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Ketertarikan Anaxipha Longipennis Serville (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) Terhadap Beberapa Jenis Gulma Di Sawah Sebagai Tempat Bertelur

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Ketertarikan Anaxipha Longipennis Serville (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) Terhadap Beberapa Jenis Gulma Di Sawah Sebagai Tempat Bertelur J. Entomol. Indon., April 2011, Vol. 8, No. 1, 27-35 Perhimpunan Entomologi Indonesia Ketertarikan Anaxipha longipennis Serville (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) terhadap Beberapa Jenis Gulma di Sawah sebagai Tempat Bertelur SRI KARINDAH*, ARDIYANTI PURWANINGSIH, ANIS AGUSTIN DAN LUDJI PANTJA ASTUTI Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Brawijaya Jalan Veteran, Malang 65145 (diterima Desember 2010, diterima Februari 2011) ABSTRAK Ketertarikan Anaxipha longipennis Serville (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) terhadap Beberapa Jenis Gulma di Sawah sebagai Tempat Bertelur. Jengkerik Anaxipha longipennis Serville (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) adalah salah satu predator generalis di habitat sawah yang menyukai telur pelipat daun padi dan serangga-serangga kecil lain seperti wereng-wereng padi. Jengkerik betina menyisipkan telurnya pada batang atau pelepah daun padi dan gulma-gulma di habitat sawah. Tempat bertelur yang disukai akan menjamin keberlanjutan keberadaan jengkerik di habitat sawah. Pada penelitian ini telah dicoba untuk mengetahui jenis gulma yang dipilih sebagai tempat bertelur selain pada tanaman padi. Tujuh belas species gulma dan padi telah dipaparkan pada 5 pasang jengkerik sebagai tempat bertelur pada suatu percobaan memilih secara bebas. Sembilan spesies gulma telah dipilih sebagai tempat bertelur oleh A. longipennis selain padi. Telur diletakkan paling banyak pada padi dan berturut-turut diikuti pada Monochoria vaginalis, Cyperus rotundus, C. iria, Echinochloa colonum, E. crusgalli, Eleusine indica, Fimbristylis miliacea, Imperata cylindrica, dan Limnocharis flava. Sedangkan Alternanthera sessilis, Ludwigia adscen- dens, Commelina diffusa, Leersia hexandra, Leptochloa chinensis, P. repens, Ageratum conyzoides dan Sonchus arvensis tidak dipilih oleh A. longipennis sebagai tempat bertelur. KATA KUNCI: Anaxipha longipennis, tempat bertelur, padi, gulma ABSTRACT The Oviposition Preference of Anaxipha longipennis Serville (Orthop- tera: Gryllidae) on Several Weeds in Rice Field. Anaxipha longipennis Serville (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) is one of the generalist predator in rice ha- bitat that has a potential as a biological control agents of rice leaf folder eggs and small insects such as rice hoppers. Females insert their eggs in plant tissue. The female’s oviposition site is important for the subsequent distribution of the cricket. Oviposition preference on 17 weeds species from rice habitat were tested in a free choice experiment in the laboratory. There was strong evidence to conclude that the cricket preferred certain plant for laying eggs. In free choice experiment nine species of weeds were preferred by A. longipennis for laying their eggs instead of rice. The preferred species were ranked as follows: rice, Monochoria vaginalis, Cyperus rotundus, C. iria, Echinochloa colonum, E. crusgalli, Eleusine indica, Fimbristylis *Korespondensi: Telp.: +62-341-575843, Faks: +62-341-569237, E-mail: [email protected] 27 Sri Karindah et al.,: Ketertarikan Anaxipha longipennis Serville miliacea, Imperata cylindrica, and Limnocharis flava. Whereas Ageratum conyzoides, Alternanthera sessilis, Commelina diffusa, Leersia hexandra, Leptochloa chinensis, Ludwigia adscendens, Panicum repens, and Sonchus arvensis were not preferred in free-choice test. KEY WORDS: Anaxipha longipennis, oviposition sites, rice, weed drastis seperti waktu panen dan bera. PENDAHULUAN Habitat itu juga merupakan habitat bagi mangsa atau inang alternatif Predator generalis telah mendapat- musuh alami serta menyediakan pakan kan perhatian lebih pada saat ini se- tambahan seperti nektar dan tepung bagai agens hayati (Symondson et al. sari (Sosromarsono & Untung 2000). 2002). Berdasarkan mangsanya preda- Gulma atau rumput-rumputan memi- tor dibagi menjadi dua, yaitu predator liki polen yang dapat dimanfaatkan spesifik dan predator generalis (Settle untuk pelestarian parasitoid dan pre- & Ariawan 1997). Nilai lebih predator dator sebagai sumber pakan, tempat generalis dibandingkan dengan preda- berlindung dan berkembang biak se- tor spesifik antara lain mampu ber- belum inang atau mangsa utama ada di adaptasi dengan mudah dan dapat pertanaman (Laba & Kartohardjono berkembang meskipun mangsa utama 1998). tidak tersedia, sehingga mampu ber- Anaxipha longipennis Serville kembang lebih awal daripada mangsa- adalah salah satu predator generalis nya. Adaptasi ini dilakukan dengan yang dapat ditemukan pada ekosistem memangsa serangga pengurai dan se- pertanaman padi. Pada habitat tersebut rangga pemakan plankton yang ada di jengkerik ini merupakan predator yang sekitarnya. Untuk mencegah berku- efektif untuk telur lepidoptera dan rangnya potensi dan populasi predator nimfa wereng padi (Heong 2002). generalis yang ada, perlu dilakukan Anaxipha sp. dan Mettioche vittatico- pelestarian atau konservasi terhadap llis (Stal) dikenal sebagai predator predator tersebut. telur dari Mythimna separata, peng- Pelestarian predator generalis da- gerek batang Chilo suppresalis (Rubia pat dilakukan dengan mengembang & Shepard 1987); Chilo polychrysus, biakkan predator secara alami dan Spodoptera litura, Hydrelia sasaki meningkatkan peranan predator terse- (Shepard et al. 1994), telur pelipat but dengan memanfaatkan faktor biotik daun Cnaphalocrosis medinalis (de dan abiotik di sekitar tanaman. Habitat Kraker 1996) dan predator nimfa di sekitar lahan pertanian merupakan wereng padi (Rubia & Shepard 1987; tempat pengungsian bagi banyak se- Shepard et al. 1994). Hasil penelitian rangga predator dan parasitoid, jika IRRI (Heong 2002) menunjukkan bah- kondisi di lahan pertanaman berubah 28 J. Entomol. Indon., April 2011, Vol. 8, No. 1, 27-35 wa habitat yang didominasi gulma padi dan gulma yang berada di pema- Paspalum conjugatum banyak ditemu- tang. Beberapa gulma ini digunakan kan jengkerik A. longipennis dan M. sebagai inang alternatif yang me- vittaticollis yang hidup bersama-sama. nyediakan mangsa alternatif dan tem- Jengkerik ini tergolong pada subfamili pat berlindung apabila tanaman utama Trigonidiinae, famili Gryllidae dan tidak tersedia. Pengelolaan gulma ordo Orthoptera (CSIRO 1970). perlu dilakukan, sehingga populasi A. De Kraker (1996) menjelaskan longipennis dapat dipertahankan di bahwa selama di pertanaman padi, A. areal persawahan. Pemilihan beberapa longipennis dan M. vittaticolis aktif gulma di pematang sawah yang tepat memangsa telur hama penggulung da- sebagai inang alternatif dari A. long- un Cnaphalocrosis medinalis lebih dari ipennis diharapkan mempermudah pe- 90%. Heong (1991 dalam De Kraker ngembangbiakannya di lapangan. Un- 1996) menambahkan bahwa kemam- tuk itu perlu diketahui ketertarikan A. puan predasi jengkerik A. longipennis longipennis pada beberapa jenis gulma dan M. vittaticolis, berperan utama berdaun sempit dan gulma berdaun dalam menurunkan telur Cnaphalo- lebar yang ada di pertanaman padi atau crosis dan Marasmia patnalis. Kedua di pematang sebagai tempat bertelur predator generalis ini mempunyai ke- atau oviposisi. mampuan predasi yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan Micraspis sp., BAHAN DAN METODE Ophionea sp., dan Paederus sp. ter- Ketertarikan A. longipennis pada hadap nimfa wereng coklat (Karindah beberapa gulma sebagai tempat ber- 2006). telur secara bebas telah dilakukan di Predator A. longipennis memiliki Laboratorium Hama Jurusan Hama dan potensi yang baik sebagai pemangsa Penyakit Tumbuhan, Fakultas Per- telur penggerek batang padi dan nimfa tanian, Universitas Brawijaya Malang wereng coklat (De Kraker 1996) sejak Juni 2006 sampai dengan Januari sehingga perlu dilakukan upaya pe- 2007. lestarian dengan mengembangkan dan A. longipennis sebagai bahan uji mempertahankan habitatnya di lapang- ditangkap dari lahan pesemaian padi an. Upaya tersebut diantaranya dapat berumur 3 minggu di daerah Pakisaji, dilakukan dengan mengetahui jenis Malang pada stadia nimfa dengan tumbuhan inang yang dapat berperan menggunakan jaring serangga (sweep- sebagai tempat peletakan telur (ovi- net). Nimfa dipelihara hingga men- posisi) bagi A. longipennis. capai stadium imago dalam kurungan Pada areal persawahan, A. long- yang berukuran 30 cm x 30 cm x 40 ipennis sering dijumpai pada tanaman cm dan diberi pakan nimfa wereng 29 Sri Karindah et al.,: Ketertarikan Anaxipha longipennis Serville coklat (pada semaian padi), kuning cm dengan menggunakan media tanam telur, dan wortel serut. Sebagai berupa campuran tanah dan kompos serangga uji digunakan imago A. long- dengan perbandingan 2 : 1. Padi yang ipennis yang berumur 10 hari dan digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah memiliki alat tubuh yang lengkap, varietas IR 64. Padi ini digunakan yaitu antenna, tungkai dan ovipositor sebagai pembanding pada uji keter- tidak memiliki kecacatan. A. longipen- tarikan A. longipennis terhadap bebe- nis dipelihara di laboratorium pada rapa gulma sebagai tempat oviposisi. suhu 26°C-28°C. Gulma dan tanaman padi dipelihara di Beberapa jenis gulma, yaitu Agera- rumah kasa sampai siap dipergunakan tum conyzoides (bandotan), Alternan- dalam penelitian. thera sessilis, Commelina diffusa Pengujian ketertarikan A. longipen- (brambangan), Cyperus iria (rumput nis terhadap beberapa jenis gulma dan mendong), C. rotundus (teki), Echi- tanaman padi sebagai tempat bertelur nochloa colonum (rumput kusa-kusa), ini dilakukan dengan memasukkan 17 E. crussgalli (jawan), Eleusine indica jenis gulma dan tanaman padi pada (rumput belulang), Fimbristylis mili- polibag dalam kurungan plastik ber- acea (tumbaran), Imperata cylindrica ukuran 80 cm x 80 cm x 60 cm dan (alang-alang), Leersia hexandra (ben- meletakkannya secara melingkar. Gul-
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