DOCSLIB.ORG

PDF Scan to USB Stick

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Carl H. Chrislock. ETHNICITY CHALLENGED: THE UPPER MIDWEST NORWEGIAN-AMERICAN EXPERIENCE IN WORLD WAR I. Northfield, Minnesota: The Norwegian-American Historical Association, 1981. 167 pages. This little volume, modestly designated a topical study, is a worthy historical monograph giving evidence of patient research and wise interpretation. The author, a professor of history at Augsburg College, has previously published The Progressive Era in Minnesota, 1899-1918 (1971). In the present work he states as his purpose "to interpret the clash between ethnic preservationism and anti-hyphenism within the Norwegian-American community in the Upper Midwest between 1915 and 1922." Chrislock is familiar with the sources and has made excellent use of the immigrant newspapers and other materials. There are over twenty pages of end notes and a useful index, not to mention a number of photographs of spokesmen for Norwegiandom in America. The war of 1914-1918 caught the peoples, if not the governments, of Europe and America unprepared. No major struggle had occurred in western Europe since the Franco-German War of 1870-1871. Pre-war crises had somehow been overcome. Few envisioned the day when nationalism, militarism, economic imperialism, and a great-power alliance system would lead to an international conflagration of unprecedented magnitude. While the Scandinavian states succeeded in remaining neutral, their fate was of deep concern to their emigrated countrymen in America. But the main attention of Norwegian-Americans was directed toward the implications of the European war for the United States. There is much in this book that suggests a common Scandinavian experience and position. As neutral states, the Scandinavian countries were known to be trading, as in peace time, with Germany. They were therefore suspected of compromising the cause of the Allies. The historic cultural ties of the European North with Germany and the common religious bond in the faith of Martin Luther did nothing to alleviate that suspicion. It soon became evident also that the harassment of German-Americans did not meet with much approval from the Scandinavian elements of the Midwest. From the immigrant newspapers as a whole, whether secular or religious, no strong anti-German feeling was expressed until after American intervention in 1917. From that point on, government censorship and controls, applied indiscriminately to all foreign-language journals, seemed hardly necessary in the case of most Norwegian publications. Germany's announcement of unrestricted submarine warfare in 1915, affecting neutrals as well as belligerents, heightened suspicions of the Hohenzollern empire among Americans of Scandinavian descent. Yet some "Norwegians" in Congress, though not Senator Knute Nelson of Minnesota, were labelled as Kaiserists. It is true that the Norwegian-American representatives in Washington were less than enthusiastic about the war resolution, which passed easily in both houses. Only four of the ten Norwegians supported it. Others were identified with the Non-Partisan League, strong in previously isolationist North Dakota, or with the pacifist movement of Robert M. La Follette of Wisconsin. In the loyalty crusade Senator Nelson found a welcome associate in Nicolay Grevstad, once editor of Chicago's Skandinaven and United States minister to Paraguay and Uruguay in the Taft administration. President Wilson named Grevstad to head a Commission of Public Safety, to oversee the Scandinavian-American press in the Upper Midwest. In his mind Grevstad 222 formulated a list of loyal and doubtful weeklies and personally contributed pro-Allied articles to them. Not all were published. Both Nelson and Grevstad were pleased when a Swedish American, Congressman Irvine Lenroot of Wisconsin, a former supporter of La Follette, won a special election for a Senate seat in 1918. Lenroot had parted with La Follette on the issue of intervention. But, says Chrislock, he owed his election not to the Norwegian-American voters, with whom La Follette had always ranked high. Political changes worked in favor of Scandinavian progressives rather than regular Republicans. In 1922, Minnesota voters elected Henrik Shipstead, a Farmer-Labor candidate, to the United States Senate. The following year, after Knute Nelson's death, the Swedish-American Magnus Johnson was elected to fill Nelson's vacant seat. Johnson, too, ran as a Farmer-Labor candidate. In his "aftermath," the concluding chapter, the author assesses the consequences of the war upon a challenged ethnic group. The earlier wartime ban on the use of foreign languages eased considerably, yet the Norwegian tongue declined in church services, in social organizations, and in ordinary conversation. How soon this change might have come about without the war it is difficult to ascertain. An attractive insurance program may have saved the Sons of Norway lodges, but it could not stay the inevitable trend toward English. The leading newspapers deferred more and more to the English, and eventually they printed their last issues—Minneapolis Tidende in 1935, Skandinaven in 1940, Eau Claire's Reform in 1941, and Iowa's Decorah-Posten, a mere shell of its former self, in 1972. Wistfully, the book concludes with the observation that the demise of the Norwegian language in post-war America stands in contrast with the current search for ancestral roots. "Immense linguistic and cultural gaps," the result of indifference and neglect, are impeding that search. This already comprehensive treatise is limited not only in space but in subject matter. It deals with the challenge to ethnicity. The prohibition and woman suffrage movements, the seamen's act of 1915, and the League of Nations fight in the Senate are hardly mentioned, probably because Norwegian ethnicity was not challenged in these areas. It is of interest to Norwegian Americans, however, that La Follette in drawing up the seamen's act depended greatly upon the intelligence and technical expertise of Andrew Furuseth, head of the International Seamen's Union and longtime lobbyist in the nation's capital. Also of interest was Nelson's alignment with the pro-League senators in the debate of 1919. All in all, Chrislock has made a valuable contribution to a field of study that should encourage scholars to examine the responses of other ethnic groups in wartime. ARLOW W. ANDERSEN University of Wisconsin-Oshkosh George N. Nielsen. THE DANISH AMERICANS. Boston: Twayne (G. K. Hall and Co.), 1981. 202 pp. This book may not have much in it that is new to the scholar in the field, but for the average reader it will be a delightful experience. Professor Nielsen is well informed, has evidently carried on extensive research, and best of all, writes in a 223 .
Recommended publications
  • Open-And-Shut: Senate Impeachment Deliberations Must Be Public Marjorie Cohn

    Open-And-Shut: Senate Impeachment Deliberations Must Be Public Marjorie Cohn

    Hastings Law Journal Volume 51 | Issue 2 Article 3 1-2000 Open-and-Shut: Senate Impeachment Deliberations Must Be Public Marjorie Cohn Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.uchastings.edu/hastings_law_journal Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Marjorie Cohn, Open-and-Shut: Senate Impeachment Deliberations Must Be Public, 51 Hastings L.J. 365 (2000). Available at: https://repository.uchastings.edu/hastings_law_journal/vol51/iss2/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Hastings Law Journal by an authorized editor of UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Open-and-Shut: Senate Impeachment Deliberations Must Be Public by MARJORIE COHN* Table of Contents I. Impeachment Rules and Precedents ................................................ 368 A. Current Impeachment Rules ............................................... 368 B. A Tradition of Senate Secrecy ............................................ 370 (1) Congressional Rule-Making Authority ........................ 370 (2) The "Closed-Door Policy"............................................. 370 (3) The Twentieth Century: The Door Opens Wider ...... 374 (4) When the Doors Are Closed ......................................... 376 C. Historical Impeachment Rules ............................................ 377 D. Why Did the Presumption of Openness Change in .. 1868 with the Andrew Johnson Impeachment?
  • Preface Chapter 1

    Preface Chapter 1

    Notes Preface 1. Alfred Pearce Dennis, “Humanizing the Department of Commerce,” Saturday Evening Post, June 6, 1925, 8. 2. Herbert Hoover, Memoirs: The Cabinet and the Presidency, 1920–1930 (New York: Macmillan, 1952), 184. 3. Herbert Hoover, “The Larger Purposes of the Department of Commerce,” in “Republi- can National Committee, Brief Review of Activities and Policies of the Federal Executive Departments,” Bulletin No. 6, 1928, Herbert Hoover Papers, Campaign and Transition Period, Box 6, “Subject: Republican National Committee,” Hoover Presidential Library, West Branch, Iowa. 4. Herbert Hoover, “Responsibility of America for World Peace,” address before national con- vention of National League of Women Voters, Des Moines, Iowa, April 11, 1923, Bible no. 303, Hoover Presidential Library. 5. Bruce Bliven, “Hoover—And the Rest,” Independent, May 29, 1920, 275. Chapter 1 1. John W. Hallowell to Arthur (Hallowell?), November 21, 1918, Hoover Papers, Pre-Com- merce Period, Hoover Presidential Library, West Branch, Iowa, Box 6, “Hallowell, John W., 1917–1920”; Julius Barnes to Gertrude Barnes, November 27 and December 5, 1918, ibid., Box 2, “Barnes, Julius H., Nov. 27, 1918–Jan. 17, 1919”; Lewis Strauss, “Further Notes for Mr. Irwin,” ca. February 1928, Subject File, Lewis L. Strauss Papers, Hoover Presidential Library, West Branch, Iowa, Box 10, “Campaign of 1928: Campaign Literature, Speeches, etc., Press Releases, Speeches, etc., 1928 Feb.–Nov.”; Strauss, handwritten notes, December 1, 1918, ibid., Box 76, “Strauss, Lewis L., Diaries, 1917–19.” 2. The men who sailed with Hoover to Europe on the Olympic on November 18, 1918, were Julius Barnes, Frederick Chatfi eld, John Hallowell, Lewis Strauss, Robert Taft, and Alonzo Taylor.
  • Feature Article

    Feature Article

    3 ABOUT WISCONSIN 282 | Wisconsin Blue Book 2019–2020 Menomonie residents celebrated local members of the Wisconsin National Guard who served during the Great War. As Wisconsin soldiers demobilized, policymakers reevaluated the meaning of wartime service—and fiercely debated how the state should recognize veterans’ sacrifices. WHS IMAGE ID 103418 A Hero’s Welcome How the 1919 Wisconsin Legislature overcame divisions to enact innovative veterans legislation following World War I. BY JILLIAN SLAIGHT he Great War seemed strangely distant to Ira Lee Peterson, even as his unit camped mere miles from the front lines in France. Between drills and marches, the twenty-two-year-old Wisconsinite swam in streams, wrote letters home, and slept underneath the stars in apple orchards. TEven in the trenches, the morning of Sunday, June 16, 1918, was “so quiet . that all one could hear was the rats running around bumping into cans and wire.” Peterson sat reading a book until a “whizzing sound” cut through the silence, announcing a bombardment that sent him and his comrades scurrying “quick as gophers” into their dugout.1 After this “baptism with shell fire,” Peterson suffered a succession of horrors: mustard gas inhalation, shrapnel wounds, and a German 283 | Wisconsin Blue Book 2019–2020 COURTESY LINDA PALMER PALMER LINDA COURTESY WILLIAM WESSA, LANGLADE COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY HISTORICAL COUNTY LANGLADE WESSA, WILLIAM Before 1914, faith in scientific progress led people to believe that twentieth-century war would be less brutal. In reality, new technologies resulted in unprecedented death and disability. (left) American soldiers suffered the effects of chemical warfare despite training in the use of gas masks.
  • CHAIRMEN of SENATE STANDING COMMITTEES [Table 5-3] 1789–Present

    CHAIRMEN of SENATE STANDING COMMITTEES [Table 5-3] 1789–Present

    CHAIRMEN OF SENATE STANDING COMMITTEES [Table 5-3] 1789–present INTRODUCTION The following is a list of chairmen of all standing Senate committees, as well as the chairmen of select and joint committees that were precursors to Senate committees. (Other special and select committees of the twentieth century appear in Table 5-4.) Current standing committees are highlighted in yellow. The names of chairmen were taken from the Congressional Directory from 1816–1991. Four standing committees were founded before 1816. They were the Joint Committee on ENROLLED BILLS (established 1789), the joint Committee on the LIBRARY (established 1806), the Committee to AUDIT AND CONTROL THE CONTINGENT EXPENSES OF THE SENATE (established 1807), and the Committee on ENGROSSED BILLS (established 1810). The names of the chairmen of these committees for the years before 1816 were taken from the Annals of Congress. This list also enumerates the dates of establishment and termination of each committee. These dates were taken from Walter Stubbs, Congressional Committees, 1789–1982: A Checklist (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1985). There were eleven committees for which the dates of existence listed in Congressional Committees, 1789–1982 did not match the dates the committees were listed in the Congressional Directory. The committees are: ENGROSSED BILLS, ENROLLED BILLS, EXAMINE THE SEVERAL BRANCHES OF THE CIVIL SERVICE, Joint Committee on the LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, LIBRARY, PENSIONS, PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS, RETRENCHMENT, REVOLUTIONARY CLAIMS, ROADS AND CANALS, and the Select Committee to Revise the RULES of the Senate. For these committees, the dates are listed according to Congressional Committees, 1789– 1982, with a note next to the dates detailing the discrepancy.
  • The Fusion of Hamiltonian and Jeffersonian Thought in the Republican Party of the 1920S

    The Fusion of Hamiltonian and Jeffersonian Thought in the Republican Party of the 1920S

    © Copyright by Dan Ballentyne 2014 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED This work is dedicated to my grandfather, Raymond E. Hough, who support and nurturing from an early age made this work possible. Also to my wife, Patricia, whose love and support got me to the finish line. ii REPUBLICANISM RECAST: THE FUSION OF HAMILTONIAN AND JEFFERSONIAN THOUGHT IN THE REPUBLICAN PARTY OF THE 1920S BY Dan Ballentyne The current paradigm of dividing American political history into early and modern periods and organized based on "liberal" and "conservative" parties does not adequately explain the complexity of American politics and American political ideology. This structure has resulted of creating an artificial separation between the two periods and the reading backward of modern definitions of liberal and conservative back on the past. Doing so often results in obscuring means and ends as well as the true nature of political ideology in American history. Instead of two primary ideologies in American history, there are three: Hamiltonianism, Jeffersonianism, and Progressivism. The first two originated in the debates of the Early Republic and were the primary political division of the nineteenth century. Progressivism arose to deal with the new social problems resulting from industrialization and challenged the political and social order established resulting from the Hamiltonian and Jeffersonian debate. By 1920, Progressivism had become a major force in American politics, most recently in the Democratic administration of Woodrow Wilson. In the light of this new political movement, that sought to use state power not to promote business, but to regulate it and provide social relief, conservative Hamiltonian Republicans increasingly began using Jeffersonian ideas and rhetoric in opposition to Progressive policy initiatives.
  • FJ Bruce Larson -BL

    FJ Bruce Larson -BL

    Francis A. Johnson Narrator Bruce Larson Interviewer July 24, 1973 Francis A. Johnson -FJ Bruce Larson -BL BL: First of all you mentioned that your father was born in Sweden. I'm just wondering what he may have told you about those years in Sweden. Do you remember anything in particular? FJ: Well, he often mentioned about his father, who was a sea captain on that large lake, Lake Vanern, largest lake in Sweden, and that he was gone for a month at a time. In other words, it took a month to make a trip, the trip that he made on the lake. Of course, his mother died when he was twelve, I believe, and his father died when he was seventeen. Then he went to work in the Liljedal Glassworks in that town... BL: Do you think his political thinking was influenced by his experiences in Sweden? Had he ever mentioned that? FJ: Well, not so much from his early life in Sweden, I think he was nineteen years old when he left there, but his life was molded mostly after he come to America. With cutting wood on the farm and hauling it twelve miles to the county seat to sell it to get money to live on, he used to organize the wood haulers to get a better price for their wood. And they would wait til late in the day to sell their wood, holding out for a better price. Then, of course, they'd have to unload it and go home whether they got a better price or not.
  • Indiana Magazine of History Marked In

    Indiana Magazine of History Marked In

    362 Indiana Magazine of History marked in Washington’s speeches and remarks at the various educational institutes held at Hampton and Tuskegee during these years and recorded in the book. Camden County College, Norman Lederer Blackwood, N. J. Ten Men of Minnesota and American Foreign Policy, 1898- 1968. By Barbara Stuhler. Minnesota Historical Society Public Affairs Center Publications. Edited by Russell W. Fridley ; managing editor, June Drenning Holmquist. (St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society, 1973. Pp. xii, 263. Illustrations, reference notes, index. $8.50.) To write a book about individuals from a given state of the Union who have been important in the making of Ameri- can foreign policy is perhaps a new approach to the history of the United States, but it has to be said that in the case of Minnesota the effort has been successful. Many of that state’s leaders have excelled in the field of foreign affairs. Half the subjects of Ten Men of Minnesota have died, one of them many years ago. The others are still quite active in writing or speaking on foreign affairs, and one of them is yet in the United States Senate. Cushman K. Davis died shortly after the turn of the century, but not before he had served on the Senate foreign relations committee and been a peace commissioner at Paris in 1898 and stood with his fellow commissioner Whitelaw Reid in favor of taking all of the Philippine Islands. Charles A. Lindbergh, Sr., was a maverick congressman and lawyer, an isolationist. Harold Knutson and Henrik Shipstead served respectively in the House and Senate and championed isolationism through thick and thin.
  • Louis W. Hill and Glacier National Park Biloine W

    Louis W. Hill and Glacier National Park Biloine W

    “A Rented House Is Not a Home” Thomas Frankson: Real Estate Promoter and Unorthodox Politician Roger Bergerson —Page 13 Summer 2010 Volume 45, Number 2 “He Had a Great Flair for the Colorful” Louis W. Hill and Glacier National Park Biloine W. Young with Eileen R. McCormack Page 3 As part of his campaign to promote travel to Glacier National Park on the trains of the Great Northern Railway, Louis W. Hill hired Winhold Reiss (1880–1953) to paint portraits of the Blackfeet Indians who lived in that part of Montana. This 1927 portrait shows Lazy Boy, Glacier National Park, in his medicine robes. Photo courtesy of the Minnesota Historical Society. RAMSEY COUNTY HISTORY RAMSEY COUNTY Executive Director Priscilla Farnham Founding Editor (1964–2006) Virginia Brainard Kunz Editor Hıstory John M. Lindley Volume 45, Number 2 Summer 2010 RAMSEY COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY THE MISSION STATEMENT OF THE RAMSEY COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY BOARD OF DIRECTORS ADOPTED BY THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS ON DECEMBER 20, 2007: Thomas H. Boyd The Ramsey County Historical Society inspires current and future generations President Paul A. Verret to learn from and value their history by engaging in a diverse program First Vice President of presenting, publishing and preserving. Joan Higinbotham Second Vice President Julie Brady Secretary C O N T E N T S Carolyn J. Brusseau Treasurer 3 “He Had a Great Flair for the Colorful” Norlin Boyum, Anne Cowie, Nancy Louis W. Hill and Galcier National Park Randall Dana, Cheryl Dickson, Charlton Dietz, Joanne A. Englund, William Biloine W. Young and Eileen R. McCormack Frels, Howard Guthmann, John Holman, Kenneth R.
  • Seventy-Third Congress, First Session

    Seventy-Third Congress, First Session

    ot nngr tss in. nat ltrnrd SEVENTY-THIRD CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION SENATE Now, therefore, I, Franklin D. Roosevelt, President of the United States of America, do hereby proclaim and declare THURSDAY, MARCH 9, 1933 that an extraordinary occasion requires the Congress of the The first session of the Seventy-third Congress met this United States to convene in extra session at the Capitol in day at the Capitol, in the city of Washington, in pursuance the city of Washington on the 9th day of March 1933 at of the proclamation of the President of the United States 12 o'clock noon, of which all persons who shall at that time of the 5th day of March, 1933. be entitled to act as Members thereof are hereby required to JoHN NANcE GARNER, of the State of Texas, Vice President take notice. of the United States, called the Senate to order at 12 o'clock In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and meridian. caused to be affixed the great seal of the United States. The Chaplain, Rev. Z~Barney T. Phillips, D.D., offered the Done at the city of Washington this 5th day of March in following the year of our Lord nineteen hundred and thirty-three, and of the independence of the United States the one hun­ PRAYER dred and fifty -seventh. Father of life, who givest to our dust the breath of being, FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT. who unfoldest to our growing mind the greatness of our By the President: world; make Thou our hearts true homes of prayer, our [SEAL] CORDELL HULL, lips the gates of praise as we bow before Thy presence and Secretary of State.
  • So Fab in Chicago

    So Fab in Chicago

    ■ r' .v; V ••U' ■ NBT PREsS BUN AVERAGE DAl^t GIRCt^TION Feseeut hv V. S.. Weatfe** OF THE Ev e n in g h e r a u d Mrir Haveil ■ " for the month of March, 1927 Bain and warmw follow- 4,996 ed by Glepri^g -l^ednesday. VOL. XLL, NO. 158. daMifled Adrertitflng on Page 10. MANCHESTER, CONN., TUESDAY. APRIL 5, 1927. (TWELVE PAGfiS) PRldB THREE CENTS TREAT ESKIMO W hen 35,000 Staged African'Diamond Rush, BOARD A C #IS THROUGH RADIO Corvo-S . Doctor in Fairbanks Tells RESIGNATION OF Nurse at Seward What to Do SBOWSREALTOR for Patient. SO FAB IN CHICAGO ' Seward, Alaska, April 5.— SAMIMSON Heavy storms and low temper­ M E D j m W F ature over the Bering Sea forc­ ed Joe Crosson, pilot with the Wilkins Arctic expedition, to Selectmen Take Only Way give up his attempt to carry Estate of Lo^JM an Who David Seplllu, wealthy Eski­ mo, reported dying on Isolated Two Bombs Exploded as Left to Settle Assessors St. Lawrence Island, to a Was D e^ ed Broke at BUDGET IS PASSED Nome hospital by plane, it was Trouble— Ahem to lay reported here today. Sepillu Death Is Sued B ; 14 Fer Polls Open— 5,000 was being treated today by ra­ BY STATED SOLONS dio Instructions given by a Sidewalks Again. doctor in Fairbanks to a nurse 600 Detectives and Two at the patient’s bedside. Storm conditions will prob­ ably cause postponement of the Bin Carries 33 Million Ap- Compam'es of MiGtta on The Board of Selectmen in a Wilkins Polar dash, it was be­ That the late W.
  • Carver Historic District

    Carver Historic District

    Jonathan Carver 1710-1780 2014 UPDATE Highlights of Carver History • Ten thousand years ago glacial River Warren flowed through the Minnesota River Valley on which Carver is situated, carrying melt water away from retreating glaciers and leaving rich deposits of clay, sand, gravel, and fine silt soils, while cutting a deep and spectacular landscape. The River Warren was variously called the Riviere Pierre, the St. Peter River, Maddepaw, Menesotar, and finally the Minnesota River. Minnesota, a Dakota Indian name given to both the river and the state, means “sky tinted water”. • Carver and its surrounding Minnesota River Valley environs was occupied by Native Americans of the Woodland Culture from about 1200 B. C. to 1850 A. D. This occupation was often a seasonal hunting and gathering event, though in more recent times it was given over to summer planting and late season harvesting. The Minnesota River was long a Native American waterway for travel by dugout, canoe, and on ice during frozen periods. • Pierre-Charles Le Seuer is the first European known to have navigated the Minnesota River. In 1683 and 1700 he made exploration trips for King Louis XIV of France along the area that became Carver. • In 1766 Captain Jonathan Carver, working for the British, explored the Minnesota River area near present day Carver while making maps and searching for a western water route that flowed across North America to the Pacific Ocean. He named a small branch flowing into the Minnesota River “Carver’s River”, after himself, carving his name in a tree at its outlet. This is almost certainly the Carver Creek of today.
  • The John Lind Papers

    The John Lind Papers

    THE JOHN LIND PAPERS^ The life of John Lind spans a period of time antedating by five years the beginning of the Civil War and postdat­ ing by twelve years the close of the World War. His public career took its inception In the closing years of the recon­ struction period, when Hayes was president, and terminated in the years of readjustment foUowing the World War. His papers record the fortunes of an emigrant boy caught In the torrent of forces that brought hundreds of thousands of Swedes to a country which many of them, in flights of fancy, thought of as the "Land of Canaan." John Lind became successively schoolteacher, lawyer, county superintendent of schools, receiver of public moneys in a federal land oflice, congressman, governor, member of the board of regents of the University of Minnesota, and diplomat. Whether in of­ fice or out of office, his influence counted heavily in the inner councils of political parties; and throughout his career he was an oracle of progressive and independent thought. The Lind Papers are important In themselves. But just as it is true that no man llveth unto himself, so is It also true that a man's personal papers become even more signifi­ cant when they become a part of a manuscript collection of an institution like the Minnesota Historical Society. ' This paper was read by Dr. Stephenson at the meeting of the execu­ tive council of the Minnesota Historical Society on April 13, 1936. Mrs. John Lind presented the main group of her husband's papers early in January.