WORLD BANK TECHNICAL PAPER NO. 376 Roads and the Environment A Handbook Edited by Koji Tsunokawa ChristopherHoban The World Bank Washington,D.C. Copyright © 1997 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/THE WORLD BANK 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A. All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America First printing November 1997 Technical Papers are published to communicate the results of the Bank's work to the development community with the least possible delay. The typescript of this paper therefore has not been prepared in accordance with the procedures appropriate to formal printed texts, and the World Bank accepts no responsibility for errors. Some sources cited in this paper may be informal documents that are not readily available. 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ISSN:0253-7494 Koji Tsunokawa is senior transport specialist in the Infrastructure Development Group in the World Bank's Middle East and Nort Africa Regional Office.Christopher Hoban is a senior highway engineer in the World Bank's South Asia Infrastructure Sector Unit. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Roads and the environment: a handbook /edited by Christopher Hoban and Koji Tsunokawa. p. cm. - (World Bank technical paper; no. 376) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8213-4031-X 1. Roads-Environmental aspects. 2. Environmental impact analysis. I. Hoban, Christopher J., 1952- . II. Tsunokawa, Koji,1947- .111.Series. TD195.R63R63 1997 333.77-DC21 97-28971 CIP Tableof Contents Listof Boxes,Figures and Tables ............................................................ x Foreword .....................................xm Acknowledgements........................................................... xiv Abstract ........................................................... xv Executivesummay.xv PARTI - THEENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT PROCESS Chapter1 Assessingthe environmental impact of roadprojects 1.1 Theenvironment and its ecosystems............................................................... 4 1.2 Roads,the environment,and the needfor environmentalassessment .................................. 4 1.3 New,existing, rural, and urbanproject settings ..............................................................5 1.3.1 New versus existing project types...................................................................... 5 1.3.2 Rural versus urban project typen............................................. .........................5 1.3.3 The "mixed" rural-urban project...................................................................... 6 1.4 Theenvironmental assessment (EA) ................................................................ 6 1.A.1 EA and road project development ...................................................................... 7 1.4.2 Types of EA ..................................................................... 8 1.5 Environmentalassessment at the projectlevel ............................................................ .. 8 1.5.1 The project-specificEA ...................................................................... 8 1.5.2 The programmatic or class EA...................................................................... 8 1.5.3 Summary or initial environmental evaluation (SEE/IEE) ................... .....................9 1.5.4 The regional EA (REA)...................................................................... 9 1.6 Environmentalassessment at the strategiclevel ........................................... 10 1.6.1 The sectoral EA (SEA)..................................................................... 10 1.7 EAduration and budget............................................................... 11 1.8 Referencesand bibliography.............................................................. 12 Chapter2 Environmentalassessment management and institutional issues 2.1 EAand institutionaldevelopment .............................................................. 14 2.2 Functionsto be performedand the needfor environmentalskills . 14 2.2.1 Developing the policy and legal directives............................................................... 14 2.2.2 Conducting the EA studies ..................................................................... 15 2.2.3 Implementing the environmental management plan (EMP).................................. 16 2.2.4 Managing the EA process ..................................................................... 17 2.3 Providingthe requisiteenvironmental training .............................................................. 18 2.4 Establishingthe institutionalstructures .............................................................. 19 2.5 Referencesand bibliography.............................................................. 22 Chapter3 An overviewof environmentalassessment planning and EA reporting 3.1 Earlyplanning of EA.............................................................. 24 3.2 Screeningand scoping............................................................... 24 3.2.1 Description of the need for a project..................................................................... 25 3.2.2 Description of the proposed project and alternatives ..............................................25 iii 3.2.3 Identification of valued ecosystem components (VECs) ........................................25 3.2.4 Evaluation of potential impacts for alternative solutions .......................................26 3.2.5 Early consultation ......................................... 26 3.2.6 Selection of preferred project (solution) and identification of EA type to be applied ........................................ 26 3.3 Preparationof theproject terms of reference .. 27 3.4 Space,time and consultation .. 27 3.4.1 Space.27 3.4.2 Time requirements for the environmental study .27 3.4.3 Consultation .29 3.5 Theenvironmental impact statement (EIS) .. 29 3.5.1 Executive summary ........................... 30 3.5.2 The environmental assessment team .......................... 30 3.5.3 Introduction and background .......................... 30 3.5.4 Approach and methodology .......................... 30 3.5.5 Existing conditions .......................... 30 3.5.6 Analysis of alternatives .......................... 30 3.5.7 The preferred design .......................... 31 3.5.8 The environmental management plan.......................... 31 3.5.9 Consultation ....... 31 3.5.10 References.31 3.5.11 Appendices.31 3.6 Presentinginformation with mapsIn the EA report . .31 3.7 Referencesand bibliography .. 32 Chapter4 Keysteps involved in undertakingan environmental assessment 4.1 Sevenkey steps .34 4.2 Descriptionof baselineconditions .. 34 4.2.1 Collecting and analyzing existing basic documents .............................................35 4.2.2 Assembling information from different sources ............................................. 35 4.2.3 Consultation with local residents and professionals .............................................35 4.2.4 The sampling design ............................................. 35 4.2.5 The field investigations............................................. 35 4.2.6 Tracking project-induced versus natural environrment changes................. .......... 36 4.3 Analysisof potentialenvironmental impacts .. 36 4.3.1 Determniningsignificance .36 4.3.2 Impact characteristics.36 4.3.3 Impact types .37 4.4 Consideraon of altematives........................... 37 4.4.1 Alternative designs .37 4.4.2 Analysis of alternatives .37 4.5 Planningremedial measures .. 38 4.5.1 Avoidance.38 4.5.2 Mitigation.38 4.5.3 Including consultation in mitigation planning .......................................... 40 4.5.4 Compensation .......................................... 41 4.6 Monitoringand evaluation ........................................................ 41 4.6.1 Compliance monitoring .........................................