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Roads and the Environment a Handbook WORLD BANK TECHNICAL PAPER NO. 376 Roads and the Environment A Handbook Edited by Koji Tsunokawa ChristopherHoban The World Bank Washington,D.C. Copyright © 1997 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/THE WORLD BANK 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A. All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America First printing November 1997 Technical Papers are published to communicate the results of the Bank's work to the development community with the least possible delay. The typescript of this paper therefore has not been prepared in accordance with the procedures appropriate to formal printed texts, and the World Bank accepts no responsibility for errors. Some sources cited in this paper may be informal documents that are not readily available. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the author(s) and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, to its affiliated organizations, or to members of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility whatsoever for any consequence of their use. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this volume do not imply on the part of the World Bank Group any judgment on the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The material in this publication is copyrighted. Requests for permission to reproduce portions of it should be sent to the Office of the Publisher at the address shown in the copyright notice above. The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally give permission promptly and, when the reproduction is for noncommercial purposes, without asking a fee. Permission to copy portions for classroom use is granted through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., Suite 910, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, Massachusetts 01923, U.S.A. The complete backlist of publications from the World Bank is shown in the annual Index of Publications,which con- tains an alphabetical title list with full ordering information. The latest edition is available free of charge from the Dis- tribution Unit, Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street, N.W.,Washington, D.C. 20433,U.S.A., or from Publications, The World Bank, 66, avenue d'Iena, 75116Paris, France. ISSN:0253-7494 Koji Tsunokawa is senior transport specialist in the Infrastructure Development Group in the World Bank's Middle East and Nort Africa Regional Office.Christopher Hoban is a senior highway engineer in the World Bank's South Asia Infrastructure Sector Unit. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Roads and the environment: a handbook /edited by Christopher Hoban and Koji Tsunokawa. p. cm. - (World Bank technical paper; no. 376) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8213-4031-X 1. Roads-Environmental aspects. 2. Environmental impact analysis. I. Hoban, Christopher J., 1952- . II. Tsunokawa, Koji,1947- .111.Series. TD195.R63R63 1997 333.77-DC21 97-28971 CIP Tableof Contents Listof Boxes,Figures and Tables ............................................................ x Foreword .....................................xm Acknowledgements........................................................... xiv Abstract ........................................................... xv Executivesummay.xv PARTI - THEENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT PROCESS Chapter1 Assessingthe environmental impact of roadprojects 1.1 Theenvironment and its ecosystems............................................................... 4 1.2 Roads,the environment,and the needfor environmentalassessment .................................. 4 1.3 New,existing, rural, and urbanproject settings ..............................................................5 1.3.1 New versus existing project types...................................................................... 5 1.3.2 Rural versus urban project typen............................................. .........................5 1.3.3 The "mixed" rural-urban project...................................................................... 6 1.4 Theenvironmental assessment (EA) ................................................................ 6 1.A.1 EA and road project development ...................................................................... 7 1.4.2 Types of EA ..................................................................... 8 1.5 Environmentalassessment at the projectlevel ............................................................ .. 8 1.5.1 The project-specificEA ...................................................................... 8 1.5.2 The programmatic or class EA...................................................................... 8 1.5.3 Summary or initial environmental evaluation (SEE/IEE) ................... .....................9 1.5.4 The regional EA (REA)...................................................................... 9 1.6 Environmentalassessment at the strategiclevel ........................................... 10 1.6.1 The sectoral EA (SEA)..................................................................... 10 1.7 EAduration and budget............................................................... 11 1.8 Referencesand bibliography.............................................................. 12 Chapter2 Environmentalassessment management and institutional issues 2.1 EAand institutionaldevelopment .............................................................. 14 2.2 Functionsto be performedand the needfor environmentalskills . 14 2.2.1 Developing the policy and legal directives............................................................... 14 2.2.2 Conducting the EA studies ..................................................................... 15 2.2.3 Implementing the environmental management plan (EMP).................................. 16 2.2.4 Managing the EA process ..................................................................... 17 2.3 Providingthe requisiteenvironmental training .............................................................. 18 2.4 Establishingthe institutionalstructures .............................................................. 19 2.5 Referencesand bibliography.............................................................. 22 Chapter3 An overviewof environmentalassessment planning and EA reporting 3.1 Earlyplanning of EA.............................................................. 24 3.2 Screeningand scoping............................................................... 24 3.2.1 Description of the need for a project..................................................................... 25 3.2.2 Description of the proposed project and alternatives ..............................................25 iii 3.2.3 Identification of valued ecosystem components (VECs) ........................................25 3.2.4 Evaluation of potential impacts for alternative solutions .......................................26 3.2.5 Early consultation ......................................... 26 3.2.6 Selection of preferred project (solution) and identification of EA type to be applied ........................................ 26 3.3 Preparationof theproject terms of reference .. 27 3.4 Space,time and consultation .. 27 3.4.1 Space.27 3.4.2 Time requirements for the environmental study .27 3.4.3 Consultation .29 3.5 Theenvironmental impact statement (EIS) .. 29 3.5.1 Executive summary ........................... 30 3.5.2 The environmental assessment team .......................... 30 3.5.3 Introduction and background .......................... 30 3.5.4 Approach and methodology .......................... 30 3.5.5 Existing conditions .......................... 30 3.5.6 Analysis of alternatives .......................... 30 3.5.7 The preferred design .......................... 31 3.5.8 The environmental management plan.......................... 31 3.5.9 Consultation ....... 31 3.5.10 References.31 3.5.11 Appendices.31 3.6 Presentinginformation with mapsIn the EA report . .31 3.7 Referencesand bibliography .. 32 Chapter4 Keysteps involved in undertakingan environmental assessment 4.1 Sevenkey steps .34 4.2 Descriptionof baselineconditions .. 34 4.2.1 Collecting and analyzing existing basic documents .............................................35 4.2.2 Assembling information from different sources ............................................. 35 4.2.3 Consultation with local residents and professionals .............................................35 4.2.4 The sampling design ............................................. 35 4.2.5 The field investigations............................................. 35 4.2.6 Tracking project-induced versus natural environrment changes................. .......... 36 4.3 Analysisof potentialenvironmental impacts .. 36 4.3.1 Determniningsignificance .36 4.3.2 Impact characteristics.36 4.3.3 Impact types .37 4.4 Consideraon of altematives........................... 37 4.4.1 Alternative designs .37 4.4.2 Analysis of alternatives .37 4.5 Planningremedial measures .. 38 4.5.1 Avoidance.38 4.5.2 Mitigation.38 4.5.3 Including consultation in mitigation planning .......................................... 40 4.5.4 Compensation .......................................... 41 4.6 Monitoringand evaluation ........................................................ 41 4.6.1 Compliance monitoring .........................................
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