7-9 67 I, 3, 2-4 78 IV, 243, 22-23 79 III, 263, 22-23 79 III, 267, 9-14 81 II, 309, 1-2 82 III-IV, 337,25-339,7 84 III, 399, 12-16

Totals 17

A third formulation for the potential condition in

Chrysostom is optative in protasis followed by present indicative. According to Goodwin, the present in such cases sometimes has a future meaning or is equivalent to potential optative.^-3

Example! 4, II, 105, 17-18 et yhp 5 Ylbg pt) eir] auTfjs ouatag, eTepog soti 0e6s.

Pres. opt. in prot. and pres. ind. in apod.

4, II, 105, 17-13 4, II, 105, 20-22 7, II, 171, 13-16 8, II, 185, 19-21 10, III, 221, 17-18

12. "Alii'1 and Savile have pres. ind. in apod. 13. G.M.T.. 500-502; G.G., 1431d. Total 20 Aor. opt. in prot. and pres. ind. in apod.

I, I, 3, 7-12 4, II, 103, 21-22 4, IV, 113, 20-21 (6, I, 155, 12-14)1* II, I, 231, 12-14 14, IV, 301, 23-24 (15, II, 315, 15-17)16 (52, III, 173, 10-11)17 79, I, 251, 13-15 83, I, 349, 23-24 84, III, 399, 4-618

Total: 8 (11)

14. Savile has no verb in apod.

15* "Alii'1 and Savile have pres. ind. instead of fut. in apod.

16. "Alii” and Savile have pres. ind. instead of deliberative subj. in apod.

17* Savile has pres. ind. instead of imperat. in apod.

18. Following codd. 705 and 709, Fix has changed &\Cc k o v t (is of the First Benedictine to &\CoHouTai. 109 It sometimes happens that the apodosis has no verb

expressed.1-^

Examples 60, V, 365, 16-18 Hal vuv t o Cvu v 7tok\obs

eivai elnbg xppaTobs nat ^meiKetg, et nal (it) nSaiv elev

HaTd8r)X.oi. Pres. opt. In prot. and ellipsis of verb In apod.

8, I, 177, 12-1620 (10, III, 225, 4-6)21

xxo. , £ 1 7 } 1 " £ 57, III, 281, 6-8 60! V, $65, 16-18 69, II, 41, 13-16

Totals 6 (8)

Aor. opt. in prot. and ellipsis of verb in apod.

1 A T 3 0*? a _A

64, II, 461, 16-17 71, 1 , 73, 3-5 (84, III, 399, 4-6)23 84, III, 399, 9-10

Totals 6 (7)

19* See above, p. 14.

20. Morel has aor. ind. In prot.

21. Savile omits the verb in apod. Sal. has pres. ind.

22. Sal. has pres. ind. in prot. Savile and 705 have pres. opt.

23. Sal. has pres. ind. in apod. First Benedictine has no verb. 110

On occasion, a potential condition Is followed by 94, perfect indicative.

Pres. opt. in prot. and perf. ind. in apod.

80, III, 297, 21-24

Totals 1

Aor, opt. in prot. and perf. Ind. in apod.

36, II, 301,25-303,1

Totals 1

Apparently, a potential protasis followed by impera­ tive was a rare combination in classical times. It is perhaps significant that both Schwyzer and Goodwin cite the same example (Aeschines iii, 110), and that Goodwin remarks that the sentence is the formulation of an old curse.^ The construction is, however, no great rarity in Chrysostom. Dickinson has counted 67 examples in 96 Chrysostom’s Opera-

Example; 25, II, 57, 22-23 et 62 tCs aoi \iyoi,

£rtiaT<5|iiaov ql6t 6v iff &rco

Pres. opt. in prot. and imperat, in apod.

25, II, 57, 22-23

24. Schwyzer, p. 685; K.G.II,2, p. 478.

25* Schwyzer, p. 685; G.M.T.. 499.

26. F.W.A. Dickinson, The Use of the Optative Mood in the Works of St. John Chrysostom (Washington. D.C.: Catholic University, 1926), p. 106. Total! 3

Aor. opt. In prot. and imperat. in apod.

52, III, 173, 10-1127

Totals 1

Pres. opt. in prot. and imperat. subj. in apod.

27, I, 91, 16-17

Totals 1

Three times in the Johannlne Homilies, Chrysostom

uses hortatory subjunctive in the apodosis of a poten­

tial condition. This, although not common, is possible pQ in classical Greek.

Example: 25, II, 57, 24-25 et 66 t i s AvTepdJT^oojp.EV n a t .... Pres. opt. in prot. and hort. subj. in apod.

9, II, 207, 5-8 25, II, 57, 24-25 , 51, III, 157, 25-26

Total! 3

In two cases the apodosis contains subjunctive used in a question of appeal (deliberative question).2^

27. Migne and Sal. have im p e r a t i n apod., although it makes little sense.Savile reads e x e i , which would seem to be the true ms. reading or a wise emendation.

28. Schwyzer, p. 685; K.G.II,2, p. 479#

29. Schwyzer, p. 318; G.M.T.. 287-288; G.G., 1367. 112 Aor. opt, in prot. and deliberative subj. in apod.

15, IX, 315, 15-1730 79, III, 263, 20-21

Total: 2

A potential condition may modify a subjunctive in

a subordinate clause.

Pres. opt. in prot, and subord. subj, in apod.

44, I, 485, 1-2

Total: 1

Aor. opt. in prot. and subord. subj. in apod.

67, II, 9 ,28-11,2 71, II, 77, 15-16

Total: 2

The main verb of a direct statement, when changed

to indirect discourse, is put into the corresponding tense of the infinitive. If the original verb was potential optative, the infinitive retains the modal particle

If a protasis was optative in direct discourse, it re­ mains unchanged in indirect d i s c o u r s e . 33

30. Sal, has pres. ind. in apod., probably by typo­ graphical error.

31. G.M.T.. 481.

32. Schwyzer, p. 297; G.M.T.. 479, 1, and 683; G.G., 1498.

33. G.M.T.. 689; G.G., 1512. In Chrysostom, a potential protasis occasionally

depends on an infinitive of indirect discourse or an

infinitive in a result construction.

Example: 84, II, 391, 22-23 6 Y&p IIikaTos, vo|iCaag

xivSvveOeiv Xoirc&v, ei rtapCSoi xavTa, ...

Pres. opt. in prot. and inf. in apod.

25, I, 47, 15-17 29, III, 147, 21-2334 44, I, 487, 17-20

Total: 3

Pres. opt. in prot. and inf. with av in apod.

J, V, 87, 15-16 84, I, 383, 21-23

Total: 2

Aor.-opt. in prot. and inf. in apod.

10, I, 211,26-213,l3^ 22, II, 465, 2-4 62 , I, 405, 21-23 84, II, 391, 22-23

Total: 4

The potential condition may be used to modify a participle.3^

34. This may also be construed as an original real (or eventual) condition, with the pres. ind. (or subj.) changed to opt. in indirect discourse after a secondary tense.

35* The opt. in prot. may be opt. of indirect discourse.

36. G.M.T.. 479, 1 and 3. 114 Pres, opt, in prot, and part, in apod.

20, III, 431, 1-2

Totals 1

Aor. opt. in prot. and part, in apod.

16, IV, 345, 6-7

Totals 1

The apodosis is sometimes completely omitted.3?

Pres. opt. in prot. and ellipsis of apod.

43, I, 473, 17-18 Total: 1

Aor. opt. in prot. and ellipsis of apod,

9, II, 207, 12-17 65, I, 485, 1-23*

Totals 2

Ordinarily, in Attic Greek an optative protasis followed by past indicative (usually imperfect) expresses a past general action.89 jn other works of St. John

Chrysostom this past general condition does occur,^

37• See above, p. 48.

38. Cf. Josephus, De Bell. Jud.. vi, 299-300.

39. K.G.II,2, p. 476? Stahl, p. 396; G.M.T.. 462- 466; G.G., 1403b.

40. Marius Soffray, Recherches sur la svntaxe de S. Jean Chrvsostomed*acres les homelies sur les statues (Paris: Societe d*edition Les Belles Lettres, 1939), p. 141. Also Dickinson, pp. 97 ff* 115 but In the Homilies on John the four Instances have no

such meaning.

Examples 3, VI, 87, 19-20 et 6£ \£*yois, 61& toOto

HdXioTCL auT<3v naTaqjpovetv Ixpffr’*

It should be noted that there is an ellipsis of the logi­

cal apodosis. The completed idea would be: "If you

should say,...., I shall (should) answer that for this

reason, etc.” The same ellipsis seems to me to take place in the other three instances of this construction.

Pres. opt. in prot. and impf. ind. in apod.

3 , VI, 87, 19-20 31 , IV, 193* 8-10 85, III, 421, 21-22 Totals 3

Pres. opt. in prot. and aor. Ind. in apod.

4, III, 111, 18-20

Totals 1

Finally, the following protasis-apodosis combination occurs only once in the Johannine Homiliess 66, II, 507»

26-27 nal *Y&p av £

In this sentence, the apodosis contains potential indica­ tive. Such a construction occurs rarely in classical

Greek, and then only in Attic.4’**

41. Schwyzer, p. 685; K.G.II,2, p. 479- 116 Pres* opt. in prot. and pot. ind. (aor.) in apod.

66, II, 507, 26-27

Total: 1

Potential Optative In classical Greek, potential optative expresses the possibility of realization of the idea expressed.42 It is often Joined with a conditional expression, but it also often occurs alone. In the latter case, it ordinarily is still dependent on some "circumstances or conditions," even though there may be no "conscious feeling of any definite condition."43 The various tense-forms of optative affect only the aspect of the action. The time value of the verb must be decided from the context, although it is usually future or zeitlos.44 The modal particle is almost always used with potential optative, and Chrysostom follows this classical usage.

Examples: 28, I, 93, 5 Eowg eirtot Tig av....

52, III, 173, 13“14 St 0£ov, rtwg av exoi touto ^•yov;

42. "Der Potential druckt die Mbglichkeit einer Verwirklichung des Verbalinhalts aus." Schwyzer, p. 324.

43. G.M.T.. 232-235. 44. Potential optative is quite fully treated in Schwyzer, pp. 324 ff.; K.G.II,1, pp. 231,ff.; Stahl, pp. 264 ff.; S.C.G.. 434-449; G.M.T.. 232-242; G.G., 1326-1333. 117 Pres. opt. with av used as pot. opt.45

1, I, 7, 15-18 2, III, 37, 10-12 2, V, 53, 19-21 3| -I 57, 3-10 4, II, 103, 20-21 4, II, 103, 24-25 6 , I, 161, 9-1047 7, I, 165, 15-16 9, II, 201, 7 1 1 , 1 , 229, 27 1 1 , n , 235, 16 1 1 , 1 1 , 237, 2-3 1 3 , h i , 275, 10 15, 1 , 3 11 , 11-12 15, h i , 321 , 14-15 h i , 321 , 20-21 1 6, 1 1 , 337, 8 xb 1 1 , 357, 1 -2 1 8 , IV, 399, 17-18 21 , I, 437, 24 21 , I, 439, 19-21 22 , III , 471, 21-22 23, I, 3, 9-10 23, II, 17, 4-5 25, II, 57, 12-14 25, II, 57, 19-21 26; I, 71, 15-16 27, III , 103 , 6-7 28, II, 121, 26 28; III , 125, 9-10 3 0, II, 163, 17-18 3 2 , III , 221, 7 3 8, III , 339, 28-29 39, IV, 385, 16-17 3 9, IV, 395, 2-3 4 3, II, 477, 10-12 52, III , 173, 13-14

45. The following list includes only those pot. optatives which occur without any condition. Those which are apodoses of expressed conditions are listed with the various types of conditions.

46. Cf. Plato, Apology. 7c.

47. •’Alii’1 have aor. opt. Total: 56 Aor. opt. with av used as pot. opt.

1 I. 3, 4-5 2 I, 25, 7-9 2 III, 35, 21-23 2 n , *3, 3-448 3 I, 57, 4-6 3 II, 67, 23 3 III, 75, 1-2 3 IV, 77, 15 3 V, 83 , 18 3 V, 8 7 , 14-15 3 V, 87, 17-18 3 VI, 91, 1 4 II, 103, 2-3 4 II, 105, 13-14 4 II, 107, 5-6 5 I, 129, 22 5 I, 131, 14 5 III, 139, 12-14 5 III, 141, 20-22 5 III, 141, 28-29 5 IV, 149, 15-16 IV, 149, 26-27 I I* 155, 4

48. Sal. omits av probably by typographical error. 49. "Alii" have aor. instead of pres. opt.

50. Savile and "plurimi mss." have pot. opt. here, Sal. has none• 120

27 II, 101, 4-5^ 27 II, 101, 23-24 27 II, 101, 25-26 28 II, 119, 4-5 28 II, 121, 2-3 28 III, 123, 16^2 29 I, 131, 1-2 31 I, 171, 7-8 31 III, 189, 12 31 IV, 193, 7 , 31 IV, 193, 14-16 31 IV, 195, 3-4 33 III, 241, 3 34 III, 265, 13-15 I, 271, 18-19 3f 3£ I, 289, 1-3 I, 291, 22-23 363§ II, 303, 4-5 31 I, 309, 6-7 IV, 345, 9 38 IV, 351, 7 39 I, 361, 22-23 39 IV, 385, 19-21 42 IV, 459, 24 42 IV, 461, 23 44 I, 483, 27-28 44 I, 485, 19 46 II, 39, 8 46 III, 45, 8-9 (Job xxxl, 31) 47 II, 61, 12 48 I, 83, 4-5 49 II, 109, 6-7 52 I, 165, 17-19 52 III, 173, 10 54 I, 207, 8-9 56 I, 247, 13-14 56 I, 247, 17-18 I, 285, 2-4 5g I, 291, 3-4 , 5® II, 295, 15-16 58 IV, 307, 5 60 II, 351, 2-3 60 IV, 355, 18-19 64 III, 467, 8

51. The First Benedictine omits aw, but Fix has added it from Savile ahd codd. 52. Savile, 705, and 706 add a potential condition. Totals 126 (128)

Occasionally, optative with potential force is used by Chrysostom without the modal particle. This occurs in classical authors, but r a r e l y Although Dickinson lists only one potential optative without av in the 54 Homilies on John, I believe there are several to be found.

Example: 85, III, 421, 24 xal ofcx exoi t i s etneJv,...

Pres. opt. without av used as pot. opt.

IV, 79, 5-6 85, III, 421, 24

Total: 2

53. Schwyzer, pp. 324-325; S.C.G.. 450; G.M.T.. 240-242; G.G., 1331.

54. Dickinson, pp. 59-63. 122 Aor. opt. without av used as pot. opt.

15, ii, 313, 18-19 (27, II, 101, 4-5)” 41, II, 433, 10-1156 Total! 2 (3)

In one sentence, Chrysostom expresses in an infini­ tive of result construction what would have been poten­ tial optative in a finite construction.

5, IV, 149, 21-2£.,fi)s tudTiov iifcv |it| av {wtojJLervai rtepiftaX£o0ai xal dieaTpaji^vwg,...

Under these circumstances he keeps the modal particle while changing optative to infinitive.^

In one other instance, what would have been poten­ tial optative has been expressed in a participial con­ struction. Again the modal particle is retained while the verb is changed.^®

7, I, 165, 9-10...&£ ovk av Avepci»tCvT)s StavoCag ov t&

ToiavTa S-ryrerv, • • •

Sal., Savile, and codd. read av here. First Benedictine omits it.

56. Savile has fut. ind.

57* For examples in classical Greek, see Schwyzer, p. 680; G.M.T.. 592.

58. Schwyzer, p. 407; G.M.T.. 213-214; G.G., 1308. CHAPTER V

UNREAL CONDITIONS

The last of the four classes of conditions is the

unreal. In an unreal condition, the supposition is,

to be sure, determined, but is presented as being unat­

tainable .I This corresponds to Goodwin*s contrary-to-

fact classification.2

Just as the first three types are not concerned

with objective reality, so an unreal condition is not

necessarily contrary to objective fact, but is merely

presented as contrary to fact. Any past indicative may be used in protasis. The

apodosis usually contains past indicative with av.

The different past tenses differ basically only in

aspect, so that any of the three mey have either present

or past m e a n i n g .3 Usually, however, imperfect expresses

present or continuous past time, and the aorist expresses

1. "Die Voraussetzung ist zwar bestimmt (real), aber als nicht durchfuhrbar hinges tell t.'1 Schwyzer, p. 686. 2. G.M.T.. 410; G.G., 1407.

3. Schwyzer, p. 686; K.G.II,2, p. 469; Stahl, pp. 302-303; G.M.T.. 410-412; G.G., 1407.

123 124

simple past time. The pluperfect is used rarely and

has about the same force as the imperfect.

Examples! 16, III, 341, 10-11 et *Y&p touto rjv t£\£iov,

ovx av 6eirr€pov i£T)TetTo T<5*tos. 35, I, 275, 4-5 elnov anep av, et xat ©atiiiaTa £©edoavTo noXXh xal lievdXa, eTrcov. Impf. ind. in prot. and impf. ind. with av in apod.

7, II, 169, 16-17 9, II, 205, 2-3 12, I, 241, 4-6 16, III, 341, 10-11 24, II, 33, 24-26 41, II, 431, 17-18 (John v, 46) 54, III, 215, 15-16 (John viii, 42) 58, II, 293, 20-21 58, III, 297,28-299,1 (John v, 46) 59, I, 319, 5-6 (John ix, 41) 59, II, 323, 3-4 (John v, 46) 65, III, 497, 7-8 75, V, 175, 19-20 77, II, 203, ? xv, 19) 77, II, 205, 17-18 (John xv, 19) 79, III, 263, 15-16 82, I, 321, 10-11 (John xv, 19)

Totals 17 Aor. ind. in prot. and impf. ind. with av in apod.

37, I, 311, 20-21 48, II, 93, 14-154 49, III, 115, 14-15 52, II, 171, 29-30 Total: 4 Plpf. ind. in prot. and impf. ind. with av in apod.

84, II, 391, 1-2 (John xix, 11)

Total: 1

4. "Alii" have aor. in prot. and apod. 125 Impf. and aor. ind. in prot. and impf. ind. with av in apod.

3, III, 73, 18-21

Total: 1

Impf. ind. in, prot. and aor. ind. with av in apod.

3 II, 63, 23-24 3 IV, 77, 23-24 3 IV, 79, 8-11 3 IV, 79, 18-20 5 II, 137, 13-15 13 III, 273, 13-14 15 I, 305, 11-12 If I, 309, 5-6 16 I, 325, 9-11 16 II, 333, 4-6 16 III, 337, 14-15 16 III, 341, 5-6 17 II, 361, 22-23 III, 361,26-363,2 II, 381,30-383,2 (1 , III, 387, 12-14)* 19 III, 413, 24-26 21 II, 443, 4-6 21 II, 447, 23-26 21 III, 451, 3-4 21 III, 451, 12-14 22 I, 461,27-463,1 22 II, 465, 23-25 23 I, 5 , 14-16 23 III, 1 9 , 15-18 26 III, 85, 7-9 27 III, 103, 18-22 31 I, 177, 17-18 31 IV, 195,24-197,1 I, 249,28-251,2 35 II, 281, 18-20 3£ II, 303, 10-12 3§ I, 331, 4-5 3§ II, 333, 1 3§ II, 335, 3-5 3£ III, 339, 3-4 38 III, 341, 11-17

5. Savile has aor. in apod. Sal. has aor. and impf, 126

39 II, 369, 4-5 39 II, 369, 7-8 39 IV, 387, 12-15 39 IV, 395, 5-7 40 II, 403, 25-26 40 II, 407,25-409,1 42 II, 449, 8-10 42 II, 449, 12-13 42 IV, 459, 24-25 49 I, 99, 7-9 49 II, 109, 23-24 50 II, 133, 26-27 50 III, 135, 1-2 50 III, 137, 5-6 52 II, 173, 2 52 II, 173, 2-3 52 III, 177, 12 52 IV, 179, 12-13 53 II, 191, 27-28 53 III, 199, 8-9 54 IV 223,--- -18-19 54 IV 223, 21-22 II 237, 24-25 56 II 259, 7-8 , 56 II , 259, 15-16 58 I, 287, 12-13 58 I, 287, 25-26 I, 289, 4-5 II, 291,27-293,2 58 III, 297, 26-27 62 I, 405, 25-26 (John xi, 21) 62 II, 415, 1-2 (John xi, 21) 62 III, 415, 12-13 (John xi, 21) (62, IV, 421, 15-19)7 63 I, 433, 23 (John xi, 21) if, 437, 23-25 §3 III, 443, 8-11 64§3 I, 453, 12-13 64 I, 455, 7-9 64 I, 457, 21-23 64 II, 463, 13-14 64 II, 465, 8-9 64 III, 467, 17-19

6 . Morel has perf. ind, in apod, 7 , Sal, has 2 aorists and one impf, in apod, "Alii" have all aorists. 127 (65, II, 491, 13-15)® 66 I, 503, 14-1* 66 III, 515, 6-8 66 III, 517, 19-22 68 II, 27, 13-14 68 II, 29, 3-4 69 II, 43, 21-22 73 III, 127, 20-23 74 I, 137, 7 ^ 74 I, 139, 5-6 74 II, 141, 16-18 75 II, 161, 6-7 (John xiv, 28) 75 III, 167, 1 (John xiv, 28) 75 IV, 167, 19 75 V, 173, 18-19 7f V, 175, 21-23 , 7£ III, 191, 13-16 7£ II, 231, 17-18 78 IV, 247, 22-23 79 III, 267, 6-7 80 III, 295, 4-6 80 III, 297, 2-3 83 I, 347, 17-18 83 IV, 367, 9-10 (John xviii, 30) 83 IV, 371, 10-12 (John xviii, 36)9 IV, 371, 20-22 (John xviii, 36) 83P V, 377, 13-15 8 II, 411, 11-12 8 I, 491, 13-15

Total: 106 (109)

Aor. ind. in prot. and aor. ind. with av in apod.

1, II, 11, 8-10 5, IV, 151, 2-3z 10 , III, 225, 16-18 13, I, 267, 14-16 13, II, 271, 21-25 13, III, 273, 1-3 , 16, III, 339, 24-26 17, II, 357, 14-16 18, III, 391, 13-15

8. "Florilegium" has a condition here. Sal. has none.

9. N.T. has impf. in prot. and apod, here and in the following example. 128

20, 1, 419. 1-3 20, II, 425, 20-21 20, II, 427, 16-18 22, II, 469, 4-5 23, II, 15, 14-17 23, III, 21, 15-20 24, II, 35, 27-28 25, I, 51, 4-5 26, I, 73, 17-18 28, I, 113, 21-22 29, I, 133, 21-23 29, I, 133,27-135,1 29, II, 145, 9 29, II, 145, 9-10 30 II 163 5-6 32, II, 213,25-215,1 33, II, 237, 17-19 35, I, 275, 4-5 36, II, 301, 13-16 40, II, 409, 18-19 41, II, 435, 26-27 42, I, 445, 25-26 42, IV, 461, 22-24 45, III, 19,27-21,1 46, I, 37, 11-12 47, III, 69, 7-8 47, III, 71, 3-5 (48, II, 93, 14-15)10 50, ill, 137, 10-11 53, I, 187, 1-2^ 55, II, 239, 8-9 56, II, 259, 8-9 56, III, 263, 24-27 57, II, 279, 10-11 58, I, 287, 10-11 58, II, 295, 12-13 62 , III, 417, 13-15 62, III, 417, 20-21 63, II, 439, 13-14 63, III, 443, 6-7 66, II, 509, 4-5 70, II, 61,26-63,2 72’, I,’91, 18-19 73, II, 123, 4-6 74, I, 137, 11-12 75, I, 151, 14-15 75, ill, 163, 7-8

10. Sal. has Impf. in apod. "Alii" have aor Total: 63 (64) Plpf. ind. in prot. and aor. ind. with av in apod.

8 , I, 183, 3 31, IV, 193, 24-26 (John iv, 10) 32, I, 207, 9-10 (John iv, 10) 42, IV, 461. 17-19 45, I, 7, 28-30 (John iv, 10) 73, I, 119, 22-23 Total: 6 Ellipsis of verb in prot. and aor. ind. with av in apod

42, II, 453, 13-14 52, III, 175, 25-2611 73, I, 119, 15 (John xiv, 2)

Total? 3 Impf. and aor. ind. in prot. and aor. ind. with av in apod. 3 8, III, 341 ,30-343,2 12 58, v, 309, 12-15 67 , III, 15, 16-17

Total: 3

11. expivev in apod, may be impf. or aor.

12. The last of the three protases is not unreal but it is nevertheless presented as a part of an unrea set of circumstances. Impf, ind. in prot. and impf. and aor. ind. with av in apod.

II, II, 237, 19*22 18, III, 387, 12-143*3 21, II, 443, 14-16 36, II, 299, 19-20 62, IV, 421, 15-1914

Total: 5

Aor. ind. in prot. and impf. and aor. ind. with av in

apod •

79, H I , 265, 10-16 Total: 1

Impf. ind. in prot, and plpf. ind. with av in apod.

60, V, 361, 12

Total: 1

Aor. ind. in prot. and plpf, ind. with av in apod.

72, IV, 107, 24-25

Total: 1

Plpf. ind. in prot. and plpf. ind. with av in apod.

50, I, 123, 27-28 (John viii, 19) 73, IX, 125, H - 1 2 (John xiv, 7) 74, I, 135, 3 (John xiv, 7) 74, I, 135, 11-12 (John xiv, 7)

Total: 4

13. Savile has no impf. in apod.

14. "Alii" have no impf. in apod. In a very few instances, perfect indicative occurs

with av in apodosis. This would seem to reflect the

tendency which began in Hellenistic times to use perfect

where earlier writers would have used aorist.^ This

tendency is recognized by most grammarians, and even

Moulton, who is inclined to deny the aoristic meaning

of most of the perfects which are generally cited, admits

a few examples from the New Testament.-^ The most con­

vincing evidence that perfect indicative, for a time at

least, had taken on the force of a secondary tense is

cited by Jannaris, who quotes a number of late writers 17 who use perfect as potential indicative.' This is pre- 1 ft cisely what is done by Chrysostom here.

Furthermore, there is at least one instance of

Chrysostom quoting Scripture (Matt, xvii, 2) and substi­

tuting perfect for the regular aorist r e a d i n g . This may at least suggest some confusion between the two tenses

around the end of the fourth century.

15. Schwyzer, pp. 287-288.

16. Moulton, pp. 140-146.

17. Jannaris, 1873.

18. Schwyzer (p. 288) gives a short bibliography on the aoristic use of the perfect. To that we might add Jannaris, 1870-1875.

19. Homily 56 in Matt. 132

Example: 13, I, 267, 13-14 et p,f| Tfjv t o v 6ol5X.ov nopcpfjv

e\apev, o&k av efotapdfienTog Y&yovev. Impf. ind. in prot. and perf. ind. with av in apod.

(40, II, 403, 25-26)20

Total! (1)

Aor. ind. in prot. and perf. ind. with av in apod.

13, I, 267, 13-14

Total: 1

Aor. ind. in prot. and aor. and perf. ind. with av in

apod.

16, IV, 343, 7-9

Total: 1

An unreal protasis is occasionally followed by po­

tential optative. Although such an optative is often

emended in classical texts, it is a legitimate combina­

tion.^

Example: 11, II, 235, 6-7 et ii£TaPo\?)v £6££aTo, nal

li£Ta(3o\f)v £rcl x^ipov, rtajg etT] av 0e6g;

Impf. ind. in prot. and pot, opt. (pres.) in apod.

3 , III, 75, 2-3 80, II, 289, 15-16

Total: 2

20. Morel has perf. instead of aor. in apod.

21. Schwyzer, p. 686; K.G.II,2, p. 472; Stahl, p. 408. 133 Aor. Ind. in prot. and pot. opt. (pres.) in apod.

11, II, 235, 6-7

Total: 1

The apodosis of an unreal condition may be a par­

ticiple, which is ordinarily accompanied by the modal 22 particle, just as a finite verb. In all three instances

cited below, the participle is aorist.

Impf. ind. in prot. and part, with av in apod.

5, II, 137, 1-2 31, IV, 197, 22-24

Total: 2

Aor. ind. in prot. and part, with av in apod.

12, I, 243, 2-3

Total: 1

Although in classical Greek av regularly appears in

the apodosis of an unreal condition, it may be omitted.

Goodwin and Blass2^ are inclined to allow the unreal

force of past indicative without av only with a few

special verbs like n£\\civ and KivSvvetieiv and impersonal

imperfects expressing necessity, possibility, etc. In

the latter case, the idea denied is that of the accom­

22. Schwyzer, p. 407; G.M.T.. 479, 1 and 3.

23. G.M.T.. 415-433; G.G., 1410-1412; Friedrich Blass, Grammar of New Testament Greek, trans. Henry St. John Thackery (2d ed. rev. and enlarged; London: Mac­ Millan and Co., 1905), PP. 205-206. 13* panying Infinitive and not of the main verb. Schwyzer,

Kuhner-Gerth, and Stahl, on the other hand, indicate that

in rare cases any past indicative may have unreal force, w OA even without av. ^

It seems to be generally agreed, however, that by

New Testament times av is no longer obligatory with any verb, although it is still usually employed.2^

When the use of the modal particle is not obligatory, it is often difficult to distinguish between an unreal condition and a past real condition. As we have seen, ob- 26 jective reality cannot be used as a standard for judging.

If then, the context offers no solution, the decision must be left entirely to the interpretation of the translator*

For this reason, many of the conditions listed below as unreal may also be interpreted as real. On the other hand, some of those past conditions listed in chapter II as real may be Interpreted as unreal*

In Chrysostom the omission of av is customary after special verbs like e6£i, txpfp, etc. Occasionally, however, av is omitted with other verbs. When the modal

24. Schwyzer, p d . 686 and 352-353; K.G.I-1,1, pp. 215-216; Stahl, p. 406.

25. Blass, p. 205.

26. See above, p. 123* 135 particle is omitted, the verb involved is almost always

imperfect indicative.

Examples: 32, III, 225, 3-5 ei *y£ 0ot £|fjv |i£T&

&PX6utu)v t) |3aot\£a)v Ka0^p.evov Getopelv xal artoKadeiv

T-ffc GewpCag, ov iie-yCaTrir -fryoiJ ti\x^v eivai tovto;

27, III, 103, 22-23 £t yttp p,vpCa£ eixonev tyvx&S» oux &7tdoa$ {frctp aurov 6ctv at £xP*jt>; Impf. ind. in prot. and impf. ind. without av in apod.

2, I, 23, 1-3 ^ 2, III, 39, 4-5 3 , II, 63, 11-12 3, III, 73, 1-2 3, III, 73, 8-10 3, IV, 77, 9-10 3, IV, 77, 18-20 3, IV, 79, 7-8 9, II, 203, 22-24 9, II, 205, 7-9 12, III, 259, 1-3 13, XXX, 273, 24-2527 13, III, 275, 5-6 13, III, 275, 12-13 17, IV, 371, 22-2? 17, IV, 373, 12 22, I, 459, 18-21 23, I, 3, 17-19 23, II, 13, 8-9 24, II, 35, 25-27 27, III, 103, 22-23 30, III, 167, 16-18 31, III, 189, 8-10 32 , ill, 225, 3-5 32, III, 225, 20-22 36, II, 297, 18-20 37, II, 315, 22-23 38, II, 333,25-335,1 39, II, 373, 6-7 41, 1 , 427, 9-10

27- Migne reads t)v in apod. Sal. has rj probably by typographical error. 136

41 II, 435, 1 0 - 1 1 41 II, 435, 11-12 41 II, 435, 12-14 42 IV, 463, 3-5 45 II, 13, 5-7 45 IV, 27, 12-13 47 V, 79, 9-11 49 I, 99, 3-5 50 II, 133, 2-3 , 50 II, 133, 24-26 52 IV, 179, 13-16 55 I, 231, 14-15 II, 277, 24-26 3 II, 295, 10-11 (John ix, 33) (5 , III, 301, 9) 61 I, 379, 2-4 61 II, 385, 13-15 64 I, 459, 2-4 64 I, 459, 11 64 III, 467, 21-22 64 IV, 479, 13-15 70 I, 53, 9-12 72 IV, 107, 21-22 75 II, 161, 10-11 9 I, 255, 15-17 I0 III, 291, 12-15 83 I, 349, 18-19 Totals 56 (57)

Aor, ind. in prot. and impf. ind. without av in apod,

2, V, 51, 25-26 (John xv, 22) 12, III, 257, 22 28, II, 117, 18-20 28, II, 117, 26-27 (John xv, 22) 28, II, 119, 12-13 49, III, 115, 20-21 52, III, 175,27-177,229 61, II, 385, 19-20 72, I, 91, 19-22 76, I, 179, 5-6 77, II, 203, 25-26 (John xv, 22)

28. Ms. Orientalis adds this sentence. It does not occur in Sal.

29. Sal. omits in prot., probably by typographical error. 80, XI, 285,25-287,1 84, III, 397, 12-13 (John xv, 22)

Totals 13

Plpf. Ind. in prot. and impf. ind. without av In apod.

3, II, 67,24-69,1

Totals 1

Ellipsis of verb in prot. and impf, ind. without av in

apod.

61, II, 383, 23

Total: 1

Impf. ind. in prot. and aor. ind. without av in apod.

69, III, 47, 10-15 72, II, 101, 1-2

Total: 2

Impf. ind. in prot. and plpf. ind. without av in apod.

61, III, 389, 1-2

Total: 1

Aor. Ind. in prot. and plpf. Ind. without av in apod.

75, IV, 167, 18-19 Total: 1

Plpf. ind. In prot. and plpf. ind. without av in apod.

73, II, 125, 16-17 Total: 1

Occasionally a primary indicative (without av) fol lows an unreal condition. This happens either when the certainty of the apodosis is stressed or when there is 1 3 8 ellipsis of the proper apodosis.30

Examples 71* I* 71* 9-10 et 6i6dcjHa\ov (Jidvov eKzyz t &v

IlaTdpa, rtaSc k^yei, "Et|J.l ‘ydp"; Impf. ind. In prot. and pres. ind. in apod.

39, IV, 385, 15-16 46, I, 37, 7 51, III, 157, 13-15 64, III, 467, 22-23 71, I, 71, 8-9 71, I, 71, 9-10

Total: 6

Impf. ind. in prot. and fut. ind. in apod.

45, IV, 27, 13-14 63, IV, 451, 7-11 79, III, 267, 9-1431

Total: 3

In one Instance an unreal condition depends on a subjunctive in an eventual protasis: 46, IV, 49, 14-15 av Te Tfjv xe £p<* Tig diapdkfl, et oldv t e r\v, av te t*)v

Y\ffiTTav,... This is an almost parenthetical use of the unreal condition.

Impf. ind. in prot. and subord. subj. in apod*

46, IV, 49, 14-15

Total: 1

30. Schwyzer, p. 686; K.G.II,2, pp. 472-473; Stahl, p. 409.

31. This condition begins as unreal, then shifts to potential and has fut. ind. in apod. 139 Another combination which occurs only once is an unreal protasis followed by an aorist infinitive (without uv) in indirect discourse.

Plpf. ind. in prot. and inf. in apod.

87 , I, 469, 10-11 (John xxi, 25)32

Total: 1

In Chrysostom the verb in apodosis may be omitted.

In this case, the modal particle is omitted also, with one exception.

Example: 6l, II, 385, 15-16 et 7&p £\dTTwv [t o v IlaTpbg] rjv, rtoXMfa tot3t o t 6\|at)£ t 6 J>fjpa.

Ellipsis of verb in prot. and apod, with av in apod.

52, III, 175, 26

Total: 1

Impf. ind. in prot. and ellipsis of verb in apod.

7, I, 169, 10-11 ,1

I ¥ ~ r ~ ¥ " -- Total: 6

Aor. ind. in prot. and ellipsis of verb in apod.

67, III, 15, 14-15 Total: 1

32. N.T. has an eventual prot. See above, p. 96, fn. 104. 140 The entire apodosis is sometimes omitted Impf. ind. in prot. and ellipsis of apod.

56, I, 251, 5

Totals 1

Aor. ind. in prot. and ellipsis of apod.

70, II, 63, 7

Total: 1

Plpf. ind. in prot. and ellipsis of apod.

32, I, 207, 6 (John iv, 10) 84, II, 391, 4-5 (John xix, 11)

Totals 2

Similes.

Another use of the unreal indicative probably belongs here, namely oxraveC with imperfect to express a compari­ son. This usually occurs in Chrysostom as iaavet £\£y£v and is used almost exclusively for exegesis, when he wishes to rephrase a passage from Scripture.

&oave( with impf. ind.

6, I, 155, 25-26 12, I, 245, 7 33, I, 229, 13-14 39, XV, 383, XI34 (39, IV, 383, 19-22)

33. See above, p. 48.

34. 5)^ av el is written as three words.

35. Morel has el Hat p.Cas av SiavoCas ev rjv g£\r]p.a. Notice av is separated from el. Sal reads wonep pCag 6tav.... 141

40, I, 399, 24 III ti), II ,’ 6S 7, ’ 17) 36 48, II, 89, 2337 49, II, 107, 10 *9, II , 111 , 21 50, I, 127, 5 50, II* 1 3 U 23-24 50, III , 135, 15 52, III , 175, 10 53 II, 191, 27 58, II, 295, 14 58, III , 301 , 22 60 II, 3£5, 17 61 II, 385, 1 65 II, 491, 21 6 7’ II, 9, 14 67, II, 13>.7 69! I, 37, 5 72, III , 105 , 23 75, II, 157, 9 75, IV, 167, 18 78, I, 225, 14 79, I, 255, 6 81 I, 305, 25 , 8 1 , II, 309, 15-16 84 II, 391, 9 Total: 30 (32)

Only once does a similar construction contain optative.

&oave( with aor. opt.

52, II, 169, 4

Total: 1

36 . Savile reads ioaveX e\eyev. Sal has jiovovouxl... qpriaiv. 37. This comparison is introduced by &oe(. 142

On occasion, 3>oaveC# a>oeC, op oloveC is not followed

by a finite verb, but by a participle, prepositional

phrase, noun, or a d j e c t i v e . This construction likewise

expresses a comparison in every instance but one. In

31, III, 187, 8 (Spa rjv &oel-2ktt).)v &aeC has the meaning of "approximately."

&oaveC, &oe£, or oloveC without a verb

11, II, 235, 10 (Ps. ci, 27) 14, I, 28?, 2-3 jq 17, I, 353, 12-13 (John i. 32)3V 17, II, 359, 26-27 (John i, 32) 18, I, 377, 15-16 (John i, 32) (18, II, 383, 20-21)40 31, III, 187, 8 (John iv, 6 ) 32, II, 217, 22-23 38, IV, 347, 12-13 54, I, 203, 9-11 58, I, 291, 2-3 67, II, 13, 16 82, I, 325, 15-17 _ 83, h i , 359, 24-25 Totals 13 (14)

Potential Indicative

The same construction which regularly occurs as the apodosis of an unreal condition often occurs without any protasis. A secondary tense of the indicative with the modal particle is used to express potentiality in

38. Schwyzer, p. 669

39* In this and the following two passages cited, N.T. has (iwhere Sal has &oeC,

40. "Quidam" have fijoaveC for &ei in Sal. 143 past time o p unreality.4* Whether any specific sentence expresses past potentiality or unreality, however, is strictly a matter of interpretation, since the forms of expression are identical* Goodwin, in fact, does not distinguish between the two, referring to both as "Poten­ tial Indicative,"42 although he does point out that po­ tential indicative may often have unreal sense*

Like potential optative, potential indicative often implies that the statement is subject to some supposed

(in this case, unreal) circumstance, even where no con­ dition is actually expressed*

Originally, the difference between aorist and im­ perfect here was only one of aspect. However, a time distinction soon began to make itself felt, so that in classical times, especially in conditional sentences, the unreal aorist usually had a past force and the im­ perfect a present force*4^

Chrysostom stays close to the classical usage*

Examples: 36, I, 293» 10-11 rj Y&p av 6tan:avT&s tovto &YCveTo.

41* Schwyzer, pp. 346-350; K.G.II,1, pp. 212-214. A third use of past ind. with av is to express repeated past action (Schwyzer, p. 350; K.G.II,1, p. 211). How­ ever, I do not believe that this meaning fits any of the instances listed in this section.

42. G.M.T.. 243-248; G.G., 1334-1340. 43. Schwyzer, p. 348. 144

15, II, 315, 9-10 06 Y&p t &v &repol5

23, II, 11, 21-24 27, II, 101, 15-17 31, I, 175, 22-24 36, I, 293, 10-11 63, III, 443, 7-8 67, II, 9, 2/ 69, H I , 47, 8-944

Total: 7

Aor. ind. with av used as pot. ind.

3, III, 73, 23-24 3, IV, 77, 24-25 5, III, 143, 4-5 6, I, 157, 14-16 9, II, 203, 2-3 10“ II, 217, 6-7 12 II, 249, 16-19 15 II, 315, 9-10 21 I, 441, 7-8 21 I 441, 9-10 21 II, 443, 23-244^ 22 I, 461, 11-12 22 II, 465, 8-9 22 II, 469, 1 23 I, 7, 20-21 23 II, 13, 6-8 23 III, 17, 14-15 23 III, 19, 11-12 24 II, 3 3 , 23-24 26 II, 81, 6-7 27 III, 103, 23-24 29 I, 135, 10-11 29 II, 139, 3-5 31 I, 177, 2-4 31 IV, 193, 12-13

44. The wording of this sentence is suspect. See Migne, col. 380, fn. h. 45. Morel omits av. 145

32 207, 14 32 IX. 215.27-217,1 II, 261, 7-9 36 II, 299, 16-17 II, 315, 25-26 38 II, 335, 1-2 39 II, 369, 24-26 39 IV, 387, 19-20 39 IV, 393, 15-17 40 II, 409, 26 40 III ,/l5, 23 47 II, 63, 9-10 47 II, 63, 10-12 49 I) 99, 11-13 49 I, 105, 17-18 50 I, 121, 14 50 I, 123, 6-746 I, 163, 5-6 52I 2 III , 173, 19-20 III , 175, 3-4 I2 III , 175, 4-5 52I2 III , 175, H - 1 2 III , 175, 13-1447 U I, 207, 23-26 II, 239, 5 u I, 247 , 7-8 I, 247, 8-9 I, 269, 5-7 V 273, 2-3 II, 291, 15-16 ? 433, 13 , II, 439, 3-6 P63 II, 439, 6-8 III , 495, 28-29 It) II, 507.27-509,2 (67 , I, 7 , 21) 69 I, 37, 16 70 II, 61, 26 72 I, 93, 20-21 72 II, 97, 4-5 72 II, 97, 7-8 72 III , 103, 6-7

46. 7tap

Impf. and aor. ind. with av used as pot. ind.

62, III, 415, 18-20

Total: 1

Perf. ind. with av used as pot. i n d . ^

88, II, 497, 2-3

Total: 1

Finally, potential indicative may be used without

the modal par tide. 51-

Example: 22, II, 465, 5-6 xat t C S'fytoTe nptv r\ YenCaat o6x IrroCpae t b OTperov, o 0av|iaai6T£pov rjv; Impf. ind. without av used as pot. ind.

5, II, 137, 15-17 22, II, 465, 5-6 47, III, 69, 11 59, IV, 335, 5-8 69, III. 47, 8 72, I, 89, 15-16 85, IV, 427, 8-9

49. Morel and Savile omit av.

50. See above, p. 131.

51. This has already b^en discussed in the section concerning apodoses without av. See above, pp. 133-135. Total! 9

Notice that In all cases where the modal particle Is omitted, the verb is imperfect. CHAPTER VI

MISCELLANIA

Irregular Conditions

There remain several miscellaneous uses which do not fit any of the four basic types of conditional sen­ tences. These include el with subjunctive or potential optative, l&v with indicative or optative, methods of expressing a protasis without el, and the use of et to introduce indirect questions.

First, subjunctive occurs occasionally in protasis without av. This is a common phenomenon in Homer, less common in Attic poetry and Herodotus; the few examples from Attic prose are suspect, although Schwyzer is in­ clined to accept them.^ Late prose writers, like Dio­ nysius of' Halicarnassus, Diodorus, Lucian, and Plutarch, frequently use subjunctive after el.2 It is hard to say whether the occurrence of this construction in Chrysostom is traceable to this later usage or whether it is merely

1. Schwyzer, pp. 684-68^; K.G.II,2, p. 474; Q.M.T.. 4 5 3 ,4 5 4 . N 2. Jannaris, 1989# 148 149

the work of overzealous scribes who were trying to resist

the encroachment of £dv on the realm of et.3

Examples 88, III, 503, 24-25 et Sfe elg Hppjivofcc iavTofog

|iev, rt£? 6uvT]o6^e6a Avartvevaat; Cond: subj. without av in prot. and pres, Ind. in apod.

73, III, 131, 7-9 (88, II, 497, 23-24)4

Total! 1 (2)

Cond: subj. without av in prot. and fut. ind. in apod.

53, III, 199, 26-28 88, III, 503, 24-25

Total: 2

Cond: subj. without av in prot. and subord. subj. in

apod.

80, III, 291, 6-7 (Rom. viii, 17)^

Total: 1

Cond: subj. without av in prot. and inf. in apod.

49, III, 117,25-119,2

Total: 1

Temp: subj. without av in prot. and fut. ind. in apod.

(3, VI, 91, 19-20)6

Totals (1)

3. Jannaris, 1988.

4. "Alii" have aor. subj. in prot. instead of pres. ind.

5* N.T. has pres. ind. in prot.

6. "Alii" have ote for otav. 150 Rel: subj. without av in prot. and pres. ind. in apod.

30, I, 157, U - 1 5

Total: 1

Rel: subj. without av in prot. and fut. ind. in apod.

(82, I, 323, 6-7)7

Total: (1)

Rel: subj. without av in prot. and perf. ind. in apod.

86 , III, 453, 8-9 (John xx, 23)8

Total: 1

In post-classical times, as early as Polybius and the Septuagint, there were signs of t&v and oTav begin­ ning to replace the simple et and ote, It grew more and more common for £dv and OTav to be used with indicative as well as subjunctive, until, by the seventh century, 9 the simpler forms had disappeared.

In the Johannine Homilies indicative sometimes occurs in protasis after av.

Examples: 42, I, 445,31-447,1 ov Y&p rtpdTepov t& ot^eiov

^rtoCpaev, Itoq av avT&v rjp(fiTT)oe.

4, III, 109, 17-18 nav |i?) rtpoaxetTai t$ Yttp t 6 apQpov, ov 6id t o v t o iyrTcw 9e&S & Yl6?.

7 . Sal. has av. "Alii" omit it.

8 . N.T. has a conditional clause introduced by av.

9. Schwyzer, p. 685? Jannaris 1987-1992. 151 Mav with pres. Ind. in prot. and fut. Ind. in apod.

(86, IV, 4?7, 17-19)10

Totals (1)

nav with pres. ind. in prot. and ellipsis of verb in

apod.

4, III, 109, 17-18

Totals 1

av with pres. ind. in prot, and ellipsis of apod.

32, III, 225, 1011

Total! 1

&dv with impf. ind. in prot. and pot. ind. (aor.) in apod.

(Unreal)

21, II, 443, 25-29

Total: 1

OTav with pres. Ind. in prot. and pres. ind. in apod.

(60, VI, 369, 9-I5)12 Totals (1)

OTav with pres. ind. in prot. and fut. ind. in apod.

77, V, 217, 13-1813

Total! 1

10. Morel has pres. ind. in prot. Sal. has pres. subj.

11. Savile has pres. subj. in prot.

12. Morel has pres. ind. where Sal. has pres. subj. in prot.

13. This sentence involves a long prot. containing four subjunctives and one Ind. 152

OTav with pres, ind. in prot. and ellipsis of verb in apod.

(27, II, 99, 2-4)14

Totals (1)

OTav with pres. ind. in prot. and perf. ind. in apod.

(71, III, 79, 22-24)15

Total: (1)

oTav with perf. ind. in prot. and ellipsis of verb in apod.

29, XI, 145, 10-11

Total: 1

ewg av with aor. ind. in prot. and aor. ind. in apod. 42, I, 445,31-447,1 Total: 1

OTav with aor. ind. in prot. and ellipsis of verb in apod.

45, I, 9,25-11,1 Total: 1

Rel: av with pres. ind. in prot. and pres. ind. In apod,

49, II, 111, 5-6 (John v, 19)16 80, III, 295, H - 1 2

Total: 2

14. Sal. and Migne have pres. subj. in prot. Savile has pres. ind. In Migne, col. 159, fn. b, gavile's read­ ing is rejected because flapud Chrysostomum oTav subjunc- tivum semper requirit." However, oTav with ind. does occur in Migne's text (homilies 29 and 45).

15. Morel and Savile have pres. ind. in prot. Sal. has pres. subj.

16. N.T. has pres. subj. in prot. 153 At the same time that.fedv was replacing el, the optative mood in most writers had become practically extinct.^ Thus the possibility of £dv introducing a potential condition was slight. But in Chrysostom, who kept the Attic optative uses, the possibility was appar­ ently realized. In several cases he uses optative in protasis after £dv or OTav. Nor can these be explained as potential optatives in protasis, for if that were the case, the av would not immediately follow the intro­ ductory word.3-®

Example: 47, II, 65, 7-8 £&v avrb aapHiKw^ Ttg

£K\df3oi, ou6fcv drt

3, I, 59, 11-12

Total: 1 nav with pres. opt. In prot. and fut. ind. in apod.

53, III, 197, 15-17 Total: 1

6dv with aor. opt. in prot. and aor. ind. in apod.

47, II, 65, 7-8

Total: 1

17. See below, p. 175.

18. Schwyzer, pp. 685-686. 154

OTav with pres, opt. In prot. and pres. ind. in apod.

27, III, 105, i-519

Total: 1

OTav with aor. opt. in prot. and ellipsis of apod.

25, III, 65, 17-1820

Total: 1

Finally, the protasis may contain potential optative.

This is a classical usage and might perhaps be classified as a real condition.^

Example: 61, III, 393? 15-17 et 6£ rtoTe xal £|eA.0eiv

Avd^HTi 7 £voit* av, ou6£ t6te £xei 0opv|3cov irt60eaig.

Pot. opt. (aor.) in prot. and pres. ind. in apod.

3, III, 73, 21-24 (41, I, 425, 22-25)

Total: 1 (2)

Pot. opt. (pres, and aor.) in prot. and pres. ind. in apod.

5, IV, 151, 5-8

Total: 1 ... -...... i i. i . . I, 19. Most (but not Savile or 706) have two subjunc­ tives in prot. after ei'r).

20. 705 has aor. subj. In prot.

21. Schwyzer, pp. 685-686; G.M.T.. 409, 453, and 506. 22. Sal. has fut. ind. in apod. ’'Alii" have pres. 155 Pot. opt. (aor.) in prot. and fut. ind. in apod.

1, II, 13, 17-19 41, I, 425, 22-2523 42, IV, 463,23-465,l24

Total: 3 Pot. opt. (aor.) in prot. and ellipsis of verb in apod.

61, III, 393, 15-17

Total: 1

Conditional Participles Instead of a clause introduced by et, a single participle, adverb, or prepositional phrase often serves as protasis.2^ No list of adverbs or prepositional phrases has been compiled, but the following are given as examples. 4, II, 103, 2-3 xcaptg y&patfflvpg rj XP6vov ouk av fivvtiGeCTi Tig rauxa vofjaai t& f>yj|iaTa.

3, I, 61, 19-20 nal ouTtog eoiai Iv StatCai xpT|aTaK

Aacpaketcp TtoWfi. (ouTwg = t&v Tadta TtpdTTfl)

It is quite common for a participle or a participial construction such as a genitive absolute to have the force

23. "Alii" have pres. ind. in apod. 24. "Alii" have ei...av Coxtiflg. But the ordinary formulation for an eventual condition does not separate av from e 1,

25. Schwyzer, p. 682; K.G.II,2, p. 483; G.M.T.. 472; G.G., 1423. 156 of\ of a conditional or concessive protasis. There is, of course, no sure way of distinguishing participles with conditional force. At times the surrounding grammar or the context furnishes a strong indication, but there are many instances in which it is not at all clear whether a "circumstantial participle" is best interpreted as tem­ poral, conditional, etc. The following list, therefore, includes only those participles which seem to me to be most surely conditional or concessive.

Strictly speaking, the tense of a participial form should affect only the aspect of the action.However, it generally happens that the present or perfect parti­ ciple expresses action contemporaneous with the main verb, and the aorist expresses action prior to the main verb.

A conditional participle is usually negated with |rfj.

Examples: 17, III, 367, 23-24 taOTa 6t &ueX.o6u.eva. a6if|v th-lCv 6ta

49, II, 109, 9 t C o u k av enaSov del frp&Tcov fojrpXaiv &KotiovT&c; (Unreal)

26. Schwyzer, pp. 389 and 391; K.G.II,2, pp. 84 and 483; Stahl, p. 682; G.M.T.. 472; G.G., 1423.

27. Schwyzer, pp. 297-298; K.G.11,1, pp. 182 and 185-200; S.C.G.. 329.

28. Schwyzer, pp. 298-3OI; G.M.T.. 138-152; G.G., 1289-1291; S.C.G.. 329-360. Pres, part, as prot. and ind. in apod.

1, IV, 19, 12-13 3, I, 59, 12-15 5, IV, 145, 17-20 (John xiv, 23)2? 5, IV, 145, 20-21 14, II, 291, 22-23 17, III, 367, 23-24 IB, IV, 395, 9-11 18, IV, 395, 17-18 23, I, 5, 18-19 27, III, 105, 20-22 28, II, 121, 6-7 30, III, 169, 4-5 35, III, 287, 5-630 37, H I , 323, 2 38, XV, 345, 12-13 38, IV, 345, 13-14 39, II, 365, 24-25 45, IV, 27, 24-26 46, III, 47, 1-3 48, II, 89 , 23-24 51, III, 155, 24-25 53, III, 201, 5-7 53, III, 201, 10-12 57, III, 281, 27-29 60, V, 361, 14-16 71 , I, 73, 5-9 , 74 , III, 145, 26-27 78 , III, 239, 11-12 7 9 , v, 277, 11-14 8 0 , II, 287, 21-22 82, III, 337, 22-23 Totals 31

Aor. part, as prot. and ind. in apod.

1, II, 13, 13-16 1, III, 15, 16-18 17, III, 367, 22-23 18, I, 377,27-379,2 28, II, 121, 14-15 37 , I, 307, 10-13

29. N.T. has an eventual prot. 30. Sal. has Tvyx^ouTai for ivyxdvovras, probably through typographical error. 158

37, III, 319, 13-14 69, I, 37, 21-22 71 , m , 85 , 8 -io 72, II, 95, 23-24

Totals 10

Perf. part, as prot. and Ind. In apod.

8 , I, 183, 14-16 9, I, 193, 3-4 12, II, 251, 9-10 41, I, 423, 3-5

Totals 4

Gen. abs. (pres.) as prot. and ind. In apod.

4, IV, 115, 17-18 9, I, 193, 5-6 33, H I , 243, 14-16 34, III, 267, 9-11 38 , I, 325, 3-5 60, II, 347, 24 60, II, 349, 21-22 60, VI, 371, 17-18 67 , III, 15, 19 73 , I, 115, 3-4 82 , III, 337, 2-3 88, III, 501, 22-23

Totals 12

Gen. abs. (aor.) as prot. and ind. in apod.

11, I, 227, 16-19 13, I, 261,15-263,1 39, II, 367, 11-12 68, II, 29, 2-3

Totals 4

Pres. part, as prot. and ellipsis of verb in apod.

15, I, 311, 10-11 23, III, 21, 21-22 39 , IV, 391, 7-8 51, III, 155, 25 60, II, 349, 2-3 Total: 7 Aor. part, as prot. and ellipsis of verb in apod. 5, IV, 145, 21-24 27, I, 89, 6-7 Total: 2 Gen. abs. (pres.) as prot. and ellipsis of verb in apod

6 , I, 159, 24-25 33, III, 243, 14 Total: 2 Gen. abs. (perf.) as prot. and ellipsis of verb in apod 4, IV, 113, 7-9 Total: 1 Pres. part, as prot. and inf. in apod. 2, V, 49, 13-14 82, IV, 343, 1-2 Total: 2 Aor. part, as prot. and inf. in apod. 21, II, 447, 19-21 Total: 1 Gen. abs. (pres.) as prot. and subord. subj. in apod. 12, I, 241, 9-12 Total: 1 Pres. part, as prot. and imperat. in apod. 1, IV, 19, 3 Total: 1 160 Pres, part, as prot. and pot. opt. (pres.) in apod.

3, V, 87, 9-12 4, II, 101, 14-15 8, I, 179, 4-6 30, III, 169, 7-9 39, IV, 387, 10-11 4 3 , II, 477, 23-24 8 0 , III, 297, 9-10

Total: 8

Perf. part, as prot. and pot. opt. (pres.) in apod.

39, IV, 3 8 7 , 5-7 45, IV, 25, 7-10

Total: 2

Gen. abs, (pres.) as prot. and pot. opt. (pres.) in apod.

16, III, 339, 21-2231 22, III, 475, 14-15 66, III, 517, 13-14

Total: 3

Acc. abs. (pres.) as prot. and pot. opt. (pres.) in apod.

16, III, 339, 21-2232

Total: 1

Pres. part, as prot. and pot. opt. (aor.) in apod.

2, IV, 47, 1-2 3, VI, 8 7 , 25-26 1 7 , 1 1 , 3 5 7 , 2-333 28, 11, 117, 21-23 28, 11, 117, 28- 119,1 32, 1 , 211, 3-5

31. The apod, is pot. opt. without av.

32. The apod, is pot. opt. without av.

33. Migne has aor. opt. in apod. Sal. has fut. ind., probably by typographical error. 161

33, I, 231, 23-25

Totals 13

Aor. part, as prot. and pot. opt. (aor.) In apod.

1. II, 13, 17-18 28, III, 123, 23-25 28, III, 123, 25-26

Total: 3

Perf. part, as prot. and pot. opt. (aor.) in apod.

77, V, 219, 4-5

Total: 1

Gen. abs. (pres.) as prot. and pot. opt. (aor.) in apod.

4. II, 103, 13 56, II, 257, 10-11

Total: 2

Gen. abs. (aor.) as prot. and pot. opt. (aor.) in apod.

40, III, 411,28-413,1

Total: 1

Pres. part, as prot. and pot. ind. (aor.) in apod.

(Unreal).

15, II, 315, 10-12

*r49| 7 , J.H A i , J-'-''109| 7 , 97 58, II, 295, 16-17 162

63, II, 439, 83* 71, III, 79, 21-22 77, III, 209, 20-22 78, II, 231, 11-12 85, IV, 427, 11 Total: 14 Aor. part, as prot. and pot. ind. (aor.) in apod.

(Unreal).

29, I, 135, 11-12 47, II, 61, 28-30 Total: 2 Gen. abs. (pres.) as prot. and pot. ind. (aor.) in apod. (Unreal).

5, III, 139, 14-15

Total: 1 Pres. part, as prot. and pot. ind. (impf.) without av in apod. (Unreal).

29, III, 147,26-149,1 64, I, 459, 10-11 Total: 2 Gen. abs. (aor.) as prot. and pot. ind. (impf.) without av in apod. (Unreal).

11, II, 237, 13-15

Total: 1

34. This sentence is omitted by Savile 163 Indirect Questions

Finally, the particle et is sometimes used to in­ troduce an indirect question.35 if an indirect question follows a primary tense, its verb retains the mood and tense which it would have had in a direct question. If it follows a secondary tense, its verb may again retain the same mood and tense as the direct question, or it may be changed to the corresponding tense of optative.^

This use of "optativus obliquus" was growing less common in the post-classical era, so that in the New

Testament the construction is quite r a r e . 37 in the

Johannine Homilies, et introducing an indirect question is followed by optative only once.

Examples: 3, III, 75, 5 £pa)TT)0ets Y&p el paoi\ebs eiri... 78, I, 227, 8-9 o$6£ Y&p pdeaav et Suv^aovTai dvfipetwg IveYHefv. et with ind. as indirect question. 4, IV, 115, 12-14 5, III, 139, 9-11 (Rom. i, 10)

35* Schwyzer, pp. 630 and 6 87 ; K.G.II,2, pp. 533 ff.; G.M.T.. 665; G.G., 1607.

3 6 . Schwyzer, p. 63O; It.G.II,2, pp. 536-538; G.M.T.. 667; G.G., 1502.

37* Edwin Mayser, Grammatlk der griechischen Papyri aus der Ptolemaerzeit (Berlin und Leipzig: Walter de Gruyter and Co., 1926), zweiter Band, erste Halfte, pp. 293-294. Also Blass-Debrunner, 386. 164

11 I, 229,27,231,1 17 II, 359, 19-20 (Acts xix, 2) 23 III, 17, 19-20 35 II, 281, 5-6 37 I, 309, 13-14 40 III, 413, 17-18 (Deut. iv. 3 3 ) 42 II, 447, 18-19 5§ II, 291, 11-12 58 II, 295, 1 (John ix, 25) 58 II, 295, 4 (John ix, 25) 58 II, 295, 13-14 (John ix, 25) 58 III, 299, 27 (John ix, 25) 59 X, 315, 14 ?9 III, 327, 9-10 (Matt, xxii, 17) 61 375, 12 61 I, 379, 26-27 (Matt, xxii, 17) 61 IV, 395, 18-19 (I Cor. vii, 16) 64 II, 461, 1-2 (Gen. xviii, 21) 69 III, 49, 12-13 (I Cor. vii, 16) '8 I, 227, 8-9 I II, 355, 3-4 84 n , 389, 7 , 84 II, 389, 14-16 85 I, 403, 10-11 Total: 26 cl with ellipsis of verb as indirect question,

28, II, 121, 22-23 49, III, 115, 23-24

Total: 2 el with opt. as indirect question.

3, III, 75, 5 Total: 1 CHAPTER VII

CONCLUSION

Perhaps the most striking fact to be concluded from the preceding chapters is that there is such a small amount of difference between the grammar of Chrysostom and that of the Attic writers of the fifth and fourth centuries, B.C. Most of the constructions employed by Chrysostom are common in the classical period, and only a very few of them are without precedent among the earlier masters. A brief recapitulation of the matter of the pre­ ceding chapters should clarify somewhat the overall picture.

165 166

Real Conditions with indicative in protasis: Including Apodosis: Total Variants

indicative 315 (325) no verb 125 (127) imperative 77 ( 79) hortatory subjunctive 13 subordinate subjunctive 1 potential optative pres, 18 potential optative aor. 8 potential indicative impf. ( 1) potential indicative aorfj 24 pot. ind. impf. without av 3 infinitive participle no apodosis 6 ( 7) impe.rat. and ind. 1 pot. opt. pres, and ind. 1. Total 601 (617)

Real Conditions with no verb in protasis:

Apodosis:

indicative 101 (103) no verb imperative hortatory subjunctive 3 subordinate subjunctive 1 potential optative aor. 2 participle 6 no apodosis 1 imperat. and ind. 1

Total 166 (168)

Total of Real Conditions:

with verb in protasis 601 (617) no verb in protasis 166 (168)

Grand Total 76 7 (785) 167 Eventual Conditions with subjunctive in protasis: Including Apodosis: Total Variants

present indicative 214 (218) future indicative 217 (223) present and future ind. 6 ( 7) no verb 52 perfect indicative 13 ( 14) present and perfect ind. 1 aorist indicative 19 present and aorist ind. 2 future and aorist ind. ( 1 ) imperative 28 hortatory subjunctive 16 n subj. as emphatic fut. denial t subordinate subjunctive 5 potential optative pres. l potential optative aor. 4 potential indicative aor. 1 infinitive 19 participle 4 no apodosis *9... .. Total 638 (651)

Eventual Conditions with no verb in protasis:

Apodosis:

present indicative 3 future indicative 3 present and future ind. 1 no verb 4 perfect indicative 1 imperative 3 hortatory subjunctive 3 infinitive 1,, ,,

Total 19 ( 19)

Total of Eventual Conditions:

with verb in protasis 638 (651) no verb in protasis ..19...... Grand Total 657 (670 ) 168

Eventual Temporal sentences with subjunctive In protasis: Including Apodosis: Total Variants

present indicative 196 (197) future indicative 101 (102) no verb 48 ( 50) perfect indicative 6 present and perfect ind. 1 aorist indicative 4 imperative 26 hortatory subjunctive 6 pres. ind. & subj. as emph. fut. 1 subordinate subjunctive 20 aorist subj. with av 1 potential optative pres. 6 potential optative aor. 6 ( 7) pres. ind. & pot. opt. aor. 1 infinitive 12 participle 6 ( 7) no apodosis 13 ( 14). Total 454 (461)

Eventual Temporal sentences with no verb in protasis:

Apodosis:

present indicative 3 future indicative (_JJ .

Total 3 ( 4)

• Total of Eventual Temporal sentences •

with verb in protasis 454 (461) no verb in protasis 3 ( . 4)„

Grand Total 457 (465) 169 Eventual Relative with subjunctive in protasis: Including Apodosis: Total Variants

present indicative ( 39) future indicative 3226 no verb 8 perfect indicative 5 present and perfect ind, 1 aorist indicative 3 imperative 1 hortatory subjunctive 1 subordinate subjunctive infinitive participle

Total 97 ( 98)

Eventual Relative with no verb in protasis: present indicative in apod. 1

Total 1 ( 1)

Total of Eventual Relative:

with verb in protasis 97 ( 98) no verb in protasis 1

Grand Total 98 ( 99)

All Eventual:

Conditional 657 (670) Temporal 457 (465) Relative______2§______( 99)

GRAND TOTAL 1212 (1234) 170

Potential Conditions: Including Apodosis: Variants

potential optative aor. 11 ( 12) future indicative 46 present indicative 28 ( 31) no verb 12 ( 15) perfect indicative 2 imperative 5 hortatory subjunctive 3 deliberative subjunctive 2 subordinate subjunctive 3 infinitive 9 participle 2 no apodosis 3 past indicative 4 potential indicative aor. 1

Total 131 (138)

Unreal Conditions:

Apodosis:

imperfect indicative 23 aorist indicative 181 (185) imperfect and aorist ind. 6 pluperfect indicative 6 perfect indicative 1 ( 2) aorist and perfect ind. 1 potential optative pres, 3 participle M 0n impf. ind. without„ay 71 ( 72) aor. ind. without aj> 2 plpf. ind. without av 3 primary indicative 9 subordinate subjunctive 1 infinitive (without av) 1 no verb 8 no apodosis 4

Total 323 (329) 171 Including Potential Optative Present: Total Variants

no protasis M 56 no protasis, no av 2 real protasis 19 eventual protasis 7 unreal protasis 3 participle as protasism 12 part, as protasis, no av 2 potential opt. in prot. 1 ______

Total 102 (102)

Potential Optative Aorist:

no protasis w 126 (128) no protasis, no av 2 ( 3) real protasis 10 eventual protasis 11 ( 12) potential protasis 11 ( 12) participle as protasis 20 potential opt. in prot. 6 ( 7) . .

Total 186 (192)

Total Potential Optative:

present 102 aorist 186 (192)

288 (294) minus* 8 ... -L._8.1- Grand Total 280 (286)

1. Eight pot. optatives in these totals have been counted twice since they have occurred as apodoses shared by two conditions. 172 Including Potential Indicative Imperfects Total Variants no protasis M 8 no protasis, no av 9 real protasis H ( 1) real protasis, no av 3 unreal protasis M 29 unreal prot,. no avM 71 ( 72) part, as prot., no av 3

Total 123 (125)

Potential Indicative Aorists

no protasis 75 ( 76) real protasis 24 eventual protasis 1 potential protasis 1 unreal protasis 188 (192) unreal prot., no av 2 £dv with impf. ind. in prot. 1 part, as protasis 17

Total 309 (314)

Potential Indicative Perfect:

no protasis 1 unreal protasis 2 ( 3)

Total 3 ( 4)

Potential Indicative Pluperfects

unreal protasis H 6 unreal prot., no av 3

Total 9 ( 9) Including Total Potential Indicative: Totpl Variants

imperfect 123 (125) aorist 309 (314) perfect 3 ( 4) pluperfect

444 (452) minus^ 17 ( 17)

Grand Total 427 (435)

Participle as protasis:

Apodosis:

indicative 61 no verb 12 infinitive 3 subordinate subjunctive 1 imperative 1 potential optative pres.M 12 pot. opt. pres, without av 2 potential optative aor. 20 potential indicative aor1# 17 pot. ind. impf. without av 3

Total 132

Subjunctive in protasis without av:

conditional 5 ( 6) temporal ( 1) relative 2 ( . .3).__ Total 7 ( 1 0 )

2. Seventeen pot. indicatives have been included twice in these totals since they have occurred as apodoses shared by two conditions. Including Indicative in protasis with av: .Tp.tfil Variants.

conditional 3 ( 4) temporal 4 ( 7) relative

Total 9 C 13)

Optative in protasis with av-compound •

conditional 3 temporal

Total 5

Potential Optative in protasis:

present 1 aorist 6 - .

Total 7 ( 8)

Similes introduced with compound of et:

with indicative 30 ( 32) with no verb 13 ( 14) with optative 1

Total 44 ( 47)

• Indirect Questions introduced with el •

with indicative 26 with no verb 2 with optative 1

Total 29 175 A study of the foregoing tables will suggest that

the changes which we might expect to have evolved during

the course of eight centuries are hardly noticeable in

the language of Chrysostom. Perhaps the best example

of this is the status of the optative mood.^

Already in classical times, the optative had lost

its Homeric use as an expression of unreality and past

potentiality. By the second century before Christ, po­

tential and oblique optatives were rare, and by the age

of the emperors they had all but disappeared. But the common optative uses occur in the Johannine Homilies, with the exception of optative in past general conditions. ■r And we have already seen that this does occur elsewhere in Chrysostom.^ The 280 potential optatives and 131 optatives in protasis in the eighty-eight homilies do not seem to reflect the contemporary demise of the op­ tative. Rather they would suggest the strong influence which the classical Attic writings had on John Chrysostom.

We might also see here the influence exercised on John by his famous teacher, Libanius, who was one of the leading figures of the Second Sophistic.

3. Schwyzer, pp. 337-338 (with bibliography); Jan- naris, 1984-1985, 1924, 1934 » Appendix V, 6-15; J.H. Moulton, Einleitung in die Snrache des neuen Testaments (Heidelberg: Carl Winter, 191lT, PP« 307

4. See above, p. 114. 176

One other point may be noted before leaving the

subject of the optative. Chrysostom apparently did not

feel the strong relationship which must have existed in

earlier times between a potential protasis and potential

optative. Of 131 potential conditions only eleven have

potential optative in apodosis. In classical Greek,

potential optative occurs in apodosis regularly, according

to Schwyzer, and Goodwin actually holds that any other

verb form in apodosis would give a mixed condition.-*

A few constructions typical of late Greek do appear,

like £dv with indicative or optative, perfect with aorist

sense, and the occasional absence of av with potential

indicative, but these instances are rare and often textu-

ally doubtful. And one must keep in mind that this study

has been made with a text which is not critically sound.

On the whole, then, the Johannine Homilies offer

little syntax that is anomalous to Attic Greek. However, a study of the grand totals compared to Attic usage may at least suggest a few trends. A statistical analysis by E.B. Clapp^ of the different types of conditions in

5. Schwyzer, p. 685; G.M.T.. 499*

6. E.B. Clapp, "Conditional Sentences in the Greek Tragedians," TAPA. XXII (1891), 81 -8 9 . A similar study of a prose writer like Demosthenes or Lysias would have been more satisfactory, but as far as I can ascertain, no such study is available. 177 Greek Tragedy has proved most useful for comparison.

The following information on tragedy is taken from Clapp*s

article.

Aeschvlus Sophocles Euripides 7 Total Chrvsostom

Real 95 293 427 815 767 Event.Cond, 12 62 218 292 657 Event. Rel. & Temp, 46 133 222 401 555 Pot. 31 54 83 168 131 Unreal 11 46 94 151 323 Part. 44 75 128 247 132

Total 239 663 1172 2074 2565

These figures, as they stand, are not very helpful,

since they include twenty plays of Euripides and only

seven of Aeschylus and Euripides. But, by dividing the

number of each of the types of condition by the total

number of conditions we should arrive at the relative

frequency of the various types, and a sound basis for

comparison.

Aeschvlus Sophocles Euripides Total Chrysostom

Real .395 .44 •364 .39 .299 Event.Cond. .05 .09 .186 .14 .2^6 Event. Rel. & Temp. .19 .20 .189 .19 .216 Pot. .13 .08 .07 .08 .051 Unreal .046 .07 .08 .07 .126 Part. .184 .11 .11 .12 .051

7. Clapp does not include the Rhesus among the plays of Euripides, but lists it separately. In these listings, I have left out those totals given for the Sbsaaa- 178

The most significant difference between Chrysostom

and classical Attic as it appears in tragedy is the 11#

increase in conditions containing £dv with subjunctive

and the corresponding drop of nearly 10# in the use of

real conditions. This is not surprising since we have already seen that l&v was slowly pushing et into the Q background.

A bit less obvious is the gradual change in the incidence of the potential condition. The decline of these conditions from 13# in Aeschylus to % in Chrys­ ostom may well reflect the decline of the optative mood.^

This comparison does serve to support the facts which are already accepted: viz.. that £dv was replacing eC and that the optative mood was dying out. But the evidence is so tenuous that even a careful reader of

Chrysostom can hardly discern any trend away from Attic usage. Only by reducing the language of Chrysostom to statistical charts and tables can any changes be noted.

In conclusion, by collecting and classifying the conditional expressions in Saint John Chrysostom's

Johannine Homilies, we have seen that, in this area at least, the grammar of the famous bishop differs little

8. See above, p. 150; Also Schwyzer, p. 685; Jannaris, 1987.

9. See above, p. 175. from that of the great masters of eight centuries earlier. It seems certain that, as his homilies continuously in­ volved the use of careful argumentation and the exact distinctions which are so necessary for Scriptural exegesis, Chrysostom found the precise grammar of the Attic a most useful tool. And perhaps it was this pre­ cision too, and not only his mastery of rhetorical de­ vices, his magnetic personality, and his compelling sincerity, which won for him the applause of his audi­ ences and the lasting reputation as the greatest orator of the Eastern Church, And in a purely philological sense, we can see that it was men like Chrysostom who were greatly responsible for reviving the pure Attic and for refusing to allow the language of the masters to degenerate before it had seen at least one more period of excellent literary endeavor. BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Whitelaw, R. "On the Constructions of ou p-i," Classical Review. X (1896), 239-244. AUTOBIOGRAPHY

I, Robert Joseph Murray, was born in Cleveland,

Ohio, July 14, 1932, I received my secondary school education at Saint Ignatius High School, Cleveland, and my undergraduate training at Xavier University, Cincinnati, which granted me the Bachelor of Arts degree in 1954-• After two years of military service, I returned to Xavier and received my Master of Arts degree in 1957* While doing graduate work at Xavier, I had a teaching assistantship. In September, 1957» I became a graduate teaching assistant in the Department of Classical Languages at the Ohio State University. I have held this position for three years while completing the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy.

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